The opinion
J-S06032-17
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
IN THE INTEREST OF: C.S.H., A MINOR IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
APPEAL OF: W.H., MOTHER
No. 2491 EDA 2016
Appeal from the Order Entered July 12, 2016
in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Family Court
at No(s):CP-51-AP-0000907-2015
CP-51-DP-0001979-2012
FID:51-FN-002936-2012
IN THE INTEREST OF: C.B.-A.R., A IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR PENNSYLVANIA
APPEAL OF: W.H., MOTHER
No. 2492 EDA 2016
Appeal from the Order Entered July 12, 2016
in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Family Court
at No(s): CP-51-AP-0000908-2015
CP-51-DP-0001978-2012
FID: 51-FN-002936-2012
IN THE INTEREST OF: C.D.R., JR., A IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR PENNSYLVANIA
APPEAL OF: W.H., MOTHER
No. 2493 EDA 2016
Appeal from the Order Entered July 12, 2016
in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Family Court
at No(s): CP-51-AP-0000909-2015
CP-51-DP-0001977-2012
FID: 51-FN-002936-2012
J-S06032-17
IN THE INTEREST OF: C.C.R., A MINOR IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
APPEAL OF: W.H., MOTHER
No. 2494 EDA 2016
Appeal from the Order Entered July 12, 2016
in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Family Court
at No(s): CP-51-AP-0000910-2015
CP-51-DP-0002014-2013
FID: 51-FN-002936-2012
BEFORE: MOULTON, RANSOM, and FITZGERALD,* JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY FITZGERALD, J.: FILED APRIL 24, 2017
W.H. (“Mother”) appeals1 from the orders of the Philadelphia Court of
Common Pleas that terminated her parental rights to her four children,
C.S.H., C.B.-A.R., C.D.R., Jr., and C.C.R. (collectively, “Children”), and
changed the permanency goals for Children to adoption. Mother asserts that
the trial court erred in terminating her parental rights under 23 Pa.C.S.
2511(a)(1), (2), (5), (8), and (b) and in changing the goal for Children from
reunification to adoption. We affirm.
C.D.R., Jr. is a male born in July 2007. C.B.-A.R. is a female born in
January 2009. C.S.H. (aka C.R.) is a male born in March 2011.2 C.C.R. is a
male born in May 2013. The trial court has thoroughly summarized the
*
Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1
The appeals of Childrens’ father, C.R. (“Father”), are listed at J-S06031-17.
2
The trial court referred to C.S.H. as C.R. We use C.S.H. for the sake of
consistency.
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history of the family’s contacts with the Philadelphia County Department of
Human Services (“DHS”) as follows:
On September 10, 2012, [DHS] received a General
Protective Services (GPS) Report alleging that . . . Mother.
. . and Father . . . failed to provide their three [c]hildren:
C.D.R., Jr., C.B[.]-A.R., and [C.S.H.], with adequate food
and safe housing. The Report alleged that Mother and
Father only fed the Children once a day; that there was a
limited amount of food in the family’s home; that there
had been no running water in the home for the last eight
months; and that the [three c]hildren are unable to
bath[e] and appeared to be very dirty. The Report further
alleged that the family’s home was dirty; that the home
was malodorous due to standing waste in the toilet; that
Father was employed; that he used drugs and drank
alcohol excessively; that Mother is unemployed and
appeared to be depressed. The Report was substantiated.
DHS made numerous attempts to assess the
[c]hildren’s safety, without success, and subsequently filed
dependent petitions for the [the three children].
Adjudicatory Hearings for three [c]hildren: C.D.R., Jr.,
C.B[.]-A.R., and [C.S.H.] were held on November 9, 2012
before Judge Thomas M. Nocella. The Court finds that
temporary legal custody of the [three c]hildren to be given
to DHS and placement in Foster Care. Supervised
visitation for the parents at DHS as arranged by the
parties. [The three c]hildren referred to Child Link for
Early Intervention Services. DHS to obtain birth
certificates. DHS to explore appropriate family members
as possible placement resource. [The three c]hildren may
be reunified with parents if appropriate, DHS to do home
evaluation. ACS may submit administrative order
discharging commitment and implementing once Children
are reunified. FSP meeting within 30 days.
On December 21, 2012 a hearing was held and the
Children were found not to be dependent and any
temporary legal and physical custody by DHS to be
discharged. Children reside with parents and are safe as
of December 20, 2012.
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On April 19, 2013, DHS received a GPS Report alleging
that [C.S.H.] was diagnosed with neurofibromatosis; that
Mother was first asked to take Child to St. Christopher’s
Hospital for Children for an evaluation in November 2012;
that several appointments were made for Mother and
Father to take the [c]hild for an evaluation; and that the
[c]hild still has not been evaluated. The Report alleged
that there was concern regarding the [c]hild’s development
and the psychological effect that the disease could cause;
that neurofibromatosis attacks the central nervous tissue;
and that the [c]hild was developmentally delayed.
On April 24, 2013, DHS and the DHS visiting nurse
made a joint visit to the family’s home to investigate the
allegations of the GPS Report. Mother and Father stated
that they were not aware of the appointments for [C.S.H.].
Father stated that he did not know that the [c]hild’s doctor
wanted him to take the [c]hild for an evaluation for
neurofibromatosis and that the doctor did not discuss the
[c]hild’s condition with him.
DHS subsequently learned that C.B[.]-A.R. was also
diagnosed as suffering from neurofibromatosis.
DHS also learned that C.B[.]-A,R. has severe behavioral
issues and is prescribed medication. Mother stated that
she does not provide the [c]hild with her medication
because she believes that it makes her behavior worse.
