The opinion
In the United States Court of Federal Claims
No. 08-284V
(Filed under seal June 30, 2017)
(Reissued July 26, 2017)†
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*
*
T.M. and R.R.M., parents and * Vaccine Act; off-table case; DTaP
natural guardians of A.P.M., a * vaccination; autism spectrum
minor, * disorder; cerebral folate deficiency;
* folate receptor blocking autoanti-
* bodies; Althen; molecular mimicry;
Petitioners, * medical condition not demonstrated;
v. * unreliable theory; causation not
* established; medically-acceptable
SECRETARY OF HEALTH * temporal relationship not explained.
AND HUMAN SERVICES, *
*
Respondent. *
*
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Robert J. Krakow, New York, N.Y., for the petitioners.
Lynn E. Ricciardella, Torts Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of
Justice, with whom were Benjamin C. Mizer, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney
General, C. Salvatore D’Alessio, Acting Director, Catharine E. Reeves, Acting
Deputy Director, and Heather L. Pearlman, Assistant Director, all of Washington,
D.C., for the respondent.
OPINION AND ORDER
WOLSKI, Judge.
Petitioners, [T.M. and R.R.M.], have moved for review of Special Master
Brian H. Corcoran’s decision that they are not entitled to compensation under the
National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, 42 U.S.C. §§ 300aa-10—300aa-15
(Vaccine Act or Act). Petitioners assert that the Diptheria Tetanus acellular
† Pursuant to Vaccine Rule 18(b) of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal
Claims, this opinion was initially filed under seal. At petitioners’ request, their
names have been replaced with their initials, placed within brackets. The opinion
is now reissued for publication with some minor, non-substantive corrections.
Pertussis (DTaP) vaccine administered to their son, A.P.M., on July 14, 2006,
triggered a form of cerebral folate deficiency which caused A.P.M.’s autistic
regression, ultimately resulting in apraxia of speech and Autism Spectrum Disorder
(ASD) features. Corrected Pet’rs’ Mot. for Review (Mot.) at 4; Third Am. Pet. (Pet.)
¶¶ 14–19, 21–22. The Special Master denied compensation in this off-table case,
finding that petitioners did not establish that A.P.M. suffered from cerebral folate
deficiency and failed to satisfy any of the prongs articulated in Althen v. Sec’y of
Health & Human Servs., 418 F.3d 1274, 1278 (Fed. Cir. 2005). Decision at 31–44.
Petitioners contend that this decision was arbitrary in several respects. Mot. at 1–
2, 19–30. For the reasons that follow, the Court DENIES petitioners’ motion and
SUSTAINS the decision of the Special Master.
I. BACKGROUND1
A. The Vaccinations, Medical History, and Diagnosis
Petitioners’ son, A.P.M., was born on April 16, 2005, after a relatively normal
pregnancy with few complications. See Pet’rs’ Ex. 2. Throughout his first months,
A.P.M. had several well-child visits with his pediatrician, Dr. Rick A. Kooima. He
received the vaccinations for Haemophilus influenzae type B (“Hib”) and
pneumonia, as well as the Pediarix vaccination (for diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis,
hepatitis B virus, and poliomyelitis), at his two-, four-, and six-month visits, and
was noted to be developing well. Pet’rs’ Ex. 20 at 8; Pet’rs’ Ex. 1 at 1, 12–14, 16, 41–
44; Pet’rs’ Ex. 34 at 10; Pet’rs’ Ex. 63 at 3. His mother, however, noted that A.P.M.
was “ill and irritable” and had signs of severe discomfort following the first two
administrations of the Hib and Pediarix vaccinations, Pet’rs’ Ex. 63, ¶¶ 4–5,
although the medical records do not reflect any additional treatment due to these
reactions, see Pet’rs’ Ex. 1 at 14 (noting mother’s report that A.P.M. was “ill for
about a month” following the first shots, and “was fussy and more irritable”).
After being concerned with A.P.M.’s reactions to the initial vaccinations,
[T.M. and R.R.M.] asked Dr. Kooima to defer additional immunizations at the 12-
month well-child visit. Pet’rs’ Ex. 1 at 11, 40. Petitioners did not want A.P.M. to
receive the varicella vaccine, but agreed that he could receive the Prevnar
vaccination (for pneumonia) at the next well-child visit. Id. Before A.P.M.’s 15-
month well-child visit, [T.M. and R.R.M.] brought A.P.M. back to see Dr. Kooima
because of their concern that he was breaking into a rash whenever his skin
encountered a milk-based product. Pet’rs’ Ex. 1 at 9, 48. Doctor Kooima tested
A.P.M. for allergies, but all testing was negative, and he instead diagnosed A.P.M.
with rhinitis/conjunctivitis. Id. At this time, A.P.M. was noted to be “well-
developed.” Id.
1The background facts are primarily drawn from the Special Master’s opinion, with
any relevant disputes concerning these facts specifically noted.
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During his 15-month well-child visit on July 14, 2006, A.P.M. received the
combination DTaP and Hib vaccine and the measles, mumps and rubella (“MMR”)
vaccine. Pet’rs’ Ex 1 at 1, 16, 38; Pet’rs’ Ex. 63 at 3; Pet’rs’ Ex. 34 at 10. The
medical records from Dr. Kooima’s office reflect three phone calls from petitioners
between the date of the vaccinations and A.P.M.’s 18-month visit. Pet’rs’ Ex. 1 at 8.
Five days after the vaccinations, [T.M.] called concerning a yeast infection. Id. On
July 24, 2006, ten days after the vaccinations, she called to report that A.P.M. had a
low-grade temperature and rash. Id. Twenty days later, [T.M.] called about
A.P.M.’s watery eyes and congestion. Id.
The record from A.P.M.’s 18-month well-child visit, made on October 18,
2006, noted that A.P.M. was very healthy, that his diet included eight to ten ounces
of whole milk, and that petitioners were “concerned” about his “talking.” Pet’rs’ Ex.
