American Power Products, Inc. v. CSK Auto, Inc.

IN THE

SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ARIZONA

AMERICAN POWER PRODUCTS, INC., A CALIFORNIA CORPORATION;

LFMG/APP, LLC, AN ARIZONA CORPORATION,

Plaintiffs/Counter-Defendants/Appellants/Cross-Appellees,

v.

CSK AUTO, INC., AN ARIZONA CORPORATION,

Defendant/Counter-Claimant/Appellee/Cross-Appellant.

No. CV-16-0133-PR

Filed May 11, 2017

Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County

The Honorable George H. Foster, Jr., Judge

No. CV2005-019594

REVERSED AND REMANDED

Memorandum Decision of the Court of Appeals, Division One

1 CA-CV 12-0855

Filed May 19, 2016

VACATED IN PART

COUNSEL:

David B. Goldstein (argued), John L. Lohr, Jr., Evan B. Schechter, Hymson Goldstein &

Pantiliat, PLLC, Scottsdale, and Herbert Dodell, Dodell Law Corporation, Woodland

Hills, CA, Attorneys for American Power Products, Inc. and LFMG/APP, LLC

Leon B. Silver (argued), Andrew S. Jacob, Gordon & Rees LLP, Phoenix, Attorneys for

CSK Auto Inc.

AMERICAN POWER PRODUCTS v. CSK AUTO

Opinion of the Court

VICE CHIEF JUSTICE PELANDER authored the opinion of the Court, in which CHIEF

JUSTICE BALES and JUSTICES BRUTINEL and BOLICK joined. JUSTICE TIMMER

dissented.

VICE CHIEF JUSTICE PELANDER, opinion of the Court:

¶1 Under Arizona law, a court may award reasonable attorney fees to the

successful party in a contested contract action. A.R.S. § 12-341.01(A). If a party makes a

written settlement offer that is rejected and the final judgment is more favorable to the

offering party, that party “is deemed to be the successful party from the date of the

offer.” Id.

¶2 In this case, we address the interplay between this statutory provision and

a contractual fee award provision when one party rejected the other’s written settlement

offer and later obtained what appears to be a less favorable judgment. Because the

contract does not itself define “prevailing party,” but does incorporate Arizona law to

determine the parties’ rights and remedies, we hold that the statute applies for the

purpose of determining the successful party. That is, if the final judgment is more

favorable to the party that made the rejected offer, that party is the successful party

from the date of the offer.

I.

¶3 In 2003, American Power Products (“American”) and CSK Auto (“CSK”)

entered into a Master Vendor Agreement (“MVA”) under which American agreed to

sell electric scooters and other items to CSK on an open account. The MVA provided

that in the event of any action arising out of the agreement, “the prevailing party shall

be entitled to recover . . . reasonable attorneys’ fees.” The agreement did not define

“prevailing party.” But the MVA included a broad choice-of-law provision that

Arizona law would govern the parties’ “rights and remedies” under the agreement.

¶4 In 2005, American sued CSK for breach of contract and negligent

misrepresentation, seeking more than $5 million in damages. CSK asserted various

affirmative defenses and counterclaims and sought damages of approximately $950,000.

In 2011, several months before trial, CSK served American with an offer of judgment

under Rule 68, Ariz. R. Civ. P., in the amount of $1,000,001, “inclusive of all damages,

taxable court costs, interest and attorneys’ fees.” American did not accept the offer and,

after trial, obtained a jury verdict in the amount of $10,733. The trial court later

dismissed CSK’s counterclaims with prejudice.

¶5 On the parties’ post-trial claims for attorney fees, the trial court ruled that

American was the “prevailing party” at trial despite American having asked the jury to

award it over $10.8 million. Applying a totality-of-the-litigation test, the court reasoned

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Opinion of the Court

that American “must be the prevailing party” because “after litigating all of the claims”

and counterclaims, American “obtained relief in the form of monetary damages; [CSK]

was awarded nothing.” The trial court then awarded American $775,000 in attorney

fees (American had requested almost $2 million), plus costs and interest on the verdict,

for a total judgment of approximately $861,000. The court denied CSK’s request for

sanctions under Rule 68(g), Ariz. R. Civ. P., finding such sanctions inapplicable.

