The opinion
Filed 4/4/17
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FOUR
DANGER PANDA, LLC etc.,
Plaintiff and Appellant,
A149062
v.
NANCY ANN LAUNIU et al., (San Francisco City & County
Super. Ct. No. CUD-15-652161)
Defendants and Respondents.
I. INTRODUCTION
Danger Panda, LLC (plaintiff) filed this unlawful detainer action against Nancy
Launiu, Nancy‘s adult son Donn, and Donn‘s wife Olga (collectively, defendants).1
Plaintiff alleged the defendants have refused to vacate a unit in a building that plaintiff
withdrew from residential rental use pursuant the Ellis Act. (Gov. Code, § 7060 et seq.)
The trial court granted defendants‘ motion to quash the unlawful detainer complaint,
finding that plaintiff failed to tender a relocation payment to Donn and Olga‘s minor son
David, as required by section 37.9A, subdivision (e) (section 37.9A(e)) of the San
Francisco Residential Rent Stabilization and Arbitration Ordinance, San Francisco
Administrative Code, chapter 37 (the Rent Ordinance).2
The appellate division of the superior court affirmed the trial court‘s order, but
then certified the matter for transfer to the Court of Appeal to settle the following
question of law: ―whether a minor displaced by an Ellis Act eviction is a ‗tenant‘ under
the San Francisco Rent Ordinance and, therefore, entitled to a relocation payment
1
We will use given names to distinguish between members of the Launiu family.
2
All subsequent unspecified section references are to the Rent Ordinance.
1
pursuant to section 37.9A(e)(3)(A) of the San Francisco Rent Ordinance.‖ We accepted
transfer of this case and now hold that a minor is not a tenant under the Rent Ordinance
provisions that pertain to Ellis Act evictions.
II. STATUTORY OVERVIEW
A. Two Statutory Schemes
In 1979, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors enacted the Rent Ordinance
― ‗because the lack of affordable rental housing in San Francisco was creating hardships
on senior citizens, persons on fixed incomes, and low- and moderate-income households.
[¶] When adopting the Rent Ordinance, the Supervisors created a five-member Rent
Board charged with safeguarding tenants from excessive rent increases, while also
assuring landlords fair and adequate rents consistent with federal anti-inflation
guidelines. . . . The Supervisors conferred on the Rent Board a range of powers and
duties, including the power to ―Promulgate policies, rules and regulations to effectuate
the purposes of this Chapter.‖ (Rent [Ordinance], § 37.6, subd. (a).) The purposes of the
Rent Ordinance included, among others, the limitation of rent increases for tenants in
occupancy (Rent [Ordinance], § 37.3), the arbitration of rental increase adjustments (Rent
[Ordinance], §§ 37.8-37.8B), and the restriction of the grounds on which landlords could
evict tenants from their rental units (Rent [Ordinance], §§ 37.9–37.9B).‘ [Citation.]‖
(Foster v. Britton (2015) 242 Cal.App.4th 920, 925.) To achieve this last purpose, the
Rent Ordinance delineates discrete circumstances under which a landlord may ―endeavor
to recover possession of a rental unit.‖ (Rent Ordinance, § 37.9, subd. (a).)
In 1985, the California Legislature passed the Ellis Act, which provides that no
public entity may ―compel the owner of any residential real property to offer, or to
continue to offer, accommodations in the property for rent or lease, except for [certain]
guestrooms or efficiency units within a residential hotel . . . .‖ (Gov. Code, § 7060,
subd. (a).)
―The Legislature enacted the Ellis Act following the California Supreme Court‘s
opinion in Nash v. City of Santa Monica (1984) 37 Cal.3d 97 . . . , upholding a city
ordinance that required owners of residential rental property to obtain a permit before
2
they could remove property from the rental market. [Citation.] ‗[T]he Act was intended
to overrule the Nash decision so as to permit landlords the unfettered right to remove all
residential rental units from the market, consistent, of course, with guidelines as set forth
in the Act and adopted by local governments in accordance thereto.‘ [Citations.]‖
(Johnson v. City and County of San Francisco (2006) 137 Cal.App.4th 7, 12-13
(Johnson).)
In May 1986, following the passage of the Ellis Act, the Rent Ordinance was
amended to add section 37.9, subdivision (a), subsection (13) (section 37.9(a)(13)), which
recognizes a landlord‘s right to withdraw a residential unit from the rental market. (Ord.