1 at 37. The contemporaneous records include no additional reports or details
regarding this concern, until A.P.M.’s 2-year well-child exam. See id. at 7–8. On
April 17, 2007, petitioners reported to Dr. Kooima that A.P.M. “was saying around a
dozen words when he was 18 months old,” but had stopped saying them and learned
no new ones. Id. at 7. His tendency “to walk on his toes and flap his hands” was
also noted. Id. Due to his concerns, Dr. Kooima referred A.P.M. to a speech
therapist and to Dr. Jerome Blake, a developmental pediatrician. Id.
The following month, on May 10, 2007, petitioners brought A.P.M. to Dr.
Blake’s office, where he was evaluated by Rebecca Mork, a certified nurse
practitioner. See Pet’rs’ Ex. 7 at 18–24. Petitioners reported that A.P.M. had been
using “approximately 6–10 words” but lost skills between the age of 18 and 20
months, and retained just one of those words. Id. at 18. He was then using one to
three words, id., and it was noted that he “was using simple words between 15 and
17 months,” id. at 20. Over the next six months, as A.P.M. was brought back to that
office and also met with various therapists and specialists, the records of
petitioners’ reports of the time period in which A.P.M. lost his language skills varied
somewhat. On May 23, 2007, [T.M.] reported that A.P.M. lost skills at “around 19
months of age.” Pet’rs’ Ex. 8 at 11. The following month, an occupational therapist
was told that A.P.M. “used single words at 15-17 months,” and then regressed
“[o]ver a period of two months.” Id. at 6. In October, Ms. Mork was informed that
A.P.M.’s loss of language skills occurred between the ages of 18 months and 2 years.
Pet’rs’ Ex. 7 at 9. And on November 8, 2007, petitioners told a special education
specialist that A.P.M. “had 15-20 word approximations before” receiving the
vaccinations at 15 months of age, then “started to regress and . . . eventually lost all
of his language and skills listed between 15-18 months.” Pet’rs’ Ex. 12 at 6.
In a declaration filed on June 15, 2015, [T.M.] stated that “A.P.M. was using
as many as 20-30 words until shortly after July 14, 2006, although many of his
words were garbled and difficult to understand,” and that “approximately” from the
time he was 16 months old through 20 months old, he “stopped using many of the
words” and was reduced to just one word approximation. Pet’rs’ Ex. 63 ¶¶10, 13.
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She stated that “[w]ithin weeks” of receiving the 15-month vaccinations, A.P.M. had
begun to lose some of the words he had been using, id. ¶ 9, and became socially
withdrawn and stopped playing with his toys, id. ¶¶ 11–12. At the hearing, she
testified that within three to three and one-half weeks after he received the
vaccinations, she noticed that A.P.M. was “interacting less” and “talking less,” and
that by Christmas he was using just one word. Hearing Tr. (Tr.) at 22–23. She also
stated that the medical records from Dr. Kooima’s office did not reflect the concerns
about A.P.M.’s apparent regression in the three month period following the
vaccinations in part because [R.R.M.] at that time did not agree that A.P.M. was
exhibiting any problems, and she suggested that it was possible that phone
conversations with nurses went unreported. Tr. at 27–29, 71–72.
On November 8, 2007, A.P.M. was first diagnosed with “autistic disorder”
because he exhibited many characteristics of an ASD, including expressive and
receptive language delay. Pet’rs’ Ex. 7 at 27–29; see also Pet’rs’ Ex. 13 at 19. The
psychologist, Dr. Tracy Stephens, drew this conclusion from A.P.M.’s score of 32.0
on the childhood autism rating scale, which indicated that he had “mild to
moderate” autism. Pet’rs’ Ex. 7 at 27–29. On this same day, A.P.M. also saw Alison
Kringstad, a special education specialist at Behavior Care Specialists, who
confirmed A.P.M.’s autism diagnosis using the nine criteria from the fourth edition
of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), Pet’rs’ Ex.
12 at 6–9.
In 2010, A.P.M. began to be treated by Dr. Richard Frye, a child neurologist
at the University of Texas. Pet’rs’ Ex. 16 at 52. At Dr. Frye’s direction, A.P.M.’s
blood was tested for the presence of folate receptor blocking and binding
autoantibodies. Pet’rs’ Ex. 16 at 38–39. The results, reported on October 23, 2010,
showed that A.P.M. had a folate receptor blocking autoantibody titer of 1.19
picomoles per milliliter (pmoles/ml), which was considered high since the titer
exceeded 1.0 pmoles/ml.2 Id. at 38. After reviewing the results with [T.M.], Dr.
Frye expressed the opinion that the blocking autoantibodies were “in the high range
and significant,” although the titer value was misstated in the written record as 1.9
pmoles/ml. Id. at 35. Doctor Frye noted that such antibodies were “seen in children
with cerebral folate disorder.” Id. He acknowledged this was a “severe disorder,”
resulting in blindness and “other very striking neurological features that are not
seen in [A.P.M.],” but suggested it was “very possible” that A.P.M. suffered from “a
mild form of this disease.” Id.
Cerebral folate deficiency is “associated with low levels of 5-
methyltetrahydrofolate (5MTHF), the active folate metabolite in the cerebrospinal
fluid,” compared to normal folate levels in the blood and elsewhere. Vincent T.
2 This measurement was based on a range dependent on levels found for “normal
population, women with neural tube defect and children with [cerebral folate
deficiency] syndrome. Pet’rs’ Ex. 16 at 38.