¶6 The court of appeals affirmed the fee award in favor of American. Am.

Power Products, Inc. v. CSK Auto, Inc., 1 CA-CV 12-0855, at *8 ¶ 14 (Ariz. App. May 19,

2016) (mem. decision).1 The court reasoned that the trial court did not abuse its

substantial discretion in identifying the “prevailing party” and “had a reasonable basis

for finding that American was the prevailing party under the totality of the litigation

test.” Id. at *4 ¶ 6, *6 ¶ 9. Contending that American obtained a judgment less

favorable than CSK’s pretrial settlement offer, CSK argued that A.R.S. § 12-341.01(A)

and Rule 68 precluded any award of fees American incurred after the date of the offer.

In rejecting that argument, the court of appeals stated that “[w]hen attorneys’ fees are

based on a contract — as here — the contract controls to the exclusion of A.R.S.

§ 12-341.01(A).” Id. at *6 ¶ 11. The court, however, “reverse[d] the superior court’s

denial of CSK’s Rule 68 sanction request and remand[ed] to the superior court for it to

make the comparison required by Rule 68.” Id. at *13 ¶ 30.

¶7 We granted review on the attorney fee question because the interplay

between § 12-341.01 and contractual fee provisions presents legal issues of statewide

importance that are likely to recur. We have jurisdiction under article 6, section 5(3) of

the Arizona Constitution and A.R.S. § 12-120.24.

II.

¶8 The parties’ MVA contained two provisions that are pertinent here:

(d) Applicable Law. The MVA is made with reference to

and under the laws of the State of Arizona which shall be

deemed to govern the validity and interpretation of the

MVA and the rights and remedies of the parties hereunder.

Any legal action instituted by the parties arising out of this

MVA shall be within, and the parties hereto stipulate to the

jurisdiction of, the Courts of Maricopa County, Arizona.

1 The court of appeals’ decision was rendered after we remanded the case to that

court “for consideration of . . . the parties’ claims for attorneys’ fees, court costs, and

other expenses.” American Power Products, Inc., v. CSK Auto, Inc., 239 Ariz. 151, 157 ¶ 21,

367 P.3d 55, 61 (2016).

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Opinion of the Court

...

(f) Attorneys’ Fees. In the event either party shall commence

or be required to defend any action or proceeding against

the other party arising out of this MVA, the prevailing party

shall be entitled to recover from the other party its

reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs through all levels of

proceedings as determined by the court.

As noted above, the MVA did not define “prevailing party.”

¶9 In pertinent part, A.R.S. § 12-341.01 provides:

A. In any contested action arising out of a contract,

express or implied, the court may award the successful party

reasonable attorney fees. If a written settlement offer is

rejected and the judgment finally obtained is equal to or

more favorable to the offeror than an offer made in writing

to settle any contested action arising out of a contract, the

offeror is deemed to be the successful party from the date of

the offer and the court may award the successful party

reasonable attorney fees. This section shall not be construed

as altering, prohibiting or restricting present or future

contracts or statutes that may provide for attorney fees.

As originally enacted in 1976, § 12-341.01 contained provisions now mirrored in the first

and third sentences of subsection (A). The second sentence of that subsection was

added in 1999.

¶10 CSK acknowledges that the trial court and court of appeals correctly

“equated ‘prevailing party’ in the MVA with ‘successful party’ in § 12-341.01(A).” Am.

Power Products, Inc., 1 CA-CV 12-0855, at *3 ¶¶ 5-6; see Murphy Farrell Dev., LLLP v.

Sourant, 229 Ariz. 124, 132 ¶ 30 & n.8, 134 ¶ 36, 272 P.3d 355, 364 & n.8, 365 (App. 2012)

(relying on cases decided under § 12-341.01 in determining which party was “the

‘prevailing party’ under the terms of the [parties’] Agreements” when those contracts

mandated an award of fees to the “prevailing party” but did not define that term).