No. 193-86, File No. 109863 (May 19, 1986), p. 8.) In its current form, section
37.9(a)(13) states in pertinent part: ―(a) A landlord shall not endeavor to recover
possession of a rental unit unless: [¶] . . . (13) The landlord wishes to withdraw from rent
or lease all rental units within any detached physical structure and, in addition, in the case
of any detached physical structure containing three or fewer rental units, any other rental
units on the same lot, and complies in full with Section 37.9A with respect to each such
unit, provided, however, that guestrooms or efficiency units within a residential hotel‖
are subject to different rules.3 (Rent Ordinance, § 37.9(a)(13).)
Section 37.9A of the Rent Ordinance was enacted at the same time as section
37.9(a)(13) in order to confer rights on certain tenants displaced by the Ellis Act. (Ord.
No. 193-86, File No. 109863, supra, pp. 10-19.) In its current form, section 37.9A(e)
requires owners of residential rental properties who seek to withdraw from the rental
market pursuant to the Ellis Act to provide monetary relocation assistance to their
tenants.
There is no dispute in this case that the board of supervisors has the authority to
require landlords to provide financial relocation assistance to tenants displaced by an
Ellis Act eviction under Government Code section 7060.1, subdivision (c), which states:
―Notwithstanding Section 7060, nothing in this chapter does any of the following: . . .
3
This case does not involve a residential hotel.
3
(c) Diminishes or enhances any power in any public entity to mitigate any adverse impact
on persons displaced by reason of the withdrawal from rent or lease of any
accommodations.‖ (See generally Pieri v. City and County of San Francisco (2006) 137
Cal.App.4th 886 (Pieri).) The present appeal arises out of a dispute about who is entitled
to receive a relocation assistance payment under Rent Ordinance, section 37.9A(e).
B. Relocation Assistance for Ellis Act Evictions
The nature and scope of the relocation assistance benefit conferred by section
37.9A has evolved over time pursuant to multiple Rent Ordinance amendments, of which
we highlight only a few. As originally enacted, subdivision (f) of section 37.9A (former
section 37.9A(f)) provided that the ―tenants of any rental unit‖ who were evicted under
section 37.9(a)(13) were entitled to payment of a fixed sum before they vacated the unit.
(Ord. No. 193-86, File No. 109863, supra, p. 14.) The amount of the payment the
landlord was required to make depended on the size of the rental unit, although units with
elderly or disabled renters were entitled to a higher payment. (Ibid.)
In September 1994, the board of supervisors approved an amendment to former
section 37.9A(f) that limited ―payment of relocation assistance to tenants in lower income
households.‖ (Ord. No. 320-94, File No. 979413 (Sept. 7, 1994), p. 1, capitalization
omitted.) Payments under this version of former section 37.9A(f) were expressly referred
to as ―relocation payments‖ and were expressly limited to ―tenants who are members of
lower income households, who are elderly, or who are disabled . . . .‖ (Id. at p. 5.) An
elderly or disabled tenant was entitled to a higher fixed payment. Payments that were due
for a unit that was occupied by more than one tenant were to ―be divided equally among
all the occupying tenants, excluding those tenants‖ who were entitled to separate
payments due to their elderly or disabled status. (Id. at pp. 6-7.)
In December 1999, the board of supervisors passed an ordinance that increased
―the amount of relocation payments made by landlords to low-income tenants evicted
pursuant to the Ellis Act . . . .‖ (Ord. No. 5-00, File No. 992236 (Dec. 20, 1999), p. 1,
capitalization omitted.) Pertinent provisions were amended to provide that ―Tenants who
are members of lower income households . . . and who receive a notice to quit based upon
4
Section 37.9(a)(13), in addition to all rights under any other provisions of law, shall be
entitled to receive $4,500 before vacating the premises.‖ (Id. at p. 5.) As before,
landlords were required to make separate fixed payments to elderly or disabled tenants.
This version of the relocation assistance benefit required that payments due ―for any unit
which is occupied by more than one tenant shall be divided equally among all the
occupying tenants excluding those tenants‖ who were separately entitled to payments
because of their elderly or disabled status. (Id. at p. 5.)4
In December 2004, the board of supervisors amended section 39.9A to eliminate
the limitation restricting payment of relocation assistance to low income, elderly and
disabled tenants. (Ord. No. 21-05, File No. 041151 (Dec. 14, 2004), p. 15.)5 For Ellis
Act evictions commenced after the effective date of these amendments (February 20,
2005), relocation payments were required to be paid in accordance with section 37.9A(e)
subsection (3) (section 37.9A(e)(3)), the terms of which are at issue in this appeal. (Id. at
p. 17; see also Rent Ordinance, § 37.9A(e)(3).)