On May 29, 2013, Mother gave birth to C.C.R. DHS
referred the family for Rapid Service Response Initiative
(RSRI) to assist with scheduling the Children’s
appointments.
On July 9, 2013, DHS implemented In-Home Protective
Services (IHPS) through the Family Support Center.
On or about September 11, 2013, DHS learned that the
family was scheduled to be evicted from their home on
September 15, 2013. IHPS spoke with Father about the
family’s planned living arrangements and Father stated
that the family would be residing with relatives; however,
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Father became evasive and failed to provide IHPS with an
address.
On September 17, 2013, IHPS went to the home. The
family could be heard inside of the apartment; however,
no one answered the door.
On September 18, 2013, DHS attempted to visit the
family, without success.
On October 15, 2013, a hearing for all the Children was
held before the Honorable Allan L. Tereshko. Adjudication
was deferred, DHS to supervise. Mother referred to
[Behavioral Health Services (BHS)] for
consultation/evaluation. DHS to re-inspect the home
within seven days. IHPS through family supports to
continue. Parents to comply with all services and
recommendations, cooperate with DHS, Agency and Child
Advocate. Safety to be provided at next Court date.
DHS learned that C.C.R. was also diagnosed as
suffering from neurofibromatosis.
An Adjudicatory Hearing was held on November 4, 2013
before Judge Allan L. Tereshko. The [c]ourt adjudicated
the four Children Dependent and committed them to DHS.
Physical custody of the Children to remain with the
parents, subject to the conditions and limitations as the
Court prescribes, including supervision. DHS to implement
family finding, and referral to Family School. Mother and
Father to be referred to and receive a Parenting Capacity
Evaluation. Mother is referred to [the Clinical Evaluation
Unit (CEU)] for an assessment, dual diagnosis and a
forthwith drug screen (to include alcohol). FSP meeting is
to occur within 30 days.
A Permanency Review Hearing was held on February 7,
2014 before Judge Allan L. Tereshko, who found that DHS
shall maintain legal custody of the Children. The Children
are placed in Foster Care through PCV, (Presbyterian
Children’s Village). Mother and Father to have weekly
supervised visits with the Children at Agency. Father
completed parenting capacity evaluation. Mother to attend
Family School. Mother and Father re-referred to CEU for
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forthwith drug screen (to include alcohol), dual diagnosis
assessment and monitoring. Mother and Father to attend
Children’s medical appointments. Mother to attend
parenting capacity evaluation scheduled for 2/12/2014.
Father to complete part 2 of parenting capacity evaluation.
Mother and Father to attend ARC [Achieving Reunification
Center] program and comply with CEU recommendations.
DHS to re- evaluate parent’s home. As to C.D.R., Jr., he is
receiving therapy at PCV and receives intense tutoring at
school. As to C.B[.]-A.R., she is scheduled to be evaluated
at Easter Seals. She had an eye evaluation and is in need
of glasses, and continues to be monitored at St.
Christopher’s for medical disorder. As to [C.S.H.], he is
receiving sign language, speech therapy and occupational
therapy. He has been referred to Center for Autism. As to
C.C.R., he is receiving WIC services, and will follow up at
St. Christopher’s regarding genetic disorder on 3/9/2014.
He is attending daycare.
On May 2, 2014, CEU submitted a Progress Report as to
Father, which stated that Father failed to comply with the
Court ordered drug and alcohol assessment in that he was
a no call/no show for his scheduled appointment on
3/6/2014. The Report also stated that Father’s drug
screen on 2/7/2014 was positive for cocaine and
marijuana. A Permanency Review Hearing was held on
May 9, 2014 before Judge Kevin M. Dougherty, who found
that DHS shall maintain legal custody of the Children. The
Children are placed in Foster Care through PCV. Mother
and Father to have supervised visits with the Children at
Agency. Regarding Mother, there has been moderate
compliance with the permanency plan, in that Mother
receives services through ARC, mental health services
through Community Counsel, complied with first part of
parenting capacity evaluation. Mother receives services
through Family School. Regarding Father, there has been
minimal compliance with the permanency plan, in that
Father was noncompliant with FSP objectives, services and
recommendations. Father was referred to ARC, and Father
did not comply with second half of parenting capacity
evaluation (rescheduled 3 times). Report submitted from
CEU for Father. As to C.D.R., Jr., the Child is doing well.
As to C.B[.]-A.R., the Child is doing well and receives 45
minutes of special instruction in daycare, and medical
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treatment through St. Christopher’s Hospital. As to
[C.S.H.], he is doing well and receiving services through
Elwyn. As to C.C.R., he is doing well and referred to Child
Link Early Intervention Services, no services
recommended.
A Permanency Review Hearing was held on June 20,
2014 before Judge Walter Olszewski, who found that DHS
shall maintain legal custody of the Children. The Children
shall remain in Foster Care through The Village. Regarding
Mother, there has been full compliance with the
permanency plan. Regarding Father, there has been
minimal compliance with the permanency plan. Father is
re-referred to CEU for an assessment and forthwith drug
screen. Father is to complete second portion of parenting
capacity evaluation scheduled for 7/15/2014. DHS to re-
refer Father to ARC. Mother is referred to BHS for
consultation/evaluation, and is to sign releases of
information. Children are authorized to travel with foster
parent to South Carolina from 8/16/2014 through
8/23/2014. All specific information regarding the
vacation/trip is to be provided to counsel.