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Ramaekers, et al., Autoantibodies to Folate Receptors in the Cerebral Folate
Deficiency Syndrome, 352 (19) N. Engl. J. Med. 1985, 1985 (May 12, 2005) (Pet’rs’
Ex. 50, Ref. 1) (Ramaekers I). Accordingly, Dr. Frye ordered a lumbar puncture, or
spinal tap, to measure the level of folate in A.P.M.’s cerebrospinal fluid (CSF),
which was performed on March 30, 2011. Pet’rs’ Ex. 16 at 10–11, 35.3 The results
showed the amount of 5MTHF in A.P.M.’s cerebrospinal fluid to be 53 nanomoles
per liter (nmol/L), an amount characterized as “within our reference range” of 40 to
128 nmol/L, and therefore normal. Pet’rs’ Ex. 16 at 22. In a September 2011 record
generated after a discussion with petitioners, Dr. Frye characterized the measured
folate level as “low normal,” id. at 3, but in a February 2014 record he described the
level as “frank below-normal” in noting that A.P.M. “has been diagnosed with
cerebral folate deficiency.” Pet’rs’ Ex. 46 at 1.
B. The Petition and Hearing Before the Special Master
Petitioners filed this vaccine petition against the Secretary of Health and
Human Services (Secretary or respondent) on April 17, 2008, as a short-form autism
petition to be included in the Omnibus Autism Proceeding (“OAP”). See Petition at
1. After the conclusion of the OAP test cases in 2010, Petitioners opted to continue
pursuit of their claims, and filed an amended petition on May 14, 2012, alleging
that A.P.M.’s receipt of the MMR and/or the DTaP-Hib vaccines in July 2006 had
caused his regressions. Am. Pet. ¶¶ 16–23. On October 4, 2012, a second amended
petition was filed, adding additional details including a rechallenge theory of
causation. See Second Am. Pet. ¶ 22. On June 16, 2015, the petitioners again
amended their petition to conform their claim to the proof petitioners anticipated
would be offered at the evidentiary hearing. See Third Am. Pet. (Pet.) ¶¶ 3–4.4
An entitlement hearing was held in Washington, D.C., on July 28 and 29,
2015. See Tr. In addition to [T.M.], noted above, each party’s expert testified
during the hearing.
Petitioners’ expert was Dr. Yuval Shafrir, a pediatric neurologist who is
affiliated with Sinai Hospital in Baltimore. Tr. at 91. He submitted both an expert
report, Pet’rs’ Ex. 50, and a supplemental expert report in response to respondent’s
expert report, Pet’rs’ Ex. 53. He graduated from the Sackler School of Medicine at
Tel Aviv University in 1982, and thereafter did residencies in pediatrics at Kaplan
University and the Bellinson Medical Center in Israel. Pet’r’s Ext. 62 at 1. Doctor
Shafrir then completed residencies in pediatrics at North Shore University Hospital
3 A Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examination of A.P.M.’s brain was also
ordered and performed at that time, showing normal results. Pet’rs’ Ex. 16 at 47–
50.
4 The rechallenge theory of causation was dropped from this final version of the
petition.
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in New York, and in pediatric neurology at the Washington University Medical
Center in Missouri. Id. at 1–2; Tr. at 88. He is currently licensed to practice
medicine in Maryland, and has board certifications in child neurology, although he
has not renewed his board certification in pediatrics. Tr. at 88. Doctor Shafrir has
worked and taught in the areas of pediatrics and neurology across the country, and
currently teaches at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. Pet’rs’ Ex. 62
at 3–4. He has also written extensively on issues of pediatric neurology. Id. at 4–6;
Tr. at 89-90. He estimated that he had treated 1500 patients with autism. Tr. at
91. Doctor Shafrir testified as an expert in pediatric neurology. Tr. at 94.
Respondent’s expert was Dr. Max Wiznitzer, a clinical physician at Rainbow
Babies and Children’s Hospital in Cleveland and a professor of pediatrics and
neurology at Case Western Reserve University. Tr. at 239–40; see Resp’t’s Ex. B at
1. Doctor Wiznitzer graduated from Northwestern University with a bachelor’s of
science in medicine in 1975 and a medical degree in 1977. Tr. at 236. He then
completed a three-year internship and residency in pediatrics at Cincinnati
Children’s Hospital, followed by a one-year fellowship in child development and
developmental disorders at the Cincinnati Center for Developmental Disorders. Id.
He also completed a three-year child neurology fellowship at the University of
Pennsylvania and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, followed by a two-year
National Institute of Health fellowship in disorders of higher cortical function in
children at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the Bronx, New York (which
involved working with children with autism spectrum disorders). Id. Doctor
Wiznitzer also serves as a journal reviewer and on two editorial boards (the Lancet
Neurology and the Journal of Child Neurology). Id. at 245–46. He holds board
certifications in pediatrics, neurology (with special qualification in child neurology),
and neurodevelopmental disabilities. Id. at 237–40.
At the time of the hearing, Dr. Wiznitzer estimated that over a quarter of the
patients that he treated in his clinical practice may have been diagnosed with
autism. Tr. 238. He has been actively involved in ASD-related research, with
approximately 60 publications in his name, as well as teaching experience on the
topic. Id. at 239–41. He testified as an expert in neurology, with a special
qualification in child neurology. Id. at 247–48.
In addition to testifying to the course of A.P.M.’s symptoms, [T.M.] stated
that cow’s milk was introduced into A.P.M.’s diet shortly before he was 18 months
old, but was removed shortly afterwards due to concerns he might have milk
allergies. Tr. at 73, 83–85. She also stated that A.P.M. continued to be fed food
containing dairy products until July of 2007, after which time “his aggression
lessened a bit.” Tr. at 47–48; see also id at 86.
Petitioners’ expert opined that the DTaP vaccination administered to A.P.M.
on July 14, 2006, resulted in the generation of autoantibodies that block the folate
receptor, ultimately causing A.P.M.’s autistic regression. See, e.g., Tr. at 95, 140,
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160–61, 184–85, 468. He based this on the existence of a five amino acid sequence
occurring in both human folate receptor protein and in a pertussis vaccination
protein. Tr. at 161–68, 224–25, 443–44, 468; see also Pet’rs’ Ex. 53, Ref. 6 at 2.