Noting that “the parties expressly incorporated Arizona law into their contract” and

“clearly intended to apply Arizona law to the entire [MVA],” however, CSK argues that

both courts below erred in failing to apply “the definition in the second sentence of

§ 12-341.01(A).” Under that provision, CSK asserts, it is “the successful party after the

date of its rejected settlement offer.”

¶11 American counters, as the court of appeals determined, that the trial court

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Opinion of the Court

had a reasonable basis for deeming American the prevailing party under the MVA and

did not abuse its discretion in awarding fees to American, particularly considering that

CSK received nothing on its counterclaim for almost $1 million. Relying on the third

sentence of § 12-341.01(A) and Arizona case law, American argues that the statute does

not apply when, as here, a contract mandates an award of fees to the prevailing party.

American further asserts that CSK’s argument, by seeking a sanction not recognized by

Rule 68, effectively would amend the rule so as to conflict with § 12-341.01.

¶12 We review de novo issues of statutory application and contract

interpretation. See Bell v. Indus. Comm’n, 236 Ariz. 478, 480 ¶ 6, 341 P.3d 1149, 1151

(2015) (statutes); Andrews v. Blake, 205 Ariz. 236, 240 ¶ 12, 69 P.3d 7, 11 (2003) (contracts).

A trial court’s determination of which party is successful and thus entitled to a fee

award generally will be upheld absent an abuse of discretion. Murphy Farrell Dev., 229

Ariz. at 133 ¶ 31, 272 P.3d at 364; Sanborn v. Brooker & Wake Prop. Mgmt., Inc., 178 Ariz.

425, 430, 874 P.2d 982, 987 (App. 1994). An error of law in reaching a discretionary

ruling constitutes an abuse of discretion. Twin City Fire Ins. Co. v. Burke, 204 Ariz. 251,

254, 63 P.3d 282, 285 (2003).

III.

¶13 As noted above, § 12-341.01 does not “alter[], prohibit[] or restrict[]”

contracts that “provide for attorney fees,” nor may the statute “be construed” to do so.

§ 12-341.01(A). Based on that statutory language, our court of appeals has repeatedly

stated that “the statute is inapplicable . . . [when] the parties have provided in their

contract the conditions under which attorney’s fees may be recovered.” Sweis v.

Chatwin, 120 Ariz. 249, 252, 585 P.2d 269, 272 (App. 1978); see also Geller v. Lesk, 230 Ariz.

624, 627 ¶ 9, 285 P.3d 972, 975 (App. 2012) (stating that parties’ contractual attorney fee

provision, “not the statute,” governs an award of fees); Lisa v. Strom, 183 Ariz. 415, 418

n.2, 904 P.2d 1239, 1242 n.2 (App. 1995) (stating that “when a contract has an attorney’s

fee provision it controls to the exclusion of the statute”); Connor v. Cal-Az Properties, Inc.,

137 Ariz. 53, 55, 668 P.2d 896, 898 (App. 1983) (stating that Ҥ 12-341.01 is not to be

considered” when parties’ contract provides conditions under which attorney fees may

be recovered). In Sweis, the parties’ contract entitled the successful or prevailing party

to a non-discretionary attorney fee award for enforcing the contract. 120 Ariz. at 251

n.2, 585 P.2d at 271 n.2. To apply § 12-341.01 in those circumstances, the court reasoned,

would alter the agreement by “in effect cancel[ing] the unqualified contractual right to

recover attorney’s fees given to the successful party by their agreement, and substitute

in its place the purely discretionary or permissive right given by the statute.” Id. at 252,

585 P.2d at 272.

¶14 Relying on its prior case law and the third sentence of § 12-341.01(A), the

court of appeals here rejected CSK’s argument that, based on that subsection’s second

sentence, CSK was the prevailing party from the date of its offer, holding instead that

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Opinion of the Court

“the contract controls to the exclusion of A.R.S. § 12-341.01(A).” Am. Power Products,

Inc., 1 CA-CV 12-0855, at *6 ¶ 11. To the extent prior case law broadly precludes

application of § 12-341.01 whenever the parties’ contract contains an attorney fee

provision, regardless of its content, scope, and other provisions in the contract, we

disagree. Rather, § 12-341.01 “is inapplicable by its terms if it effectively conflicts with

an express contractual provision governing recovery of attorney’s fees.” Jordan v.