On June 24, 2014, Mother underwent a [parent capacity
evaluation (PCE)] conducted at Assessment & Treatment
Alternatives, Inc., (ATA) by William Russell, Ph.D., and
Samantha Brenner, M.A. The PCE stated that there are
several barriers to Mother providing safety and
permanency to the Children; that those barriers include a
minimization of the role she played in the situation which
precipitated DHS involvement and the inability to
acknowledge her Children’s behavioral problems; that she
also minimizes Father’s drug use; that Mother neglected to
take responsibility for her Children not receiving
appropriate medical treatment; that she projected blame
on the City for the removal of her Children; and that she
denied all allegations that her home was unkempt, chaotic,
and that the Children were not up to date on their
immunizations. The PCE also stated that Mother was
diagnosed with persistent depressive disorder and that she
does not function well in complex situations. The PCE
recommendations were for Mother to obtain appropriate
housing with an adequate number of bedrooms for her
Children; that the home be inspected frequently to assess
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for safety hazards and/or the home being unkempt, that
the home be affordable based on income; that she obtain
employment; that she participate in available
programming to help parents continue to develop skills as
well as receive professional and peer support; that she
receive psychoeducation on the seriousness of the
Children’s medical needs and the importance of taking
them to their medical appointments; and that Mother
should participate in individual therapy to assess her with
understanding her depressed mood and increasing her
ability to anticipate problems.
On July 2, 2014, Mother underwent a Psychological
Evaluation which was conducted by Stacey A. Summers,
Psy.D. The Evaluation stated that most of Mother’s
problems can be directly related to her cognitive deficits;
that she can become easily overwhelmed and confused,
which impedes her functioning in daily life; that Mother
would benefit from case management services geared
toward individuals with intellectual disabilities; that without
these support services, Mother would likely have difficulty
securing the resources necessary to have her Children
return to her care; and that it was recommended that
Mother participate in individual outpatient therapy in order
to handle her current life stressors as well as to manage
her anxious and depressive symptoms.
On[ ] July 15, 2014, Father underwent a PCE at ATA
conducted by Dr. Russell and Dr. Brenner. The PCE stated
that Father minimizes the role he played in the situation
which precipitated DHS involvement; that he failed to
acknowledge any DHS concerns; he indicated the reason
his Children were removed was due to false allegations of
safety hazards in the home; that he failed to recognize any
behavior problems with the Children; that he glossed over
any financial problems; and he projected blame on DHS for
his inability to afford and purchase a suitable home. The
PCE recommendations were for Father to participate in
drug and alcohol treatment with random drug screens;
that he and Mother should attend couples counseling to
address any past and/or current issues in their
relationship; that he should obtain suitable and stable
housing; that the home should have enough bedrooms to
accommodate the Children; that the home should be
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inspected for safety hazards prior to the Children being
allowed to reside there; and that the home should be
affordable based on income.
On August 29, 2014, CEU submitted a Report as to
Father, which referred him to outpatient drug and alcohol
treatment.
A Permanency Review Hearing was held on September
2, 2014 before Judge Kevin M. Dougherty, who found that
DHS shall maintain legal custody of the Children. The
Children shall remain in Foster Care through The Village.
Mother and Father have weekly supervised visits with the
Children. A referral for therapeutic visits between the
parents and Children is to be made forthwith. Mother and
Father completed their Parenting Capacity Evaluations.
Mother’s Psychological Evaluation from BHS has been
distributed to all parties. Mother to continue with mental
health treatment and Father is to continue his through ARC
program. Father is re-referred to CEU for a forthwith
screen and assessment with four random drug screens
prior to the next court date. DHS is to explore D&A
treatment and mental health options for Father. Mother is
to be referred for Intellectual Disability Services [(IDS)].
Dr. Russell to write up an Addendum after receiving and
reviewing Mother’s Psychological Evaluation from BHS. As
to C.D.R., Jr., he is not receiving any special services at
this time and is doing well. He completed his therapy
through the Village. As to C.B[.]-A.R., she receives
medical follow up for her condition through St.
Christopher’s. She completed an MRI with an ER
scheduled ultrasound today. Child attends school with a
current IEP. As to [C.S.H.], he receives occupational,
speech and special instruction services through DE County
Intermediate Unit. MRI scheduled for 9/10/2014. As to
C.C.R., he receives appropriate services through DuPont.
On December 1, 2014, CEU submitted a Report as to
Father, which stated that on 10/15/2014 Father reported
that he was engaged in drug and alcohol treatment at
Gaudenzia, and that per Guadenzia Outreach staff, Father
is not now and has never been enrolled in treatment
through their facility.
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A Permanency Review Hearing was held on December
2, 2014 before the Honorable Allan L. Tereshko, who found
that DHS shall maintain legal custody of the Children. The
Children shall remain in Foster Care through The Village.
Mother and Father have weekly supervised visits with the
Children, supervised with Parents Therapeutic through
ATA. Mother has been in substantial compliance with
permanency plan, Mother complying with FSP objectives,
services and recommendations, completed Parenting
Capacity Evaluation, receives mental health services
through Community Counsel and attends Family School.
Father has been in substantial compliance with
permanency plan, Father was referred to ARC for services,
receives drug and alcohol counseling through Gaudenzia.
Father did complete Parenting Capacity Evaluation,
currently not participating in couples counseling. Father
complying with all FSP objectives, services and
recommendations. Mother referred to IDS Services, DHS
did make referral to ATA for Addendum for PCE for Mother.
Mother to provide social security card and birth certificate
to DHS. Father referred back to CEU for monitoring,
forthwith full drug and alcohol screen and three random
screens prior to next court date. Parents to sign release of
information, comply with FSP objectives, services and
recommendations. As to [C.S.H.], foster parent gave
notice due to Child’s behaviors.