While Dr. Shafrir conceded that A.P.M. did not suffer from the severe
“abnormalities” that would meet the clinical criteria for cerebral folate deficiency,
Tr. at 114, 189, 204, he posited a novel syndrome, characterized by the elevated
level of anti-folic receptor antibodies, which “hasn’t been delineated yet” id. at 161,
229–30, and which may impair the brain by reducing folate in the CSF or by some
other, unknown means, id. at 460, 468. He also expressed his belief that A.P.M.’s
folate levels were lower than determined by the spinal tap, due to the possibility
that blood contaminated the CSF and increased the folate level measured. Tr. at
133–34, 203–04, 449–51. As to timing, Dr. Shafrir could not “pinpoint a date or a
week” for the onset of A.P.M.’s problems, but believed they arose prior to A.P.M.’s
18-months well-child visit. Tr. at 101–02, 194.
Respondent’s expert was also of the opinion that A.P.M. did not have a
cerebral folate deficiency, based on the latter’s clinical picture and the level of folate
in the CSF. Tr. at 249, 287–88. Doctor Wiznitzer did not believe that the
laboratory performing the CSF analysis would have used blood-tainted fluid, and
thought that any red blood cells would have been separated from the fluid before
testing. Tr. at 283–84, 368–73, 436–39. He contended that a five amino acid
sequence was not long enough to induce molecular mimicry, Tr. at 269–72, and
noted that there was much greater homology with, and exposure to, milk. Tr. at
313–18. Doctor Wiznitzer also disputed the notion that the presence of anti-folate
receptor antibodies alone could cause problems, explaining that they accomplished
this by reducing folate in the CSF and the brain to low levels --- which was not the
case for A.P.M. Tr. at 348, 429.
C. The Special Master’s Decision and the Motion for Review
On August 9, 2016, Special Master Corcoran issued a decision denying
petitioners’ claim and finding that petitioners were not entitled to compensation
because the record did not support their contention that the DTaP-Hib vaccine had
any connection to A.P.M’s developmental regression and ASD diagnosis. Decision
at 44. The Special Master further found that the petitioners did not establish that
the vaccine could, in fact, cause A.P.M.’s injury in the manner proposed by their
theory. Id.
The Special Master first found that the petitioners did not establish that
A.P.M. suffered from any form of cerebral folate deficiency. Decision at 31–36. The
diagnosis of Dr. Frye was rejected, as A.P.M. was found to have neither the severe
symptoms of cerebral folate deficiency nor low levels of folate in his CSF. Id. at 32-
33. The Special Master rejected petitioners’ argument that the spinal fluid sample
was contaminated by red blood cells, finding respondent’s expert’s testimony more
persuasive on the point and concluding that A.P.M.’s folate test results were
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reliable. Id. He was not persuaded that low-normal folate levels in CSF were of
any significance, or that Dr. Shafrir’s proposed syndrome based on the mere
presence of blocking autoantibodies could establish a cerebral folate deficiency. Id.
at 33–35. The Special Master also doubted that a test for antibodies performed four
years after a vaccination could be probative of the response to that vaccination. Id.
at 36.
The Special Master next discussed a weakness he detected in petitioners’
theory that the folate receptor blocking autoantibodies were generated through
molecular mimicry due to a five-peptide sequence in both the DTaP vaccination and
the folate receptor. Decision at 36–38. He noted that petitioners could not
adequately explain why the much greater similarity between the proteins of cow’s
milk and the folate receptor would not also cause this autoimmune reaction. Id.
Although he believed that petitioners’ failure to prove the existence of some
form of cerebral folate deficiency was fatal to their claim, he nevertheless analyzed
their causation theory under Althen. Decision at 38. Under the first prong, he
found that petitioners failed to establish a reliable and plausible causation theory,
due to their expert’s limited experience with cerebral folate deficiencies; the absence
of a proven link between DTaP and the blocking autoantibodies; the lack of cerebral
folate deficiency symptoms; and the inconsistency between their positions on the
homology between the folate receptor proteins and those of cow’s milk and the DTaP
vaccination. Id. at 38–41. The Special Master next found that “the record does not
establish that A.P.M. experienced a reaction to the vaccine sufficient to suggest he
was undergoing an autoimmune process.” Id. at 41–42. And finally, he found that
petitioners failed to demonstrate a medically appropriate timeframe for the alleged
vaccine injury to have occurred, neither explaining “how long the production of the
blocking autoantibodies would be expected to take,” nor how long it would take
reduced folate levels to cause development regression. Id. at 43–44.
Petitioners moved for review of the Special Master’s decision, challenging as
arbitrary his findings concerning whether A.P.M. suffered a form of cerebral folate
deficiency; whether cow’s milk could generate folate receptor blocking antibodies;
and that petitioners failed to satisfy the Althen prongs. Mot. at 1–2. The Secretary
filed a response, defending the decision. Resp’t’s Mem. in Resp. to Pet’rs’ Mot. for
Review (Resp’t’s Br.) at 11–20. The Court held oral argument on the motion, and
bases this opinion on a careful consideration of the arguments of counsel, the
hearing transcript, the decision below, the briefs and the pertinent medical records
and literature.