Burgbacher, 180 Ariz. 221, 229, 883 P.2d 458, 466 (App. 1994) (disagreeing with Connor’s

broad statement and observing that Sweis “did not hold that any express contractual

provision for attorney’s fees, however worded, ‘preempts’ A.R.S. section 12-341.01”); cf.

Tucson Estates Prop. Owners Ass’n, Inc. v. McGovern, 239 Ariz. 52, 54-56 ¶¶ 7-14, 366 P.3d

111, 113-15 (App. 2016); (stating that when parties’ contract has a unilateral provision

mandating attorney fee recovery for only one party, § 12-341.01 applies to the other,

successful party’s claim for attorney fees and affords trial court discretion to award or

deny fees under the statute); Pioneer Roofing Co. v. Mardian Constr. Co., 152 Ariz. 455,

470-72, 733 P.2d 652, 667-69 (App. 1986) (same). Thus, rather than being completely

supplanted by any attorney fee provision in the parties’ contract, the statute —

consistent with its plain language — applies to “any contested action arising out of

contract” to the extent it does not conflict with the contract. § 12-341.01(A).

¶15 Our conclusion comports with the general rule in Arizona that contracts

are read to incorporate applicable statutes. See Banner Health v. Med. Sav. Ins. Co., 216

Ariz. 146, 150 ¶ 15, 163 P.3d 1096, 1100 (App. 2007) (“It has long been the rule in

Arizona that a valid statute is automatically part of any contract affected by it, even if

the statute is not specifically mentioned in the contract.”) (internal citations and

quotation marks omitted); see also Yeazell v. Copins, 98 Ariz. 109, 113-14, 402 P.2d 541,

544 (1965). Because the MVA here did not define “prevailing party” and expressly

provided that Arizona law shall apply and govern “the rights and remedies of the

parties,” and because the second sentence of § 12-341.01(A) does not directly conflict

with the MVA’s attorney fee provision, that statutory provision is “incorporated by

operation of law” into the MVA for the limited purpose of defining “successful party”

under the circumstances presented here. Banner Health, 216 Ariz. at 150 ¶ 15, 163 P.3d at

1100.

¶16 Contrary to the dissent, infra ¶ 29, our opinion does not “alter the meaning

of ‘the prevailing party’ in the MVA,” inasmuch as the MVA does not define that

phrase or provide any other interpretative guidance. The dissent also downplays the

MVA’s broad, unqualified choice-of-law provision, under which the parties agreed that

Arizona law would govern their rights and remedies under the MVA. As for there

being two prevailing parties – American before CSK’s offer, and CSK after its offer –

that paradigm is implicitly contemplated and permitted by § 12-341.01(A)’s second

sentence, which supplements, but does not alter, the MVA. Cf. Hall v. Read Dev., Inc.,

229 Ariz. 277, 283 ¶ 19, 274 P.3d 1211, 1217 (App. 2012) (recognizing that statute’s

second sentence could “potentially shift the ‘successful party’ designation for at least

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Opinion of the Court

part of the litigation”). And such a result is permissible even though § 12-341.01(A), like

the MVA, limits attorney fee awards to “the” successful party.

¶17 American unpersuasively argues that the MVA’s choice-of-law provision

does not apply to the attorney fee provision because they are separate and the former is

“general and all-embracing, and not specific to the fees provision.” The choice-of-law

provision is not limited, and the attorney fee provision does not exclude the former

from applying to it. See Bradley v. Bradley, 164 P.3d 537, 542 (Wyo. 2007) (holding that

broad, general language of choice-of-law provision in parties’ agreement applied to

other provisions when the agreement contained no specific provision indicating a

different intent and “[o]ther provisions of the agreement [did] not specifically speak to

choice of applicable law”).