On February 4, 2015, DHS held a FSP meeting. The
permanency goal for the Children was changed to
“Adoption.”[3] The parental objectives for Mother were to
maintain all appointments for the Children and comply with
all treatment recommendations; to make herself available
to discuss any issues regarding the Children; to call to
confirm prior visits; to participate in court ordered mental
health evaluations and sign releases of information; to
comply with all treatment recommendations including
therapy and or medication management as prescribed; to
ensure that the health or safety hazards at the residence
are corrected, such as exposed wiring, securely covered
heating system, and a functioning toilet; to ensure that all
3
The dockets reveal that a concurrent plan of adoption was set forth in the
trial court’s December 2, 2014 and May 18, 2015 permanency orders.
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utilities remain operable at all times; to attend Family
School; and to obtain employment. The parental
objectives for Father were to attend all appointments for
the Children and comply with all treatment
recommendations; to make himself available to discuss
any issues regarding the Children; to call to confirm prior
to visits; to participate in family therapy with Mother; to
participate in drug and alcohol treatment and comply with
all recommendations; to participate in services through
ARC; to ensure that the health or safety hazards at the
residence are corrected, such as exposed wiring, securely
covered heating system, and a functioning toilet; to ensure
that all utilities remain operable at all times.
On February 26, 2015, Mother participated in a PCE
Addendum at ATA conducted by Dr. Russell and Ms.
Peterson. The PCE Addendum stated that Mother was
unable to demonstrate any notable progress since her last
evaluation in developing the capacity to provide for her
Children; that there remains concerns regarding her
capacity to provide safety and permanency to her
Children; that she continues to minimize the role she and
the Father played in the situation which precipitated DHS
involvement; that she continues to not acknowledge the
Children’s behavioral problems/special needs; that she has
yet to acquire appropriate housing; that she continues to
be unemployed; that, despite recommendations from two
separate evaluations, she has yet to enroll in mental
health treatment; and that, in light of the lack of progress,
her cognitive limitations, and her difficulty recognizing her
Children’s needs, an intensive case manager should be
assigned to her case. The PCE Addendum also stated that
Mother appeared to be functioning in the borderline range
in intelligence and a diagnosis of Intellectual Disability,
Mild should be explored.
On March 2, 2015, CEU submitted a report as to Father,
which stated that Father failed to provide verification of his
enrollment in drug and alcohol treatment.
A Permanency Review Hearing was held on March 3,
2015 before the Honorable Allan L. Tereshko, who found
that DHS shall maintain legal custody of the Children. The
Children shall remain in Foster Care through The Village.
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Mother and Father to have weekly supervised visits with
the Children at the Agency for one hour. CEU Report as to
Father is incorporated into the record by reference. Father
referred to the CEU unit for a forthwith drug screen, 3
randoms, assessment, and monitoring.
On May 14, 2015, CEU submitted a progress report as
to Father, which stated that Father failed to comply with
the Court ordered drug and alcohol assessment in that he
was a no call/no show for his scheduled appointment on
4/6/2014. The Report also stated that Father did go to
CEU on 5/11/2015, but failed to reschedule an
appointment to be assessed.
A Permanency Review Hearing was held on May 18,
2015 before the Honorable Allan L. Tereshko, who found
that DHS shall remain in legal custody of the Children.
The placement of the Children shall remain in a Pre-
Adoptive Home through The Village. Mother and Father
are offered weekly supervised visits with the Children at
the Agency. As to C.D.R., Jr., he receives Child Guidance
therapy services, speech therapy and attends school. As
to C.B[.]-A.R., she receives individual therapy through
PCV, and is scheduled for an Autism evaluation of
6/16/[2015]. As to [C.S.H.], he attends Easter Seals and
receives speech, occupation and special instruction
services. He has been diagnosed with Autism and will
receive appropriate wrap around services. As to C.C.R., he
receives speech therapy. Mother has been referred to IDS
Services, and referred to BHS for consultations and
evaluations. Father is re-referred for an updated PCE, and
is referred to CEU for assessment, forthwith screen and
three random drug screens prior to next court date.
A Permanency Review Hearing was held on September
1, 2015 before the Honorable Allan L. Tereshko, who found
that DHS shall remain in legal custody of the Children.
The placement of the Children shall remain in Foster Care
through The Village. Mother and Father are offered weekly
supervised visits with the Children at the Agency for one
hour. Father is to report for his PCE Addendum on
10/15/2015. DHS is to forward copy of PCE to all parties.
Family School is discharged.
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C.B[.]-A.R., [C.S.H.], and C.C.R. are diagnosed as
suffering from neurofibromatosis, which is a genetically-
inherited disorder in which the nerve tissue grows tumors
(neurofibromas) that may be benign and may cause
serious damage by compressing nerves and other tissues.
The disorder affects all neural crest cells (Schwann cells,
melanocytes, and endoneurial fibroblasts). Cellular
elements from these cell types proliferate excessively
through the body, forming tumors; melanocytes also
function abnormally in this disease, resulting in disordered
skin pigmentation and café au lait spots. The tumors may
cause bumps under the skin, colored spots, skeletal
problems, pressure on spinal nerve roots, and other
neurological problems. Neurofibromatosis is an autosomal
dominant disorder, which means only one copy of the
affected gene is needed for the disorder to develop.
Therefore, if only one parent has neurofibromatosis, his or
her children have a 50 percent chance of developing the
condition as well.
Father is diagnosed as suffering from
neurofibromatosis.
Mother is diagnosed with persistent depressive disorder.