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II. DISCUSSION
A. Legal Standards
1. The Court’s Standard of Review of a Special Master’s Decision
Under the Vaccine Act, a special master must award compensation if, “on the
record as a whole,” he finds “that the petitioner has demonstrated by a
preponderance of the evidence” the claims of the petition. 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-
13(a)(1)(A) (2012). By this same standard, a special master must find that nothing
else is responsible for causing the injury. Id. § 300aa-13(a)(1)(B). “The special
master or court may not make such a finding based on the claims of a petitioner
alone, unsubstantiated by medical records or by medical opinion.” Id. § 300aa-
13(a)(1). A special master must consider all the “relevant medical and scientific
evidence contained in the record,” including any “diagnosis, conclusion, medical
judgment, or autopsy . . . regarding the nature, causation, and aggravation of the
petitioner’s illness, disability, injury, condition, or death” and “the results of any
diagnostic or evaluative test which are contained in the record and the summaries
and conclusions.” Id. § 300aa-13(b)(1). The Act further specifies that “[a]ny such
diagnosis, conclusion, judgment, test result, report, or summary shall not be binding
on the special master or court.” Id. A special master is entrusted with evaluating
the “weight to be afforded to any” of these sources of information. Id. A special
master’s “assessments of the credibility of the witnesses” are “virtually
unchallengeable on appeal.” Lampe v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 219 F.3d
1357, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2000). This deference rests on the special master’s “broad
discretion in determining credibility because he saw the witnesses and heard the
testimony,” Bradley v. Sec’y of Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 991 F.2d 1570, 1575
(Fed. Cir. 1993), and extends to assessments of expert testimony. See Moberly v.
Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 592 F.3d 1315, 1325–26 (Fed. Cir. 2010).
Medical records “warrant consideration as trustworthy evidence.” Cucuras v.
Sec’y of Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 993 F.2d 1525, 1528 (Fed. Cir. 1993).
These records
are “generally contemporaneous to the medical events,” and “accuracy has an extra
premium” because a patient’s proper treatment is “hanging in the balance.” Id.
Moreover, because medical records are contemporaneous documentary evidence,
conflicting oral testimony “deserves little weight.” Id. (citing United States v. U.S.
Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 396 (1947)).
In reviewing a special master’s decision, our court may “set aside any
findings of fact or conclusion of law of the special master found to be arbitrary,
capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law and issue
its own findings of fact and conclusions of law.” 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(e)(2)(B)
(2012). Findings of fact are to be reviewed under the “arbitrary and capricious”
standard; legal questions are to be reviewed under the “not in accordance with law”
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standard; and an abuse of discretion standard is used for discretionary rulings. See
Munn v. Sec’y of Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 970 F.2d 863, 870 n.10 (Fed. Cir.
1992). With respect to the arbitrary and capricious review standard, “no uniform
definition of this standard has emerged,” but it is “a highly deferential standard of
review” such that “[i]f the special master has considered the relevant evidence of
record, drawn plausible inferences and articulated a rational basis for the decision,
reversible error will be extremely difficult to demonstrate.” Hines ex rel. Sevier v.
Sec’y of Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 940 F.2d 1518, 1527–28 (Fed. Cir. 1991).
2. The Standard of Causation in Vaccine Cases
A special master may award compensation through an “off-table” or
“causation-in-fact” case. Pafford v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 451 F.3d 1352,
1355 (Fed. Cir. 2006). Causation-in-fact --- the basis for the legal entitlement to
compensation when a petitioner’s injury is either not listed in the Vaccine Injury
Table or did not occur within the time period set forth in the Table --- must be
proven under two formulations adopted by the Federal Circuit. See Pafford, 451
F.3d at 1355. Petitioners must establish that the vaccine was both a “but-for” cause
of the injury and a substantial factor in causing the injury. See Shyface v. Sec’y of
Health & Human Servs., 165 F.3d 1344, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 1999). And under a three-
part test articulated by the Circuit, petitioners must prove “(1) a medical theory
causally connecting the vaccination and the injury; (2) a logical sequence of cause
and effect showing that the vaccination was the reason for the injury; and (3) a
showing of a proximate temporal relationship between vaccination and injury.”
Althen v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 418 F.3d 1274, 1278 (Fed. Cir. 2005).5
Petitioners bear the burden of proving causation by preponderant evidence. See 42
U.S.C. § 300aa-13(a)(1)(A).
A petitioner must show more than a proximate temporal relationship
between the vaccination and the injury to meet his burden of showing actual
causation. Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278; see also Grant v. Sec’y of Dep’t of Health &
Human Servs., 956 F.2d 1144, 1148 (Fed. Cir. 1992). Furthermore, “[t]here may
well be a circumstance where it is found that a vaccine can cause the injury at issue
and where the injury was temporally proximate to the vaccination, but it is illogical
to conclude that the injury was actually caused by the vaccine.” Capizzano v. Sec’y
of Health & Human Servs., 440 F.3d 1317, 1327 (Fed. Cir. 2006). A petitioner could
meet the first and third prongs of the Althen test without “satisfying the second
prong when medical records and medical opinions do not suggest that the vaccine
caused the injury, or where the probability of coincidence or another cause prevents
the claimant from proving that the vaccine caused the injury by preponderant
5 Although the Federal Circuit has described the Althen test as an “alternative,” the
very same opinion makes plain that the Althen “prongs must cumulatively show”
that the Shyface standard is met. See Pafford, 451 F.3d at 1355.
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evidence.” Id. The sequence only has to be “‘logical’ and legally probable, not
medically or scientifically certain,” and thus can be established by “epidemiological
evidence and [a] clinical picture,” even “without detailed medical and scientific
exposition on the biological mechanisms.” Knudsen v. Sec’y of Dep’t of Health &
Human Servs., 35 F.3d 543, 548–49 (Fed. Cir. 1994). Nonetheless, the Federal
Circuit has stated that while “epidemiological studies are probative medical
evidence relevant to causation,” they are not necessarily dispositive. Grant, 956
F.2d at 1149.
“The government . . . is permitted to offer evidence to demonstrate the
inadequacy of the petitioner’s evidence on a requisite element of the petitioner’s
case[-]in-chief.” de Bazan v. Sec’y of HHS, 539 F.3d 1347, 1353 (Fed. Cir. 2008). If
a petitioner satisfies his burden, he is entitled to compensation “unless the
[government] shows, also by a preponderance of evidence, that the injury was in fact
caused by factors unrelated to the vaccine.” Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278 (quoting
Knudsen, 35 F.3d at 547) (alteration in original).