¶18 The courts below thus erred in failing to apply the definition of

“successful party” under § 12-341.01(A)’s second sentence, which by its terms will

apply here if the final judgment American obtains is less favorable to American than

CSK’s pretrial settlement offer under Rule 68. As the court of appeals has observed,

that statutory provision, “added in 1999, seemingly narrows the trial court’s discretion

in handling fee determination issues in contract cases, obligating the court to compare a

written settlement offer against the ‘judgment finally obtained.’” Hall, 229 Ariz. at 279 ¶

9, 274 P.3d at 1213. That comparison, in turn, “potentially alter[s] the successful party

designation from the date of the offer.” Id. at 280 ¶ 10, 274 P.3d at 1214.

¶19 “[A]n offeror is the successful party, even if an offeree obtains a favorable

judgment, if the offeror previously made a written offer for an amount equal to or

greater than the final judgment.” Id. at 279 ¶ 9, 274 P.3d at 1213. That is seemingly the

situation here. CSK asserts that its pretrial offer under Rule 68 in the amount of

$1,000,001, “inclusive of all damages, taxable court costs, interest and attorneys’ fees,”

was greater than the total judgment of approximately $861,000 (which included fees,

taxable costs, and interest on the $10,733 verdict) that American obtained. If so, CSK “is

deemed to be the successful party from the date of the offer.” § 12-341.01(A). And from

that point forward CSK would be “entitled to recover from [American] its reasonable

attorneys’ fees” because the MVA expressly so provides. That is, the statute’s

discretionary feature, providing that “the court may award the successful party

reasonable attorney fees,” id., is inapplicable here because, if applied, it would directly

conflict with the MVA’s mandatory fee provision and thereby impermissibly “alter[]”

or “restrict[]” the parties’ agreement. Id.; see Murphy Farrell Dev., 229 Ariz. at 133 ¶ 32,

272 P.3d at 364 (“Unlike discretionary fee awards made pursuant to A.R.S. § 12-

341.01(A), the trial court lacks discretion to deny a fee award required by the terms of

the parties’ contract.”); McDowell Mountain Ranch Cmty. Ass’n v. Simons, 216 Ariz. 266,

269 ¶ 14, 165 P.3d 667, 670 (App. 2007) (same, citing cases).

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Opinion of the Court

¶20 Applying the second sentence of § 12-341.01(A) also furthers the policy of

the statute and Rule 68. As the court in Hall pointed out, “[t]he purposes of § 12-

341.01(A) include: (1) mitigating ‘the burden of the expense of litigation to establish a

just claim or a just defense’; (2) encouraging ‘more careful analysis prior to filing suit’

by imposing the risk of paying the opposing party’s attorneys’ fees where legitimate

settlement offers are rejected; and (3) promoting settlement and thus reducing caseloads

involving contractual matters.” Hall, 229 Ariz. at 282 ¶ 18, 274 P.3d at 1216. By rejecting

CSK’s settlement offer and choosing to instead pursue costly, protracted litigation,

American cannot avoid the potential legal consequences, including attorney fee

exposure as determined by the parties’ agreement and compatible Arizona law that is

specifically made applicable under the agreement’s choice-of-law provision.

¶21 American unpersuasively asserts that imposing attorney fees against it by

“incorporat[ing] only part of” § 12-341.01(A) fails to give “the type of fair warning the

law should provide.” On the contrary, the parties had adequate notice of their potential

liability for attorney fees, given the MVA’s broad incorporation of Arizona law, the

clear definition of “successful party” in § 12-341.01(A)’s second sentence, and the lack of

any inconsistency between that provision and the MVA’s attorney fee provision.

¶22 Nor is American correct in arguing that CSK’s position will “alter every

contract mandating an award of attorneys’ fees by forcing upon parties to contracts the

standard established in the second sentence of A.R.S. § 12-341.01.A.” Rather, we agree

with American’s assertion that parties should “have freedom to contract whether they

want that standard to apply or not.” As long as a contract is legal and enforceable,

parties of course may fashion all aspects of an attorney fee provision, including a

definition of “prevailing party” different from the statute, in whatever way they see fit.

(Unlike the MVA, for example, a contract could not only specifically define “prevailing

party” but also either include or exclude certain aspects of Arizona law from applying.)

¶23 Finally, we reject American’s argument that the result here “conflicts with

and supersedes Rule 68.” As American conceded at oral argument in this Court, the

sanctions prescribed in Rule 68(g) are separate and distinct from attorney fees. Cf. Ariz.

