The opinion
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Anthony Kalmanowicz, :
Petitioner :
:
v. : No. 1790 C.D. 2016
: Submitted: March 17, 2017
Workers’ Compensation Appeal :
Board (Eastern Industries, Inc.), :
Respondent :
BEFORE: HONORABLE P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
HONORABLE ANNE E. COVEY, Judge
HONORABLE JOSEPH M. COSGROVE, Judge
OPINION BY JUDGE BROBSON FILED: July 7, 2017
Petitioner Anthony Kalmanowicz (Claimant) petitions for review of
an order of the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (Board). The Board
affirmed the decision of Workers’ Compensation Judge Howard Spizer (WCJ),
concluding that Eastern Industries, Inc. (Employer) is entitled to subrogation of
Claimant’s workers’ compensation benefits. We now affirm.
On June 1, 2009, during the course of his employment as a truck
driver for Employer, Claimant was injured in a motor vehicle accident, resulting in
a chest wall contusion, a wrist contusion, and post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD). Claimant filed a claim petition on April 26, 2010, which was assigned to
Workers’ Compensation Judge Patrick J. Cummings (WCJ Cummings). On or
around April 27, 2011, Claimant entered into a settlement agreement with a
third-party involved in the June 1, 2009 motor vehicle accident in the amount of
$15,000.00, with a net recovery (after attorneys’ fees and costs) of $9,498.25. On
October 11, 2011, after holding a hearing and receiving briefs from the parties,
WCJ Cummings granted Claimant’s claim petition, awarding benefits for the
injuries, including PTSD, sustained during the June 1, 2009 accident. The
October 11, 2011 decision and order also required Employer to pay Claimant’s
reasonable and necessary medical expenses. (Reproduced Record (R.R.) at 104a.)1
On June 13, 2012, Employer filed a petition to modify or suspend
Claimant’s benefits (Suspension Petition), alleging that Claimant had failed to
reimburse Employer a subrogation lien as required by Section 319 of the Workers’
Compensation Act.2 By opinion and order circulated on June 10, 2013, the WCJ
1
Employer appealed WCJ Cummings’ decision to the Board. The Board affirmed the
decision of WCJ Cummings on July 10, 2012. Employer appealed to this Court, and we
affirmed the order of the Board by opinion and order dated December 6, 2012. New Enter. Stone
& Lime Co., Inc. v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Kalmanowicz), 59 A.3d 670 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2012).
2
Act of June 2, 1915, P.L. 736, as amended, 77 P.S. § 671. Section 319 of the Act
provides:
Where the compensable injury is caused in whole or in part by the act or omission
of a third party, the employer shall be subrogated to the right of the employe, his
personal representative, his estate or his dependents, against such third party to
the extent of the compensation payable under this article by the employer;
reasonable attorney’s fees and other proper disbursements incurred in obtaining a
recovery or in effecting a compromise settlement shall be prorated between the
employer and employe, his personal representative, his estate or his dependents.
The employer shall pay that proportion of the attorney’s fees and other proper
disbursements that the amount of compensation paid or payable at the time of
recovery or settlement bears to the total recovery or settlement. Any recovery
against such third person in excess of the compensation theretofore paid by the
employer shall be paid forthwith to the employe, his personal representative, his
estate or his dependents, and shall be treated as an advance payment by the
employer on account of any future instalments of compensation.
Where an employe has received payments for the disability or medical expense
resulting from an injury in the course of his employment paid by the employer or
an insurance company on the basis that the injury and disability were not
compensable under this act in the event of an agreement or award for that injury
(Footnote continued on next page…)
2
concluded that, at the time of Claimant’s settlement of the third-party claim,
Employer had not sought subrogation or accepted Claimant’s work injuries. Thus,
the WCJ held that there were no funds available to Employer for subrogation and
denied Employer’s Suspension Petition. Employer appealed the June 10, 2013
order to the Board.
By opinion and order dated September 10, 2015, the Board reversed,
concluding that Section 319 of the Act granted Employer an absolute right to
subrogation, which could only be abrogated by consent. The Board explained that
there was “no indication that [Employer] sought to relinquish or waive its right to
subrogation and, to the contrary, it clearly argued for subrogation.” (R.R. at 60a.)
Accordingly, the Board reversed the order of the WCJ and remanded for further
proceedings to take evidence and make findings on Employer’s entitlement to
subrogation.
On remand, by order and opinion dated May 13, 2016, the WCJ
disposed of the matter by adopting and incorporating by reference a stipulation of
facts agreed to by the parties. In pertinent part, the parties’ stipulation provided
that “the subrogation amount being sought by [Employer] equals $9,498.25. . . .
Claimant agrees [Employer] is entitled to take a credit of $65.00 per week against
the Claimant’s ongoing receipt of indemnity benefits until such time that the
$9,498.25 subrogation lien is paid in full.” (R.R. at 84a.) The stipulation also
(continued…)
the employer or insurance company who made the payments shall be subrogated
out of the agreement or award to the amount so paid, if the right to subrogation is
agreed to by the parties or is established at the time of hearing before the referee
or the board.