Trial Ct. Op., 10/11/16, at 3-17 (record citations omitted).
On December 22, 2015, DHS filed the petitions to terminate Mother’s
and Father’s parental rights to Children under 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(1), (2),
(5), (8), and (b). That same day, DHS filed petitions for a goal change to
adoption.
The trial court held hearings on April 20, 2016, and July 12, 2016. On
July 12, 2016, the court entered the orders terminating Mother’s parental
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rights to Children and changing the goal to adoption. These timely appeals
followed.4
Mother presents the following questions for review:
1. Did the trial court commit an error of law and abuse
of discretion by involuntarily terminating Mother’s parental
rights under 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511 (a)(1), where the evidence
showed that Mother substantially complied with the Family
Service Plan goals established by the [DHS]?
2. Did the trial court commit an error of law and abuse
of discretion by involuntarily terminating Mother’s parental
rights under 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511 (a)(2), (5), and (8) where
[DHS] failed to prove by clear and convincing evidence
that Mother’s conduct warranted involuntary termination?
3. Did the trial court commit an error of law and abuse
of discretion by involuntarily terminating Mother’s parental
rights without fully considering the impact of termination
on the emotional needs and welfare of the Children, as
required under 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(b)?
4. Did the trial court commit an error of law and abuse
of discretion by changing the goal for all four Children from
reunification to adoption when DHS failed to present clear
and convincing evidence that such a goal change was in
the Children’s best interests?
Mother’s Brief at 2-3.
We first address Mother’s first two questions, in which she challenges
the trial court’s determination that termination of her parental rights was
warranted under Section 2511(a). She asserts, in relevant part, that DHS
4
Mother submitted a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement contemporaneously with
his notice of appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i). The trial court prepared a
responsive opinion.
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failed to establish that “the conditions that contributed to Children’s
placement continue to exist.” Id. at 12. She asserts that those conditions
“have been substantially rectified.” Id. Specifically, Mother contends:
Mother’s Family Service Plan objectives included that
she obtain safe housing, attend a BHS evaluation and
Parenting Capacity Evaluation and comply with treatment
recommendations, attend medical appointments for the
Children, and visit with the Children.
Mother eliminated the exposed wiring in her home and
fixed the utility issues. Mother’s home was cleared as safe
and appropriate. Mother completed the Healthy Relations,
Mental Health, and Parent Education courses at the
Achieving Reunification Center (ARC). Mother attended
individual therapy through Community Counsel
consistently from March until December of 2014. Mother
completed a psychological evaluation and a parenting
capacity evaluation. Mother attended at least some
medical appointments for her Children, and expressed a
basic understanding of the health concerns with each child
in her testimony.
Mother also substantially complied with visitation. The
record shows that Mother successfully completed the
program at Family School with [C.S.H.] and C.C.R.
Further, Family School reports indicated that Mother was
an active participant understood what she was learning
there. Mother also consistently attended weekly visits with
her children, including therapeutic visits.
Id. at 13-14 (record citations omitted).
Additionally, Mother notes the her “IQ was determined to be 66” and
that “‘most of [her] problems can be directly related to her cognitive
deficits.’” Id. at 14 (citations omitted). She contends:
Because [she] is cognitively limited, she may require
additional assistance to fully grasp the nature of her
Children’s various conditions. Mother’s parenting capacity
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evaluation indicated that Mother would benefit from
psychoeducation surrounding [Children]’s medical needs,
or even intensive case management services to assist
Mother in meeting the Children’s medical needs. No such
psychoeducation was ever provided for Mother, and
although Mother was referred to IDS for case management
services, her worker did not attempt to assist Mother with
following up on the referral. Ms. John testified that she
obtained the necessary documentation from Mother and
provided it to IDS, but “they just never followed through.”
Id. (record citations omitted). We are constrained to conclude that no relief
is due.
Our standards for reviewing an appeal from an order terminating
parental rights are well settled.
[A]ppellate courts must apply an abuse of discretion
standard when considering a trial court’s determination of
a petition for termination of parental rights. As in
dependency cases, our standard of review requires an
appellate court to accept the findings of fact and credibility
determinations of the trial court if they are supported by
the record. In re R.J.T., [ ] 9 A.3d 1179, 1190 (Pa.
2010). If the factual findings are supported, appellate
courts review to determine if the trial court made an error
of law or abused its discretion. Id.; R.I.S., 36 A.3d 567,
572 (Pa. 2011) (plurality opinion)]. As has been often
stated, an abuse of discretion does not result merely
because the reviewing court might have reached a
different conclusion. Id.; see also Samuel Bassett v.
Kia Motors America, Inc., [ ] 34 A.3d 1, 51 (Pa. 2011);
Christianson v. Ely, 838 A.2d 630, 634 (Pa. 2003).
Instead, a decision may be reversed for an abuse of
discretion only upon demonstration of manifest
unreasonableness, partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will. Id.
. . . [E]ven where the facts could support an opposite
result, as is often the case in dependency and termination
cases, an appellate court must resist the urge to second
guess the trial court and impose its own credibility
determinations and judgment; instead we must defer to
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the trial judges so long as the factual findings are
supported by the record and the court’s legal conclusions
are not the result of an error of law or an abuse of
discretion. In re Adoption of Atencio, 650 A.2d 1064,
1066 (Pa. 1994).
In re Adoption of S.P., 47 A.3d 817, 826-27 (Pa. 2012).