Under section 37.9A(e)(3), ―each tenant shall be entitled to receive $4,500.00,
one-half of which shall be paid at the time of the service of the notice of termination of
tenancy, and one-half of which shall be paid when the tenant vacates the unit.‖ (Rent
Ordinance, § 37.9A(e)(3)(A).) However, if there are ―more than three tenants in a unit,
4
The December 1999 amendment increasing the amount of the relocation
payments was accompanied by a set of findings, which included the following:
(1) tenants evicted under the Ellis Act are ―forced to incur substantial costs to relocate
themselves and their families to new housing‖; (2) costs incurred to relocate often include
payment for temporary housing and lost work time to seek new housing; (3) anticipated
costs of the household include new apartment move in costs, the actual cost of a mover,
and reestablishing various utilities; and (4) tenants without funds to move face a severe
risk of homelessness. (Ord. 5-00, File No. 992236, pp. 9-10.)
5
In Pieri, supra, 137 Cal.App.4th 886, this court rejected the contention that
Government Code section 7060.1 of the Ellis Act restricts the authority of public entities
to require mitigation only for low income residents, and concluded that provisions of the
Rent Ordinance requiring relocation assistance regardless of income did not offend the
purposes of the Ellis Act by ― ‗prevent[ing] all but the wealthiest landlords from going
out of the rental business.‘ ‖ (Pieri, at p. 889.)
5
the total relocation payment shall be $13,500.00, which shall be divided equally by the
number of tenants in the unit.‖ (Rent Ordinance, § 37.9A(e)(3)(B).) Tenants over the
age of 62 or who are disabled ―shall be entitled to receive an additional payment of
$3,000, $1,500.00 of which shall be paid within fifteen (15) calendar days of the
landlord‘s receipt of written notice from the tenant of entitlement to the relocation
payment, and $1,500 of which shall be paid when the tenant vacates the unit.‖ (Rent
Ordinance, § 37.9A(e)(3)(C).) The amounts of the relocation payments specified in these
provisions are adjusted annually to comport with the ―Consumer Price Index (CPI) for
All Urban Consumers in the San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose Region for the preceding
calendar year.‖ (Rent Ordinance, § 37.9A(e)(3)(D).)6
III. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. The Complaint
In April 2015, plaintiff filed a wrongful detainer complaint against defendants in
which it alleged the following facts:
Plaintiff owns a building on Bartlett Street which includes ―Unit 308A,‖ a
residential unit. Defendants and Donn and Olga‘s minor son David occupy Unit 308A
pursuant to a 1971 rental agreement between Nancy and plaintiff‘s predecessor-in-
interest. On March 26, 2014, plaintiff served defendants and David with a ―Notice of
Termination of Tenancy‖ advising them of plaintiff‘s intention to withdraw the Bartlett
building from residential rental use under the Ellis Act and section 37.9(a)(13) of the
Rent Ordinance. Plaintiff also sent each defendant a check for $2,632.55, which was
characterized as the first half of their ―statutorily required relocation assistance‖
6
For Ellis Act evictions commenced after June 1, 2014, section 37.9A(e)(3)(E)
establishes an alternative formula for calculating relocation payments, which is based on
a ―Rental Payment Differential,‖ and further provides that the tenant is entitled to a
payment under whichever formula provides a greater amount. (Rent Ordinance,
§ 37.9A(e)(3)(E).) Neither party contends that section 37.9A(e)(3)(E) applies in this
case.
6
payment.7 On March 27, plaintiff submitted a ―Notice of Intent to Withdraw Residential
Units from the Rental Market‖ to the Rent Board, and it subsequently served defendants
with copies of that notice. In a letter dated April 4, 2014, Nancy informed plaintiff that
she was entitled to a one-year extension of the withdrawal of Unit 308A from the rental
market due to her senior status.8 On April 10, plaintiff sent letters to Nancy and the Rent
Board recognizing that Nancy‘s extension claim was valid and stating that Unit 308A
would not be withdrawn from the rental market until March 27, 2015. Plaintiff also sent
Nancy a check for $1,755.03, as payment of the first half of the additional relocation
payment Nancy was owed due to her senior status. However, on March 27, 2015, and
thereafter, defendants and David failed to vacate Unit 308A.