3
provided that “nothing in this [s]tipulation of [f]acts will prevent either party from
filing an appeal from [the WCJ’s order dated May 13, 2016].” (Id.) Thus, the
WCJ concluded that Claimant was entitled to workers’ compensation benefits
subject to deductions as set forth in the parties’ stipulation of facts. Claimant
appealed from the WCJ’s May 13, 2016 order.
On appeal to the Board, Claimant argued that Employer was not
entitled to subrogation because Employer was contesting Claimant’s claim petition
at the time the third-party settlement funds were distributed. By order and opinion
dated October 5, 2016, the Board affirmed the WCJ’s order, concluding that it had
previously addressed the issue raised by Claimant in its September 10, 2015
opinion and order. The Board also noted that Claimant had followed proper
procedure to preserve his claim for further appellate review. Claimant
subsequently filed the instant petition for review, asserting this claim of error by
the Board. 3
In workers’ compensation matters, subrogation serves several
goals: (1) it prevents a claimant’s double recovery for the same injury; (2) it
protects an employer from incurring liability for the negligence of a third party;
and (3) it prevents a third party from evading liability for his negligent conduct.
Dale Mfg. Co. v. Bressi, 421 A.2d 653, 654 (Pa. 1980). Section 319 of the Act
provides that an employer is entitled to recover its expenses when a third party
3
Our scope of review in a workers’ compensation appeal is limited to determining
whether an error of law was committed, whether constitutional rights were violated, or whether
necessary findings of fact are supported by substantial evidence. Section 704 of the
Administrative Agency Law, 2 Pa. C.S. § 704; Bond v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Belmont
Center), 711 A.2d 554, 557 n.6 (Pa. Cmwlth. 1998).
4
causes the work injury “in whole or in part.” We have held that “subrogation is
automatic and by its terms, admits no express exceptions, equitable or otherwise.”
Serrano v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Ametek, Inc.), 154 A.3d 445, 450 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2017). An employer bears the burden to establish its right to subrogation
by demonstrating “that it was compelled to make payments due to the negligence
of a third party and that the fund against which the employer seeks subrogation
was for the same injury for which the employer is liable under the Act.” Young v.
Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Chubb Corp.), 88 A.3d 295, 302 (Pa. Cmwlth.),
appeal denied, 97 A.3d 746 (Pa. 2014).
Claimant does not suggest that Employer failed to meet the first prong
of the test set forth in Young by failing to demonstrate that it was compelled to
make payments due to the negligence of a third party. Claimant argued before the
Board that because the third-party settlement funds were distributed prior to
Employer accepting Claimant’s work-related injury, there was no “fund against
which [E]mployer [may] seek[] subrogation,” but Claimant does not raise this
argument on appeal to this Court. See Young, 88 A.3d at 302. Instead, Claimant
contends that Employer effectively waived its right to subrogation by contesting
Claimant’s claim petition. We disagree.
There are very narrow circumstances in which a court may find that
an employer waived its right to subrogation under the Act. An employer may
agree via contract to waive its right to subrogation of accrued liens as well as
future third-party settlements. Fortwangler v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Quest
Diagnostics), 113 A.3d 28, 35 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2015). Such a contract, however,
must expressly waive the right to subrogation. Id. at 36 (concluding that settlement
contract did not include waiver of future subrogation rights because such rights
5
were not expressly provided for in contract). We have held that a party’s failure to
exercise “due diligence” in pursuing a claim—i.e. failing to raise a claim for
subrogation until fourteen months after a claimant settled his or her claim—may
constitute waiver of the right to subrogation. Independence Blue Cross v.
Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (Frankford Hosp.), 820 A.2d 868, 872 (Pa.
Cmwlth. 2003). Absent bad faith or “dereliction of duty,” we have never
concluded that an employer has waived its right to subrogation under the Act
without an express agreement to waive that right. Glass v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal
Bd. (City of Philadelphia), 61 A.3d 318, 326 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2013), (quoting
Thompson v. Workers’ Comp. Appeal Bd. (USF & G), 781 A.2d 1146, 1154
(Pa. 2001)).