The burden is upon the petitioner to prove by clear and convincing
evidence that the asserted grounds for seeking the termination of parental
rights are valid. In re R.N.J., 985 A.2d 273, 276 (Pa. Super. 2009). “The
standard of clear and convincing evidence is defined as testimony that is so
‘clear, direct, weighty and convincing as to enable the trier of fact to come to
a clear conviction, without hesitance, of the truth of the precise facts in
issue.’” Id. (citation omitted).
Section 2511 of the Adoption Act governs the termination of parental
rights and requires a bifurcated analysis. In re L.M., 923 A.2d 505, 511
(Pa. Super. 2007) (citations omitted).
Initially, the focus is on the conduct of the parent. The
party seeking termination must prove by clear and
convincing evidence that the parent’s conduct satisfies the
statutory grounds for termination delineated in Section
2511(a). Only if the court determines that the parent’s
conduct warrants termination of his or her parental rights
does the court engage in the second part of the analysis
pursuant to Section 2511(b): determination of the needs
and welfare of the child under the standard of best
interests of the child.
Id. This Court may affirm the trial court’s determination under Section
2511(a) with regard to any one subsection. See In re B.L.W., 843 A.2d
380, 384 (Pa. Super. 2004) (en banc).
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Section 2511(a)(8) provides:
(a) General Rule.—The rights of a parent in regard to a
child may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the
following grounds:
* * *
(8) The child has been removed from the care of the
parent by the court or under a voluntary agreement
with an agency, 12 months or more have elapsed from
the date of removal or placement, the conditions which
led to the removal or placement of the child continue to
exist and termination of parental rights would best
serve the needs and welfare of the child.
23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(8).
This Court has stated:
Section (a)(8) sets a 12–month time frame for a parent to
remedy the conditions that led to the children’s removal by
the court. Once the 12–month period has been
established, the court must next determine whether the
conditions that led to the child[ren]’s removal continue to
exist, despite the reasonable good faith efforts of DHS
supplied over a realistic time period. Termination under
Section 2511(a)(8) does not require the court to evaluate
a parent’s current willingness or ability to remedy the
conditions that initially caused placement or the availability
or efficacy of DHS services.
In re K.Z.S., 946 A.2d 753, 759 (Pa. Super. 2008) (citation omitted).
Additionally,
Section 2511(a)(8) explicitly requires an evaluation of the
“needs and welfare of the child” prior to proceeding to
Section 2511(b), which focuses on the “developmental,
physical and emotional needs and welfare of the child.”
Thus, the analysis under Section 2511(a)(8) accounts for
the needs of the child in addition to the behavior of the
parent.
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In re D.A.T., 91 A.3d 197, 205 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation omitted).
First, Children were adjudicated dependent on November 4, 2013, and
DHS filed the termination petitions on December 22, 2015, more than two
years later. Therefore, the record establishes that DHS satisfied the first
requirement under Subsection (a)(8), namely, the twelve–month time frame
for a parent to remedy the conditions that led to the children’s removal by
the court.
Second, Children were removed from parent’s care due to inadequate
housing, dangerous conditions in the home, and Mother’s and Father’s
inability to provide for the Children’s medical and behavioral needs. With
respect to Mother, the trial court heard the following testimony from Dr.
William Russell, who conducted the PCEs with Mother:
Q [by DHS’s counsel]. And were there barriers to
reunification at this time based on your evaluation?
A. The most critical barriers centered around [Mother’s]
inability to understand the reasons [C]hildren came into
care. Whereas, she just did not know why. She did not
see that there were any problems with [Children]. . . .
***
[C]hildren were removed and you look at the reasons that
they were removed, and you can see this in the DHS
summaries, that the household was chaotic, unkempt.
There were difficulties managing [C]hildren. . . .
And when we got to 2015 it had been in the interviewing
[sic] time supervised therapeutic visits provided to both
parents and [C]hildren, where the same difficulty arose,
difficulty managing [C]hildren, difficulty controlling
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[C]hildren, difficulty acting appropriately with [C]hildren in
a very confined environment.
And then my evaluation, again, [Mother] present [sic]
depressed, very flat affect. Still did not see any issues or
problems. She described to me how her discipline
practices worked very well with [C]hildren.
N.T., 7/12/16, at 10-12.
Additionally, there were ten supervised therapeutic visitations with
parents. Id. at 12-13. The visits were conducted by Dr. Dougal, whom Dr.
Russell supervised. Id. at 13. Dr. Russell noted:
Supervised therapeutic visits are structured to provide
parent or parents an opportunity to interact with the child
or children in a very structured therapeutic setting. It’s a
very confined physical space. It is supervised by a
therapist or psychologist. And the timeframe is usually
very limited. Subsequent to the actual visitation and
interaction with parent and children there’s a feedback
session where the therapist or psychologist will sit down
with the parent or parents and provide them with
information regarding the strengths and weaknesses and
make suggestions for upcoming visits.
Id. Based on the outcome of the supervised therapeutic visitations, Dr.
Russell opined that
the parents demonstrated difficulty managing [C]hildren
during the visits. They could do very well with one on one,
but then that would leave one parent with three children to
manage. When it was even two and two they had difficulty
enforcing rules, cleanup. They just had a great deal of
difficulty getting [C]hildren to respond positively to their
direction.
Id. at 14.
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On further examination by the Child Advocate, Dr. Russell asserted
that “in the case of [C]hildren, you have children with hyperactivity, children
with autism. Clearly these are children with behavioral difficulties as both
record reflected and as our evaluation reflected.” Id. at 16. When asked
whether Mother “seem[ed] to understand the significance of [C]hildren’s
diagnoses[,]” Dr. Russell answered “No, she did not.” Id.