Relying on these general allegations, plaintiff alleged that it complied with all
lawful provisions of the Ellis Act and the Rent Ordinance, and was therefore entitled to
recover possession of its property from defendants and to damages for the fair market
rental value of the premises. After plaintiff made multiple attempts to serve defendants
personally with the summons and unlawful detainer complaint, the court authorized
service by posting and mailing.
B. The Motion to Quash
On May 20, 2015, defendants filed a motion to quash service of the summons and
wrongful detainer complaint. Among other things, defendants argued that plaintiff did
not comply with section 37.9A(e)(3) of the Rent Ordinance because it failed to provide
7
If these three payments are added together and multiplied by two, the total
amount exceeds the $13,500 cap established by Rent Ordinance, section 37.9A(e)(3)(B).
It appears that the additional amount is consistent with the CPI adjustment authorized
under section 37.9A(e)(3)(D).
8
For Ellis Act evictions commenced on or after January 1, 2000, the date of
withdrawal from the rental market is 120 days from delivery of the landlord‘s notice of
intent to withdraw. (Rent Ordinance, § 37.9A, subd. (f)(4).) However, upon proper
notice, the date of the withdrawal shall be extended for an additional year ―if the tenant or
lessee is at least 62 years of age or disabled . . . .‖ (Ibid.) The notice requirements
attendant to Ellis Act evictions are not at issue in this appeal.
7
David with a separate relocation payment, notwithstanding the fact that he was a ―tenant‖
under the Rent Ordinance.9
Opposing the motion to quash, plaintiff argued that it met its relocation payment
obligations to the tenants in Unit 308A by paying the maximum payment required by the
Rent Ordinance and dividing that amount among the three adult occupants of Unit 308A.
Plaintiff explained that David ―was not issued his own personal check as he is not an
adult able to contract with Plaintiff to occupy the Premise.‖ Thus, plaintiff took the view
that David was not a ―tenant‖ under the Rent Ordinance. Plaintiff further argued that if it
had provided David his own separate payment, the amounts paid to Nancy (the non-
parent) and Donn and Olga ―would have been unlawfully and improperly decreased, as
they would not have received their proper pro rata shares.‖ Thus, plaintiff maintained
that it complied with section 37.9A(e)(3) of the Rent Ordinance by ―paying the full
amount of relocation [payment] to the tenants,‖ and once ―the family‖ received that
maximum payment, they were free to divide the funds as they saw fit.
C. Superior Court Orders
On June 1, 2015, the trial court granted defendants‘ motion to quash service of the
summons and unlawful detainer complaint. In a brief order filed that day, the court
found: ―Plaintiff failed to tender a statutory relocation payment to defendants‘ minor
child David Launiu pursuant to Rent Ordinance § 37.9A(e)(3)(A), who was named in the
Notice of Termination of Tenancy and has a right to occupy the premises with his
parents/grandmother. This lowered the sum parents & minor child would have received
in total.‖
On July 15, 2016, the appellate division of the superior court filed an order
affirming the superior court‘s ruling. The court clarified that the dispute was not about
whether plaintiff paid the correct total amount under the Ellis Act, but rather whether the
9
―A tenant facing an unlawful detainer action under the Ellis Act may assert as a
defense that his or her landlord failed to comply with the provisions of the Act or any
statutes, ordinances, or regulations adopted pursuant to the Act. ([Gov. Code,]
§ 7060.6.)‖ (Johnson, supra, 137 Cal.App.4th at p. 13.)