B. Analysis
Petitioners allege that a DTaP vaccination caused their son, A.P.M., to
develop an autoimmune condition that led to an autistic regression, eventually
manifesting as apraxia of speech and the features of autism spectrum disorder.
Mot. at 4. The petitioners raise what they style as six separate objections, which
relate to the special master’s findings that A.P.M. does not have any form of
cerebral folate deficiency; that bovine milk can promote folate receptor blocking
antibodies; and that petitioners did not meet the required showing for an off-table
case under the standard set out in Althen.6
1. The Special Master’s Factual Finding that A.P.M Does Not Have Any Form
of a Cerebral Folate Deficiency
Petitioners first object to the Special Master’s decision to reject both the
theory of their expert, Dr. Shafrir, and the diagnosis of the treating physician, Dr.
Frye, that A.P.M. suffered from some type of cerebral folate deficiency. Mot. at 19–
24. They contend that in making this determination, the Special Master failed to
apply the correct analytical standard set forth in Althen. Mot. at 21. Petitioners
note that Althen provides that “‘sequence[s] hitherto unproven in medicine’ may be
supported by indirect evidence to resolve ‘close calls regarding causation . . . in favor
of injured claimants,’” and argue that, to the contrary, the Special Master required
“conclusive medical literature” to support causation. Mot. at 21 (quoting Althen,
6 The second and sixth objections appear to be overlapping or duplicative, see Mot.
at 23–24, 29–30, and for that reason are considered together.
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418 F.3d at 1280). Petitioners argue that whether A.P.M. suffered from cerebral
folate deficiency or some milder syndrome does not matter, so long as they provide
evidence that the “the existence of high levels of folate receptor antibodies coupled
with low MTH[F] levels, albeit in the low normal range,” can explain A.P.M.’s
symptoms. Id.
The causation theory of petitioners is that a DTaP vaccination caused the
production of autoantibodies that blocked the folate receptor, resulting in some form
of cerebral folate deficiency. See Mot. at 4. Because the existence of this deficiency
was a critical link in the posited chain of causation, and was disputed by the
Secretary, it was entirely appropriate for the Special Master to determine at the
outset whether the record evidence supported it. See Broekelschen v. Sec'y of Health
& Human Servs., 618 F.3d 1339, 1346 (Fed. Cir. 2010). While the Special Master
did acknowledge that there is “scientific support for the effect that blocking
autoantibodies can have on the process of delivering folic acid to the brain,”
Decision at 32, the Special Master rejected both of the petitioners’ diagnoses
because they each “failed to explain why a low normal reading [of folate in the CSF]
could still be significant.” Id. at 33.
In making this determination, the Special Master did not raise the burden of
proof above what Althen dictates, but instead based his findings on a thorough and
careful weighing and assessment of the record evidence, including the expert
witness testimony. See Decision at 31–36. The expert witnesses on both sides
agreed that a diagnosis of cerebral folate deficiency was incorrect, as A.P.M. did not
exhibit any of the severe clinical symptoms of that disorder. Tr. at 114, 189, 204,
249, 288; see also Ramaekers I at 1985 (describing the “major manifestations” of
cerebral folate deficiency). Even the treating physician, Dr. Frye, acknowledged
that A.P.M. did not suffer from the “very striking neurological features” of this
“severe disorder.” Pet’rs’ Ex. 16 at 35.
Moreover, these severe symptoms are linked to an abnormally low level of
folate making its way to the brain --- hence, the term “deficiency.” See Tr. at 348,
429; Ramaekers I at 1985–86. But the test of A.P.M.’s folate level in his CSF
showed it to be in the normal range. Pet’rs’ Ex. 16 at 22. 7 Although petitioners’
expert testified that he believed the measurement was too high due to the presence
of blood in the cerebrospinal fluid, Tr. at 133–34, 203–04, 449–51, the Special
Master was persuaded by the contrary testimony regarding laboratory procedures
offered by respondent’s expert, see Decision at 33 (citing Tr. at 439) --- which is
entirely appropriate, see Moberly, 592 F.3d at 1325–26. He also explained how the
records of the test supported the determination that the level measured was
reliable. Decision at 33 (discussing Pet’rs’ Ex. 16 at 10–11). In rejecting Dr. Frye’s
diagnosis of cerebral folate deficiency, the Special Master “considered the relevant
7 Petitioners admit that A.P.M.’s folate level was in the range considered to be “low
normal.” Mot. at 22 (emphasis added).
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evidence in the record as a whole, [drew] plausible inferences from that evidence,
and articulated a basis for his decision which is rational.” Hines ex rel. Sevier, 940
F. 2d at 1527.
Turning to the alternative diagnosis of some sort of milder syndrome based
on a high level of folate receptor blocking antibodies --- which petitioners’ expert
conceded “hasn’t been delineated yet,” Tr. at 161 --- the Court cannot find that the
Special Master was arbitrary in his determination that petitioners failed to prove
the existence of such a syndrome. The Special Master considered the reliability of
the testimony of the expert witnesses and reasonably found that the petitioners’
expert, Dr. Shafrir, lacked the expertise to explain the significance of a low but
normal level of folate in the CSF, or of a high level of folate receptor antibodies. See
Decision at 33–34; see also id. at 38; Tr. at 228 (Dr. Shafrir conceding his limited
experience with cerebral folate deficiency). The Special Master also rationally
explained why he did not find that the medical literature relied upon by petitioners
was persuasive and probative. Decision at 33–35. He correctly noted, for instance,
that one article involved a study of children who suffered from the actual, severe
symptoms of cerebral folate deficiency that are absent from A.P.M.’s clinical picture,
id. at 34–35 (discussing Ramaekers I at 1986–87), and another study used a biased
sample and discussed neither the cause nor the result of a high level of anti-folate
receptor antibodies, id. at 35 (discussing R.E. Frye, et al., Cerebral Folate Receptor
Autoantibodies in Autism Spectrum Disorder, 18 Molecular Psychiatry 369, 378
(2013) (Pet’rs’ Ex. 50 Ref. 4)).