Dr. Russell’s testimony was corroborated by Ashley John, a DHS social
worker, who testified that reunification was ruled out “due to [M]other not
being able to comprehend the medical and mental health needs of
[C]hildren.” N.T., 4/20/16, at 18. Ms. John continued: “All [C]hildren
exhibit both medical and mental health needs that the parents need to focus
on. And [Mother] was not able to comprehend the needs and age
appropriate developmental tests for each child.” Id. Ms. John further noted
that Mother and Father “felt like [Children’s] needs were being met and
that’s what they were doing from the beginning and that DHS, there was no
need for DHS involvement.” Id. at 33.
Thus, it is apparent Mother had taken steps to remedy the conditions
that led to the removal of Children, including the harmful condition in the
family residence and complying with the FSP goals initially set for her.
Nevertheless, after approximately two years, Mother made little progress in
her ability to manage Children and tend to their medical, mental health, and
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developmental needs. Accordingly, the conditions leading to Children’s
removal continued to exist.
Third, in addition to the testimony that Mother did not comprehend the
medical, mental health, and developmental needs of Children, the trial court
heard testimony regarding the bonds between Mother and Children. Brenda
Hodges, a case manager at The Village, testified that she observed bonding
among the family, but the bond was more “like friends getting together.”
N.T., 4/20/16 at 57. She noted that during the weekly visits, “[t]he family
gets together for a meal in a controlled setting they do well, but as soon as
the meal is over [Father] sits on the sofa and [Mother] basically attempts to
engage with [C]hildren, but they each come and go in their own direction.
They’re not really interacting.” Id. at 56-57.
Janaya Davis, a case supervisor at The Village, testified that Mother
did try to interact with each one of the children
individually, but at times it would be difficult for her
because she was focused more on [C.S.H.] She would
take [C.S.H.] and [C.C.R.] to get their diapers changed.
She would ask [C.B.-A.R.], “How’s school?” And [C.D.R,
Jr.] and [C.B.-A.R.] how school was but that was pretty
much the extent of it.
Id. at 53. Ms. Davis noted that there was “[n]ot really” physical interaction
with Children, but acknowledged they would hug when they said goodbye.
Id. Ms. Davis further asserted that Children—in particular, C.B.-A.R. and
C.S.H., whom she supervised—did not ask when they would be able to
return home with Mother. Id.
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Therefore, the record contains sufficient evidence to conclude that
termination would best serve the needs and welfare of Children under
Section 2511(a)(8).
To the extent Mother raises the lack of services for her intellectual
disability, we are constrained to reiterate that reasonable efforts toward
reunification are not required before the filing of a petition to terminate
parental rights. See In re D.C.D., 105 A.2d 662, 675 (Pa. 2014) (holding
“nothing in the language or the purpose of Section 6351(f)(9) [of the
Juvenile Act, 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 6301-6375] forbids the granting of a petition to
terminate parental rights, under Section 2511, as a consequence of the
agency’s failure to provide reasonable efforts to a parent”). In any event,
Ms. John testified that she assisted Mother in the registration process for
social security and IDS. N.T., 4/20/16, at 35. However, Ms. John
maintained that “from there [Mother] had to follow up with appointments . .
. .” Id. Mother, in turn, testified as follows:
Q [by Child Advocate]. At one point it was recommended
that you apply for IDS Intellectual Disability Services. Did
you ever apply for that?
A. Yes.
Q. Are you receiving IDS?
A. Not yet. I didn’t hear nothing back from them yet.
Q. Okay when did you contact them?
A. I didn’t contact them yet but I thought they were
supposed to send me something out in the mail.
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N.T., 7/12/16, at 41-42. Thus, the record belies Mother’s suggestion that
DHS failed to undertake reasonable efforts to carry out her appointments
with IDS.
In light of the foregoing, we conclude that there was sufficient
evidence that termination would be in the best interests of the needs and
welfare of Children under Section 2511(a)(8). Accordingly, we discern no
error in the trial court’s determination that DHS presented clear and
convincing evidence for termination under Section 2511(a).
Mother next argues that the trial court erred in finding termination of
her parental rights was warranted under Section 2511(b). She contends the
court (1) “erroneously concluded that ‘there’s no evidence that [the loss of]
that bond could not be remedied with the appropriate therapy[ ]’” and (2)
improperly “cited the bond between the Children and their respective
caretakers in support of the conclusion that the Children would not suffer
irreparable harm if the bond with their Mother was permanently severed.”
Mother’s Brief at 16. No relief is due.
Section 2511(b) states:
(b) Other considerations.―The court in terminating the
rights of a parent shall give primary consideration to the
developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare
of the child. The rights of a parent shall not be terminated
solely on the basis of environmental factors such as
inadequate housing, furnishings, income, clothing and
medical care if found to be beyond the control of the
parent.
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23 Pa.C.S. § 2511 (b).
“Intangibles such as love, comfort, security, and stability are involved
in the inquiry into the needs and welfare of the child.” In re C.M.S., 884
A.2d 1284, 1287 (Pa. Super. 2005) (citation omitted). Further, the trial
court “must also discern the nature and status of the parent-child bond, with
utmost attention to the effect on the child of permanently severing that
bond.” Id. (citation omitted).
While a parent’s emotional bond with his or her child is a major
aspect of the subsection 2511(b) best-interest analysis, it is
nonetheless only one of many factors to be considered by the
court when determining what is in the best interest of the child.