8
amount was properly allocated among the tenants. The court found that the amount was
not properly allocated for the following reasons: (1) David was a tenant because he was
―entitled to occupy the premises‖; (2) David‘s status as a minor did not preclude him
from receiving a check; and (3) if plaintiff had ―properly divided the relocation payments
in to [sic] four checks, David and his parents would have received an additional $650.‖10
The appellate panel rejected plaintiff‘s contention that, even if the payments were not
properly allocated, plaintiff substantially complied with the Ellis Act. According to the
court, ―since the relocation payments and the definition of a tenant owed those payments
are expressly stated in the Ellis Act, the section must be strictly complied with.‖
The appellate panel also rejected plaintiff‘s contention that the motion to quash
was barred by equitable estoppel. Plaintiff had argued that defendants were estopped to
contest the allocation of the relocation payment because they accepted plaintiff‘s checks
without objection, and if they had informed plaintiff of the issue regarding David‘s status,
plaintiff could have sent new checks long before the unlawful detainer complaint was
filed. In rejecting this equitable claim, the appellate panel found that the Ellis Act does
not impose any obligation on defendants to raise this issue with plaintiff, and that there
was insufficient evidence that defendants ―deposited the checks and intentionally
remained silent as to the relocation payments.‖
IV. DISCUSSION
A. Issue Presented
The question presented to this court is whether a minor displaced by an Ellis Act
eviction is a tenant entitled to a relocation payment under section 37.9A(e)(3) of the Rent
Ordinance. ―[O]ur task ‗ ―is to determine the intent of the enacting body so that the law
10
Apparently the appellate panel below assumed that Donn, Olga and David are a
single family unit that is easily distinguishable from Nancy. Thus, the court reasoned that
if the total relocation payment was divided among all four occupants of the unit rather
than the three adults, the total payment to the family would have been $650 higher, and
the net payment to Nancy concomitantly lower. Plaintiff and amicus curie, San Francisco
Apartment Association, point out the logistical problems of requiring landlords to make
this type of assumption about the composition of a family unit.
9
may receive the interpretation that best effectuates that intent. [Citation.]‖ ‘ [Citation.]
We begin by examining the words of the statute because the ‗ ― ‗language is generally the
most reliable indicator of legislative intent. [Citation.]‘ ‖ ‘ [Citation.] The statutory
language is not read in isolation, however. Rather, we consider its terms ‗in the context
of the statutory framework as a whole in order to determine its scope and purpose and to
harmonize the various parts of the enactment. If the language is clear, courts must
generally follow its plain meaning unless a literal interpretation would result in absurd
consequences the Legislature did not intend.‘ [Citation.]‖ (Los Angeles Unified School
Dist. v. Garcia (2013) 58 Cal.4th 175, 186; see also Danekas v. San Francisco
Residential Rent Stabilization & Arbitration Bd. (2001) 95 Cal.App.4th 638, 645.)
As noted above, the appellate panel concluded that ―since the relocation payments
and the definition of a tenant owed those payments are expressly stated in the Ellis Act,
the section must be strictly complied with.‖ The premise of this statement is erroneous.11
The Ellis Act does not expressly address relocation payments or define the term ―tenant.‖
However, as noted above, the Ellis Act does recognize a public entity‘s authority to
mitigate the adverse impact on ―persons‖ displaced by an Ellis Act eviction. (Gov. Code,
§ 7060.1, subd. (c).) Thus, we turn to the Rent Ordinance provisions to determine what
persons displaced by an Ellis Act eviction are entitled to a relocation payment benefit.
B. The Rent Ordinance Definition of a Tenant
As reflected in our statutory overview, section 37.9A(e)(3) provides that ―each
tenant‖ displaced under section 37.9(a)(13) ―shall be entitled‖ to a relocation payment.
Although the Rent Ordinance contains a set of definitions to be used for ―purposes‖ of
applying section 37.9A, the term ―tenant‖ is not defined there. (Rent Ordinance,
§ 37.9A(e)(3)(E)(vi).)
However, the general ―Definitions‖ section of the Rent Ordinance contains the
following definition: ―Tenant. A person entitled by written or oral agreement, sub-
11
The parties seek review of the appellate panel‘s conclusion that strict
compliance with the Ellis Act is required. But that issue is outside the scope of the
transfer order.
10
tenancy approved by the landlord, or by sufferance, to occupy a residential dwelling unit
to the exclusion of others.‖ (Rent Ordinance, § 37.2, subd. (t) (section 37.2(t)), original
boldface.) This definition has remained unchanged since 1980 (Ord. No. 197-80, File
No. 109801.2 (May 5, 1980), p. 4), although its alphabetical subdivision designation has
changed several times.
The parties disagree about whether David fits within the Rent Ordinance‘s general
definition of a tenant. Construing section 37.2(t) according to its plain language, a tenant
is a person who is entitled to occupy a residential unit (1) to the exclusion of all others
and (2) pursuant to a written agreement; oral agreement; sub tenancy approved by the
landlord; or sufferance.
The first of these requirements, the right to occupy to the exclusion of others, is a
key characteristic of a leasehold, which distinguishes a tenancy from a mere license.