The Special Master also reasonably explained why he discounted the reports
by petitioners that A.P.M. responded to folate supplementation. Decision at 35
(citing Tr. at 139–40, 295–97). And he articulated a rational basis for finding that a
measurement of A.P.M.’s folate receptor autoantibody levels made four years after
the DTaP vaccination was administered was not a reliable means of demonstrating
the impact of that vaccination. Id. at 36. In sum, the Special Master neither
applied the wrong standard nor was arbitrary in reaching his determination that
A.P.M. did not suffer from a form of cerebral folate deficiency.8
2. Evidence that Cow’s Milk Can Promote Blocking Antibodies
The second objection of petitioners is to the Special Master’s discussion
of the evidence in the record of the relationship between cow’s milk and the
production of the anti-folate receptor autoantibodies. Mot. at 23–24; see also
Mot. at 29 (arguing that the Special Master relied on an insufficiently proven
“factor unrelated”). Respondent’s expert, relying on medical literature
submitted by the petitioners, argued that on the basis of molecular mimicry,
8 While the Special Master might have lacked a basis for concluding that A.P.M.’s
“autoantibody test results were just outside the moderate range,” Decision at 36,
the Court finds this conclusion immaterial to the determination in question.
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the presence of dairy food in A.P.M.’s diet would more likely explain any
elevated levels of folate receptor blocking autoantibodies. See Tr. at 313–18
(discussing Vincent T. Ramaekers, et al., A Milk-Free Diet Downregulates
Folate Receptor Autoimmunity in Cerebral Folate Deficiency Syndrome, 50
Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 346–52 (2008) (Pet’rs’ Ex. 50 Ref.
6) (Ramaekers III)).
The Special Master noted that the response of petitioners’ expert
consisted of “sweeping denials,” to the effect that the contention would mean
that A.P.M. should have suffered from the autoantibodies from birth and that
all children would have the posited syndrome. Decision at 37 (citing Tr. at
110, 185–86). Petitioners now contend that the Special Master did not
adequately account for Dr. Shafrir’s argument, and for the timing of the onset
of A.P.M.’s problems. Mot. at 23–24.
The Special Master’s assessment of the reliability of petitioners’
theory, however, was neither arbitrary nor improper. He did not find that
cow’s milk had been established as an alternative cause of A.P.M.’s high level
of autoantibodies. Decision at 37. Rather, he found that petitioners’
molecular mimicry theory of causation, based on the similarity between a
protein in the pertussis portion of the DTaP vaccination and one in the folate
receptor, could not adequately explain why a scientifically-recognized greater
homology between cow’s milk and the folate receptor could not also explain
the elevated level of A.P.M.’s autoantibodies. Id. at 36–38. This is an
appropriate manner of assessing a petitioner’s case. See Stone v. Sec’y of
Health & Human Servs., 676 F.3d 1373, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2012).
As the Special Master explained, medical literature introduced by the
petitioners support a relationship between milk and the anti-folate receptor
antibodies. One article discusses that there is a “91 percent similarity”
between amino acid sequences in milk and in the folate receptors.
Ramaekers I at 1991. Another article finds that “[i]n the [cerebral folate
deficiency] syndrome, the clinical manifestations typically occur after the
switch to bovine milk.” Decision at 36 (quoting Ramaekers III at 346). This
second article states that “[m]ilk contains substantial amounts of [folate
receptor] and seems to present the triggering antigen for the autoantibody
response,” and later explains: “The antibody showed better reactivity with
the [folate receptor] from bovine milk than with the [folate receptor] from
human placenta, human milk, or goat milk, suggesting bovine [folate
receptor] as the likely primary antigen.” Ramaekers III at 350–51. Thus,
petitioners’ own submitted literature rebuts the arguments made by their
expert concerning the impact of breast-feeding and the ability of cow’s milk to
generate these antibodies. The Special Master was correct in finding that
“the homology between certain milk proteins and the folate receptor protein
sequences is high --- far more so than what petitioners argued was sufficient
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for the molecular mimicry process to work under their theory.” Decision at
36–37 (citing Tr. at 185, 314–16).
In this discussion, the Special Master considered [T.M.]’s testimony
that she had fed A.P.M. with cow’s milk before the age of eighteen months,
and that the removal of dairy products from A.P.M.’s diet improved his
condition. Decision at 37 (citing Tr. at 47–48, 72–73, 109). And he also noted
that the antibody levels at the time of A.P.M.’s test --- four years after the
alleged onset of A.P.M.’s autism --- could plausibly relate to the consumption
of cow’s milk and dairy products in the intervening time period, based on the
evidence in the record. Id. The Special Master’s determination that
petitioners’ theory of a DTaP vaccination trigger did not adequately address
the possibility that cow’s milk could generate the autoantibodies in question
was rationally articulated and supported by the record.
3. Prong 1 of Althen --- Reliable and Persuasive Theory
In order to establish the first prong of Althen, the “can cause” step, a
petitioner “must show a medical theory causally connecting the vaccine and the
injury.” Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278. The Federal Circuit explained that the required
theory could be demonstrated on the basis of expert testimony alone and did not
need “confirmation of medical plausibility from the medical community or
literature” or proof of “an injury recognized by the medical plausibility evidence and
literature.” Id. at 1279–81. The petitioners here object to the Special Master’s
rejection of Dr. Shafrir’s theory of causation, arguing that the former employed a
higher standard of proof than Althen allows. Mot. at 24–26. But the Special Master
properly applied Althen, and this objection amounts to nothing more than a
disagreement with his assessment of the evidence.