The mere existence of an emotional bond does not preclude the
termination of parental rights. Rather, the orphans’ court must
examine the status of the bond to determine whether its
termination “would destroy an existing, necessary and beneficial
relationship.” As we explained in In re A.S., 11 A.3d 473, 483
(Pa. Super. 2010),
[I]n addition to a bond examination, the trial court can
equally emphasize the safety needs of the child, and
should also consider the intangibles, such as the love,
comfort, security, and stability the child might have with
the foster parent. Additionally, this Court stated that the
trial court should consider the importance of continuity of
relationships and whether any existing parent-child bond
can be severed without detrimental effects on the child.
In re N.A.M., 33 A.3d 95, 103 (Pa. Super. 2011) (some citations omitted).
Moreover, our Supreme Court stated that “[c]ommon sense dictates
that courts considering termination must also consider whether the children
are in a pre-adoptive home and whether they have a bond with their foster
parents.” In re T.S.M., 71 A.3d 251, 268 (Pa. 2013) (citation omitted).
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The T.S.M. Court directed that in weighing the bond considerations pursuant
to Section 2511(b), “courts must keep the ticking clock of childhood ever in
mind.” Id. at 269. The Court observed that, “[c]hildren are young for a
scant number of years, and we have an obligation to see to their healthy
development quickly. When courts fail . . . the result, all too often, is
catastrophically maladjusted children.” Id.
As noted above, the trial court heard evidence that although there was
a bond between Mother and Children, the bonding appeared minimal.
Moreover, the trial court also heard ample evidence that Children were in
pre-adoptive foster homes, were having their needs and welfare met, and
were bonding with their respective foster parents. For example, Ms. John
asserted:
[C.D.R., Jr. is] able to know who his biological parents are
and foster parents. DHS has had several conversations
with him. The child is willing and wants to remain in the
care of his foster parent. He does have a close bond.
They do may [sic] activities. His mental health, his needs
overall is being met by the foster parent and the child
enjoys the relationship he has with the foster parent and
her other children in the home.
Id. at 20-21. Ms. John testified that C.C.R. has been in foster parent’s care
since “he was a couple months old[,] he considers [foster parent] his mom
and he has a deep connection and a bond with [her] and considers her to be
his mother.” Id. at 21.
Similarly, Ms. Davis noted that C.B.-A.R. and C.S.H. have been with
their foster parent for one and a half years. N.T., 4/20/16, at 49. She
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noted that their foster parent worked to correct some of the behavioral
issues with Children, including C.B.-A.R.’s past tendency to grab items, such
as candy, from the floor, as well as C.S.H.’s potty-training. Id. at 49-50.
Ms. John testified that C.B.-A.R. called her foster mother “mom.” Id. at 23.
Contrary to Mother’s suggestion, such factors are germane to the trial
court’s assessment of the needs and welfare of Children under Section
2511(b). See In re T.S.M., 71 A.3d at 268. Moreover, the trial court heard
testimony that adoption would be in the best interests of Children, that
although a bond existed between Mother and Children, Children’s bonds with
their parents was not appropriate, and that the effects of the termination of
those bonds could be managed with therapy. See N.T., 4/20/16, at 18-20,
50-51, 58. In light of the foregoing, we affirm the trial court’s determination
to terminate Mother’s parental rights under Section 2511(b).
Mother lastly contends that the trial court erred in changing the
family’s goal from reunification to adoption. According to Mother, the goal
change to adoption is not “best suited” to the needs and welfare of Children.
Mother claims that adoption would sever the bonds between Children and
Mother, as well as the sibling relationships among C.B.-A.R. and C.S.H., on
the one hand, and C.D.R., Jr. and C.C.R., on the other. We discern no basis
to disturb the trial court’s decision to change the goal to adoption.
Our standard of review is as follows:
When reviewing an order that changes the placement goal
of a dependent child from reunification to termination of
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parental rights and adoption pursuant to the Juvenile Act,
our standard of review is abuse of discretion. . . .
When reviewing such a decision we are bound by the
facts as found by the trial court unless they are not
supported in the record. Furthermore, in a change
of goal proceeding, the trial court must focus on the
child and determine the goal in accordance with the
child's best interests and not those of his or her
parents.
In re G.P.-R., 851 A.2d 967, 973 (Pa. Super. 2004) (citations omitted).
Section 6351 requires the trial court to determine, inter alia, “[i]f and
when the child will be placed for adoption, and the county agency will file for
termination of parental rights in cases where return to the child's parent,
guardian or custodian is not best suited to the safety, protection and
physical, mental and moral welfare of the child.” 42 Pa.C.S. § 6351(f.1)(2).
[T]he focus of all dependency proceedings, including
change of goal proceedings, must be on the safety,
permanency, and well-being of the child. The best
interests of the child take precedence over all other
considerations, including the conduct and the rights of the
parent. . . . [W]hile parental progress toward completion
of a permanency plan is an important factor, it is not to be
elevated to determinative status, to the exclusion of all
other factors.
In re M.T., 101 A.3d 1163, 1175 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation omitted).
Although the trial court did not address this issue in its Rule 1925(a)
opinion, we discern no merit to Mother’s argument that the trial court erred
in granting a goal change from reunification to adoption. As noted above,
the trial court appropriately considered the needs and welfare of Children, its
findings were supported by the record, and its balance between Children’s
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bonds with parents, their bonds with their respective foster parents, and
Children’s interests in safety, permanency, and well-being evince no abuse
of discretion or error of law. See In re G.P.-R., 851 A.2d at 973.
Moreover, we note that “the general rule disfavoring separation of siblings . .
. is not controlling.” In re R.P., 956 A.2d 449, 458 (Pa. Super. 2008.).
Thus, we conclude Mother’s argument warrants no relief.
Orders affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 4/24/2017
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