(Spinks v. Equity Residential Briarwood Apartments (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 1004,
1040.) Payment of rent is the consideration for this right to exclusive possession.
(Avalon Pacific—Santa Ana, L.P. v. HD Supply Repair & Remodel, LLC (2011) 192
Cal.App.4th 1183, 1190 [―A lease is both a conveyance of an estate in real property and a
contract between the lessor and the lessee for the possession and use of the property in
consideration of rent.‖]; see also 12 Witkin Summary of Cal. Law (10th ed. 2005) Real
Property, § 517, p. 593.) Thus, an occupant of a rental unit who does not have the right
to exclusive possession and the concomitant obligation to pay rent does not meet the
generally accepted common law definition of a tenant. Nor does he or she fall within the
section 37.2(t) definition of a tenant quoted above.
In the present case, the complaint alleged that Unit 308A is occupied pursuant to a
written lease agreement. That agreement, which was incorporated into the complaint,
was executed between plaintiff‘s predecessor in interest and Nancy and her husband.
Therefore, Nancy is a tenant under section 37.2(t). Furthermore, by alleging that Donn
and Olga are also tenants of Unit 308A, plaintiff appears to have conceded that these
defendants acquired an independent right to occupy the premises to the exclusion of
others, pursuant to either a written lease, oral contract, sub tenancy or suffrage.
11
However, David is a minor without capacity to enter into a rental contract or to
incur an independent obligation to pay rent. (Fam. Code § 6701 [―A minor cannot do any
of the following: . . . (b) Make a contract relating to real property or any interest
therein.‖].) Thus, he could not have acquired a legally cognizable right to occupy Unit
308A to the exclusion of others pursuant to any of the methods set forth in section
37.2(t). This does not mean that David is not a lawful occupant, but only that his right to
occupy is derivative of the rights of his parents. (See, e.g., Birke v. Oakwood Worldwide
(2009) 169 Cal.App.4th 1540, 1551 [minor child of tenant has the ―right to enjoyment of
the premises as a member of the tenant[‘s] family‖].)
Defendants argue that the complaint allegation acknowledging that David
occupies Unit 308A pursuant to Nancy‘s written lease agreement establishes that David
―is a tenant under the Rent Ordinance because he is a lawful occupant of the premises.‖
The lower courts reached similar conclusions. Without discussion, the trial court found
that David is entitled to a relocation payment because he ―has a right to occupy the
premises with his parents/grandmother.‖ The appellate panel also found that ―the
definition in section 37.2(t) clearly states that a person is a tenant so long as they are
entitled to occupy the premises.‖ In fact, though, section 37.2(t) does not state that every
lawful occupant of the premises is a tenant, but rather that a tenant is a lawful occupant
who acquired the right to exclusive occupancy in one of the specified ways.
Considering the Rent Ordinance as a whole reinforces the conclusion that ―lawful
occupant‖ and ―tenant‖ are not interchangeable terms. According to plaintiff‘s
calculations, the Rent Ordinance uses the word ―occupants‖ about 40 times and the word
―tenant‖ hundreds of times. For our purposes, we focus on three examples.
First, as previously noted, section 37.9(a) restricts the grounds for evicting a tenant
by specifying when a landlord may endeavor to recover a rental unit. One proper ground
for pursuing an eviction is when the tenant has violated a lawful obligation or covenant of
the tenancy. (Rent Ordinance, § 37.9(a)(2).) However, there are several qualifications
for pursuing this type of eviction, depending on the nature of the covenant at issue. For
example, when a rental agreement ―limits the number of occupants or limits or prohibits
12
subletting or assignment,‖ section 37.9(a)(2)(B) provides that ―a landlord shall not
endeavor to recover possession of a rental unit as a result of the addition to the unit of a
tenant‘s child, parent, grandchild, grandparent, brother or sister, or the spouse or
domestic partner . . . of such relatives, or as a result of the addition of the spouse or
domestic partner of a tenant, so long as the maximum number of occupants [authorized
by the Rent Ordinance] is not exceeded, if the landlord has unreasonably refused a
written request by the tenant to add such occupant(s) to the unit.‖ Section 37.9(a)(2)(B)
further provides that ―[a] landlord‘s reasonable refusal of the tenant‘s written request may
not be based on the proposed additional occupant‘s lack of creditworthiness, if that
person will not be legally obligated to pay some or all of the rent to the landlord. . . .‖
Thus, section 37.9(a)(2)(B) prohibits a landlord from unreasonably refusing to add
family members as ―occupants,‖ and also acknowledges that a person who will not be
legally obligated to pay rent may nevertheless lawfully occupy the unit. By using the
word occupant in these contexts, the Rent Ordinance affords protections to inhabitants
whether or not they fall within the formal definition of a tenant set forth in section
37.2(t).