The Special Master rationally found that the petitioners fell short of offering
preponderant evidence to support their claim. First, he explained that because of
Dr. Shafrir’s lack of “personal experience in studying or diagnosing cerebral folate
deficiencies,” he found “the evidentiary value” of petitioners’ expert’s opinions to be
“greatly diminished.” Decision at 38 (citing Tr. at 228). The Special Master then
articulated reasonable grounds, supported by the record, for finding petitioners’
theory to be “unreliable on several levels.” Id. at 39. He explained that the medical
and scientific literature that petitioners’ expert relied upon as “demonstrating a
link between the DTaP vaccine and the production of blocking antibodies” involved
other vaccines and other illnesses, and that the literature cited for a purported link
between autism and cerebral folate deficiency were simply not scientifically reliable.
Id. at 39-40. And he reiterated the problems with a theory based on molecular
mimicry which points to a more likely autoantibody generator than the DTaP
vaccination. Id. at 40. Petitioners do not identify any errors in this analysis, but
instead insist on the reliability and plausibility of their theory. Mot. at 24–26. But
the burden was on them “to provide a reputable medical or scientific explanation
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that pertains specifically to” their case, and the Special Master appropriately
assessed the reliability of their expert’s testimony. Moberly, 592 F.3d at 1322,
1325–26.
4. Prong 2 of Althen --- Logical Sequence of Cause and Effect
The second prong of the Althen framework requires a petitioner to
demonstrate, by a preponderance of the evidence, “a logical sequence of cause and
effect showing that the vaccination was the reason for the injury.” Althen, 418 F.3d
at 1278. Petitioners object to the Special Master’s finding that the medical records
do not support the contention that the DTaP vaccination caused A.P.M.’s autism
and developmental problems. Mot. at 26–28. But while [T.M.] testified that
A.P.M.’s speech and behavioral problems began to be noticed within three and one-
half weeks of the administration of the July 14, 2006 vaccination, Tr. at 22–23, the
Special Master correctly notes that the contemporaneous medical records do not
reflect this. See Decision at 13, 42; Pet’rs’ Ex. 1 at 8. Moreover, he accurately
recounts how petitioners’ recollections of the course and timing of A.P.M.’s speech
and developmental problems varied when reported to different treaters. See
Decision at 3–4, 42; see also Pet’rs’ Ex. 1 at 7; Pet’rs’ Ex. 7 at 9, 18–24; Pet’rs’ Ex. 8
at 6, 11; Pet’rs’ Ex. 12 at 6.
The Special Master articulated his basis for finding that the record was
insufficient to show that A.P.M. “experienced a reaction to the vaccine sufficient to
suggest he was undergoing an autoimmune process.” Decision at 41. Id.
Respondent notes that petitioners’ own expert concluded that he could not more
specifically identify the onset of A.P.M.’s symptoms than occurring before the age of
eighteen months. Resp’t’s Br. at 18 (citing Tr. at 101–02, 198). The Special Master
clearly considered all of the evidence in making his findings. Given the
inconsistencies in the record, the Special Master’s finding that the petitioners failed
to establish by preponderant evidence a logical sequence of cause and effect is
reasonable. See Hines ex rel. Sevier, 940 F. 2d at 1527.9
5. Prong 3 of Althen --- Medically Acceptable Temporal Relationship
The third prong of the Althen framework requires a petitioner to
demonstrate, by a preponderance of the evidence, “a proximate temporal
relationship between vaccination and injury.” Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278. This
requirement demands “preponderant proof that the onset of symptoms occurred
within a timeframe for which, given the medical understanding of the disorder’s
9 At the tail end of petitioners’ sixth objection, they also argue that the Special
Master “improperly favored an idiopathic explanation of the cause of A.P.M.’s
‘autism.’” Mot. at 29. But the Special Master had not found that petitioners had
carried their burden to establish a prima facie case, so this argument is inapt. See
Doe v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 601 F.3d 1349, 1351–52 (Fed. Cir. 2010).
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etiology, it is medically acceptable to infer causation-in-fact.” de Bazan, 539 F.3d at
1352 (citing Pafford, 451 F.3d at 1358). Thus, if symptoms manifest later or earlier
than medically expected, it is less likely that the vaccine is the cause. See id.
Petitioners object to the Special Master’s finding that they failed to establish
a medically acceptable temporal relationship between the vaccination and the onset
of A.P.M.’s illness. Mot. at 28–29. But the evidence they cite in support of their
contention is an opinion piece which states, as the Special Master accurately quotes,
“the latency period between vaccination and autoimmunity ranges from days to
years.” Decision at 43 (quoting Nancy Agmon-Levin, et al., Vaccines and
Autoimmunity, 5 Nat.Rev. Rheumatol. 648, 648 (2009) (Pet’rs’ Ex. 53, Ref. 10)). The
Special Master correctly found that this is too broad to satisfy Althen. See Pafford,
451 F.3d at 1358. Nor is it sufficient to identify the time period found for other
injuries caused by other vaccines. Although petitioners suggest that the Special
Master was improperly requiring “a hard and fast deadline” for the onset of A.P.M.’s
injury, Mot. at 28 (quoting Paluck v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 786 F.3d
1373, 1384 (Fed. Cir. 2015)), he was instead seeking some explanation of the
temporal relationship. But petitioners’ own expert could not provide one, other
than the circular argument that it took as long as it did. See, e.g., Tr. at 182–84;
Decision at 43–44 (citing Koehn v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 773 F.3d 1239,
1244 (Fed. Cir. 2014)). The Special Master did not arbitrarily determine that
petitioners failed to satisfy this prong of Althen.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, petitioners’ motion for review is DENIED and the
decision of the Special Master is SUSTAINED. The Clerk of Court is directed to
enter judgment for respondent.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
s/ Victor J. Wolski
VICTOR J. WOLSKI
Judge
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