R. Civ. P. 68, State Bar Committee Note (1992 Amendments) (“The term ‘costs’ in Rule

68 does not include attorneys’ fees, even if they are recoverable in the action.”) (citing

Boltz & Odegaard v. Hohn, 148 Ariz. 361, 714 P.2d 854 (App. 1985)). Contrary to

American’s contention, if the final judgment is more favorable to CSK than its Rule 68

offer, an award of fees to CSK under the MVA, based on the statutory definition of

“successful party” in § 12-341.01(A)’s second sentence, would not result in “de facto

amendment of the rule . . . by imposing an additional sanction” not authorized by the

rule. Nor would such an award run afoul of Rule 68(d)’s provision that “[e]vidence of

an unaccepted offer is not admissible except in a proceeding to determine sanctions

under this rule.” Harmonizing the rule with the statute, we conclude that any such

evidence is inadmissible at trial or other merits-related proceedings, but is not barred

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Opinion of the Court

for purposes of identifying the “successful party” under § 12-341.01(A) in separate post-

trial proceedings regarding attorney fees. See Hall, 229 Ariz. at 283 ¶¶ 19-20, 274 P.3d at

1217 (harmonizing § 12-341.01(A) with Rule 68 to “conclude that comparing the

‘judgment finally obtained’ under § 12-341.01(A) to a settlement offer should involve

only those reasonable fees and costs incurred as of the date the offer was made”); see

also State v. Hansen, 215 Ariz. 287, 289 ¶ 7, 160 P.3d 166, 168 (2007) (stating that,

whenever possible, we harmonize rules and statutes and read them in conjunction with

each other).

IV.

¶24 For the reasons stated above, we reverse the trial court’s award of attorney

fees to American and its ruling that American was the prevailing party in the

proceedings below even after CSK’s settlement offer under Rule 68. This opinion does

not alter the trial court’s determination that American was the prevailing party up to

that point. But if the judgment finally obtained is more favorable to CSK than its

pretrial offer, American is not entitled to recover any fees incurred after the offer. (CSK

conceded at oral argument that American is entitled to recover its reasonable attorney

fees incurred before the offer.)

¶25 We vacate paragraphs 6-14 of the court of appeals’ decision and remand

the case to the trial court for further proceedings to apportion fees and costs between

CSK and American, consistent with this opinion and the remaining portions of the court

of appeals’ decision. On remand, the trial court must first calculate the amount of the

final judgment to determine if it is less favorable to American than CSK’s pretrial offer

that American rejected. For purposes of that comparison under § 12-341.01(A),

American must establish, and the trial court should determine, what amount or

percentage of the court’s $775,000 fee award to American was attributable to fees

incurred after the June 27, 2011 offer, and the court should reduce American’s fee award

by that amount. See Hall, 229 Ariz. at 283 ¶ 20, 274 P.3d at 1217. To that balance the

court should add the verdict amount of $10,733; American’s taxable costs under A.R.S. §

12-341 (totaling $46,625.94) and reasonable non-taxable costs (recoverable under the

MVA, as both parties concede and the court of appeals ruled) incurred up to the date of

CSK’s offer, see id.; plus applicable prejudgment interest. If the new sum is less than

CSK’s offer of $1,000,001, the trial court must deem CSK the prevailing party from the

date of its offer forward, entitling it to an award of reasonable attorney fees for that time

frame as well as applicable sanctions under Rule 68(g).

¶26 Finally, if CSK is determined to be the prevailing party from the date of its

rejected offer, CSK must establish, and the trial court should determine, what amount

or percentage of CSK’s fees (incurred after its settlement offer) was clearly attributable

to defending against American’s claims as opposed to the unsuccessful prosecution of

CSK’s counterclaim, on which CSK was not the prevailing party. Based on that

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determination, the trial court may then decide if, or by how much, CSK’s fee award

should be reduced. In the end, as CSK acknowledged at oral argument, the trial court

in its discretion may consider all pertinent factors in determining the amount of

reasonable fees CSK should be awarded. Cf. Associated Indem. Corp. v. Warner, 143 Ariz.