A second example that the Rent Ordinance distinguishes between legal occupants
and tenants is found in section 37.3, which regulates rent increases. Section 37.3,
subdivision (a)(11)(A) provides that, with exceptions, ―a landlord may not impose
increases solely because a tenant has added an additional occupant to an existing tenancy,
including, but not limited to, a newborn child or family member as defined in Section 401
of the Housing Code. The prohibition on increases mandated by this Subsection (A) shall
apply notwithstanding a rental agreement or lease that specifically permits a rent increase
[f]or additional occupants.‖
By describing newborn children and new family members of the tenant as
occupants rather than tenants in their own right, section 37.3, subdivision (a)(11)(A) is
another example of the fact that, while the Rent Ordinance provides protections to all
legal occupants of a rental unit, all such occupants are not tenants as that term is defined
in section 37.2(t).
13
Our final example of the fact that the Rent Ordinance distinguishes between a
lawful occupant and a tenant is found in section 37.9C, which was added in 2006 to
provide relocation assistance to tenants displaced by so-called ―No-Fault‖ evictions that
are not based on the Ellis Act. (Rent Ordinance, § 37.9C.) A set of definitions applicable
only for purposes of determining entitlement to the section 37.9C benefit includes the
following definition of an Eligible Tenant: ―For purposes of this section 37.9C, an
Eligible Tenant shall mean any authorized occupant of a rental unit, regardless of age,
who has resided in the unit for 12 or more months.‖ (Rent Ordinance, § 37.9C,
subd. (a)(2).)
Section 37.9C, subdivision (b) provides that ―Each Eligible Tenant who received a
Covered No-Fault Eviction Notice, in addition to all rights under any other provision of
law, shall be entitled to receive relocation expenses from the landlord, in the amounts
specified in section 37.9C(e).‖ Under section 37.9C, subdivision (e)(1) each Eligible
Tenant shall receive a payment of $4,500.00, with the caveat that the landlord shall not be
required to pay more than $13,500.00 to Eligible Tenants in the same unit. Under section
37.9C, subdivision (e)(2), the landlord must make an additional payment to each Eligible
Tenant who is over 60 or disabled and to ―each household with at least one Eligible
Tenant and at l[e]ast one child under the age of 18 years.‖
Section 37.9C is relevant to our analysis in two material ways. First, as noted, this
part of the Rent Ordinance utilizes a special definition of an ―Eligible Tenant‖ that
includes all authorized occupants ―regardless of age.‖ (Rent Ordinance, § 37.9C
subd. (a)(2).) This specially defined term would be superfluous if, as the lower courts
found, section 37.2(t) includes within the definition of ―tenant‖ all lawful occupants, even
those without the right to exclusive occupancy and the concomitant obligation to pay
rent, and those who lack the capacity to incur an obligation to pay rent because they are
minors.
Second, in contrast to section 37.9C, section 37.9A does not contain a special
definition of a tenant who is entitled to an Ellis Act relocation benefit. As our statutory
overview reflects, this part of the Rent Ordinance has been amended several times,
14
sometimes to limit the scope of the benefit and other times to expand it. There are clear
indications of a legislative goal to assist not just the displaced tenant, but the tenant‘s
family or household. For example, the December 1999 amendment increased the amount
of the relocation payments in recognition that tenants evicted under the Ellis Act are
―forced to incur substantial costs to relocate themselves and their families to new housing
. . . .‖ (Ord. No. 5-00, File No. 992236 (Dec. 20, 1999), p. 9, italics added.) However,
we find no evidence of an intent to require a landlord to parse a relocation payment
among individual members of such a household or to make a separate payment to a
tenant‘s minor child. Thus, the history of section 37.9A is indicative of a legislative
determination not to expand the scope of eligible recipients of an Ellis Act relocation
benefit under section 37.9A beyond those tenants who fit the traditional common law
definition of that term.