Claimant cites no precedent to support his argument that an employer
consents to forego subrogation by contesting a claim petition. Instead, Claimant
asserts that he and others similarly situated would be “held hostage with regard to
the settlement and distribution of third[-]party claims when their employer refuses
to accept a work[-]related injury claim.” (Claimant’s br. at 10.) Claimant
develops no argument other than his bald assertion that an employer may not
recover a subrogation lien if a third party settles the claim prior to an employer
accepting liability for the asserted injury. To the contrary, such a conclusion
would hold an employer “hostage” by forcing them to accept any injury alleged by
a claimant when a third party is involved in the incident. Any employer failing to
accept a claim would expose itself to the possibility that a Claimant may protect a
third-party settlement from subrogation by settling the third-party claim while the
employer contests the claim petition. Furthermore, Employer was well within its
rights to contest Claimant’s claim petition and was under no obligation to accept
6
the work-relatedness of any injury Claimant sustained in the June 1, 2009 motor
vehicle accident.4
In the instant case, we discern no evidence that could support a
conclusion that Employer acted in bad faith or failed to exercise due diligence in
enforcing its subrogation rights, and we decline to expand our definition of conduct
by which an employer may implicitly waive its absolute right to subrogation. See
Thompson, 781 A.2d at 1151. Thus, Employer did not waive its right to
subrogation pursuant to Section 319 of the Act by contesting Claimant’s claim
petition.
Accordingly, the October 5, 2016 order of the Board, affirming the
May 13, 2016 order of the WCJ, is affirmed.
P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
4
In response to the dissent, we note that throughout the course of this proceeding,
Claimant has never contended that Employer’s contest of his claim petition was unreasonable or
otherwise an act of bad faith. In other words, we are not here presented with any argument that
Employer should be precluded from pursuing subrogation because it acted in bad faith when it
challenged the work-relatedness of Claimant’s injury in the claim petition proceeding.
A remand, therefore, may help resolve the questions that the dissent raises, but all of Claimant’s
questions and related contentions are resolved above.
7
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Anthony Kalmanowicz, :
Petitioner :
:
v. : No. 1790 C.D. 2016
:
Workers’ Compensation Appeal :
Board (Eastern Industries, Inc.), :
Respondent :
ORDER
AND NOW, this 7th day of July, 2017, the order of the Workers’
Compensation Appeal Board in the above matter, dated October 5, 2016, is
AFFIRMED.
P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
Anthony Kalmanowicz, :
Petitioner :
:
v. :
:
Workers’ Compensation Appeal :
Board (Eastern Industries, Inc.), : No. 1790 C.D. 2016
Respondent : Submitted: March 17, 2017
BEFORE: HONORABLE P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
HONORABLE ANNE E. COVEY, Judge
HONORABLE JOSEPH M. COSGROVE, Judge
DISSENTING OPINION
BY JUDGE COSGROVE FILED: July 7, 2017
Within the context of affirming the expansive nature of an employer’s
right to subrogation under Section 319 of the Workers’ Compensation Act (Act),1
the Majority recognizes that this right is not without limitation. One such
restriction is present when the employer acts in “bad faith or dereliction of duty…”
Majority, slip op. at 6 (internal citation omitted). As the Majority and I disagree on
the application of this bad faith doctrine to the present case, I must dissent.
Bad faith, as an impediment to an otherwise absolute right to
subrogation has its genesis in our Supreme Court’s decision in Thompson v.
Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (USF&G), 781 A.2d 1146 (Pa. 2001). In
that case, the Court favorably noted the decision of the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania in Curtis v. Simpson Chevrolet, 348
F.Supp. 1062 (E.D. Pa. 1972). The question of bad faith arose in Curtis in the
context of whether an employer’s actions may have, at least in part, interfered with
1
Act of June 2, 1915, P.L. 736, as amended, 77 P.S. §671.
presentation of the claim against a third party, thus precluding the employer’s
subrogation claim. Although the Curtis court ultimately allowed the subrogation
claim to proceed, the Supreme Court noted that a showing of “bad faith” may have
“altered [the District Court’s] analysis.” Thompson, 781 A.2d at 1154.
In the present case, Eastern Industries, Inc. (Employer) contested what
was an otherwise valid workers’ compensation claim. The Majority holds that
“Employer was well within its rights to contest [Anthony Kalmanowicz’s]
Claimant’s claim petition and was under no obligation to accept the work-
relatedness of any injury Claimant sustained…” Majority, slip op. at 6-7. Caveat
to Employer’s right is the responsibility that any such contest be made in good
faith. Whether Employer’s actions in this case constitute good faith, and whether
its actions impacted pursuit of the third-party claims, are open questions. As such,
and at the very least, I would remand this matter for review of these questions.
Although respecting the Majority’s thoughtful analysis, I am thus compelled to
dissent.2, 3
___________________________
JOSEPH M. COSGROVE, Judge
2
The Majority notes that “Claimant cites no precedent to support his argument….”
Majority slip opinion at 6. There is likewise no precedent contrary to Claimant’s position,
although presenting its Opinion in published form, the Majority creates such here. A decision of
such consequence should not be decided unargued, and by a three judge panel of this Court. It
instead should be addressed en banc so as to allow its magnitude to reflect the position of the
entire Court.
3
The Majority suggests that Claimant has not raised the question of Employer's bad faith,
thus precluding us from remanding this matter to explore that issue. Since it is Claimant's
position that the challenge to his claim negates the right to subrogation, examination of the bad
faith question is well within the context of that position and thus welcomes remand.
JMC-2