567, 570-71, 694 P.2d 1181, 1184-85 (1985) (listing non-exclusive factors bearing on

attorney fee awards under § 12-341.01); A.R.S. § 12-341.01(B) (providing that an award

of reasonable fees under the statute “should be made to mitigate the burden of the

expense of litigation to establish a just claim or a just defense”). American’s request for

attorney fees incurred in this Court is denied as it is not the prevailing party in the

proceeding before us.

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JUSTICE TIMMER, Dissenting

TIMMER, J., dissenting.

¶27 By its terms, § 12-341.01(A) cannot “alter[], prohibit[] or restrict[] . . .

contracts . . . that may provide for attorney fees.” By applying § 12-341.01(A) here, the

majority has done just that. I respectfully dissent.

¶28 I begin with the plain language of the MVA. Cf. Smith v. Melson, Inc., 135

Ariz. 119, 121, 659 P.2d 1264, 1266 (1983) (“A contract should be read in light of the

parties’ intentions as reflected by their language and in view of all the circumstances.”).

American and CSK agreed that “the prevailing party” in any lawsuit “shall be entitled

to recover” its reasonable attorney fees. The parties did not define “the prevailing

party,” so the majority, noting the parties’ agreement that Arizona law governs

interpretation of the contract, skips to § 12-341.01(A) to supply a definition. See supra

¶ 15. In doing so, the majority ignores Arizona’s “controlling rule of interpretation”

that “requires that the ordinary meaning of language be given to words where

circumstances do not show a different meaning applicable.” Brady v. Black Mountain

Inv. Co., 105 Ariz. 87, 89, 459 P.2d 712, 714 (1969) (citing Restatement (First), Contracts

§ 235(A) (Am. Law Ins. 1932)). There is nothing ambiguous about the fee provision

here. “The” indicates a particular party, and “prevailing” identifies that party as the

one that wins the lawsuit. See Smith, 135 Ariz. at 121, 659 P.2d at 1266 (noting that

“the” is “a definite article used in reference to a particular thing”); Webster’s Third New

International Dictionary 1797 (3d ed. 2002) (defining “prevail” in part as to “win,”

“triumph,” or to be “successful”); Black’s Law Dictionary 1298 (10th ed. 2009) (defining

“prevailing party” as the one “in whose favor a judgment is rendered”).

¶29 The majority uses § 12-341.01(A) to impermissibly alter the meaning of

“the prevailing party” in the MVA. The second sentence in § 12-341.01(A) does not

define the “successful party” in a lawsuit and thus does not shed light on the parties’

use of “the prevailing party” in the MVA. Instead, the second sentence “deem[s]” the

unsuccessful party in the lawsuit the “successful party,” and thus eligible for a

discretionary fee award, if the final judgment is “equal to or more favorable” than a

previously rejected settlement offer. And that party is only considered “successful”

from the offer date, meaning the other party can be “successful” and eligible for a fee

award before the offer date. In essence, the second sentence serves as a fee-shifting

device to encourage settlement; it does not apply to the party that prevails on the merits

of the lawsuit. Cf. Hall, 229 Ariz. at 282 ¶ 18, 274 P.3d at 1216 (“The purposes of § 12-

341.01(A) include . . . promoting settlements and thus reducing caseloads involving

contractual matters.”). Although it is appropriate to use tests developed under § 12-

341.01(A) to identify the “prevailing party” overall in light of “multiple claims and

varied success,” see Murphy Ferrell Dev., 229 Ariz. at 134 ¶ 36, 272 P.3d at 365, it is not

appropriate to use § 12-341.01(A) to change the meaning of “the prevailing party” in the

MVA.

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JUSTICE TIMMER, Dissenting

¶30 Rather than respect the parties’ intent to mandate a fee award for the

single, prevailing party in the lawsuit, the majority uses the second sentence from § 12-

341.01(A) to redefine “the prevailing party” and require awards for each party. There

are now two prevailing parties—American before the settlement offer and CSK

thereafter—and each must be awarded attorney fees. This interpretation alters the

MVA’s fee provision in violation of the third sentence in § 12-341.01(A). I would affirm

the trial court’s attorney fee award.

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