Furthermore, because section 37.9A does not contain a special definition of a
tenant who is entitled to an Ellis Act relocation benefit, in order to qualify for that
benefit, the occupant must be a tenant as defined in section 37.2(t), the more general
section of the Rent Ordinance, which essentially means that he or she must be a tenant for
all purposes for which the term tenant is employed throughout the Rent Ordinance.
Characterizing a minor like David as a tenant for all purposes could lead to absurd results
because the Rent Ordinance confers benefits and obligations on a tenant that should not
and sometimes cannot be assumed by a child, not the least of which is the obligation to
pay rent.
C. Case Law
Defendants contend that the common law ―is not determinative of this appeal,
because the Rent Ordinance has specifically defined those who are tenants under the
Ordinance in Section 37.2(t).‖ But defendants ignore language in section 37.2(t) that, as
discussed above, is consistent with the traditional definition of a tenant.
Instead, defendants maintain that California courts have ―repeatedly‖ interpreted
the Rent Ordinance definition of a tenant to include ―all lawful occupants of a dwelling.‖
The cases defendants cite fall into two general categories, one addressing lawful
15
occupancy and the other addressing the rights of a minor child. As discussed below,
these cases are not directly on point, and, to the extent they are relevant, they reinforce
the conclusions outlined above.
1. Lawful Occupancy
Defendants posit that the fact David cannot be a party to a lease agreement does
not preclude him from qualifying as a tenant under the Rent Ordinance because case law
establishes that a lawful occupant of a San Francisco rental unit can be a tenant entitled to
Rent Ordinance protection even absent an agreement to pay rent. (Citing Parkmerced
Co. v. San Francisco Rent Stabilization & Arbitration Bd. (1989) 215 Cal.App.3d 490
(Parkmerced)).)
In Parkmerced, supra, 215 Cal.App.3d 490, Clarence Honey rented a San
Francisco apartment pursuant to a 1976 lease agreement. In 1981, Honey‘s sister, Margot
Abenheim, moved into the apartment with Honey. From 1981 until 1985, Honey
renewed his lease annually and listed Abenheim‘s name on the renewal. During this
entire period, Abenheim used her own personal check to pay monthly rent for the
apartment. Then, in 1985, Honey moved out. The landlord issued a new lease in
Abenheim‘s name, informing her that she could remain in the apartment only if she
agreed to a rent increase that was higher than the maximum amount of allowable rent the
landlord could charge a continuing tenant protected by the Rent Ordinance. (Id. at
p. 492.) The Rent Board found Abenheim was a tenant under the Ordinance‘s general
definition of that term, and that the proposed rent increase was not authorized because it
exceeded the lawful limits imposed by pertinent rent control provisions of the Ordinance.
The superior court disagreed with the Rent Board, finding that the new rental rate was
authorized because Abenheim first became a tenant when she incurred the obligation to
pay rent by signing her own lease agreement after Honey vacated the apartment. (Id. at
p. 494.) However, the judgment was reversed on appeal.
The Parkmerced appellate court found that Abenheim was already a tenant
protected by the rent increase limitations of the Ordinance when the landlord generated a
new lease agreement purporting to raise Abenheim‘s rent after Honey moved out of the
16
apartment, explaining: ―Since 1981 Parkmerced was aware of, and by its silence agreed
to, Abenheim living in the apartment with her brother. Each year Honey submitted to
Parkmerced an application for lease rental which listed Abenheim as an occupant of the
apartment; pursuant to paragraph 25 of Parkmerced‘s lease these applications were
incorporated into Honey‘s leases. Thus, because Abenheim was entitled to occupy the
unit pursuant to a written agreement—Honey‘s leases—she falls squarely within the
purview of section 37.2(r).‖12 (Parkmerced, supra, 215 Cal.App.3d at p. 494, italics
omitted.)
In reaching its conclusion, the Parkmerced court faulted the trial court for
―ignor[ing] the fact that the ordinance protects those who legally occupy a rental unit,
regardless of the basis of the person‘s obligation to pay rent.‖ (Parkmerced, supra, 215
Cal.App.3d at p. 494.) The Parkmerced court also disagreed with the lower court‘s
summary conclusion that Abenheim had no obligation to pay rent until she signed her
own rental agreement in 1985. (Id. at p. 495.) Citing authority recognizing that an
obligation to pay rent can arise by operation of law based on occupancy accompanied by
the owner‘s consent, the Parkmerced court rejected the notion that without a written
lease, Abenheim could not have had an obligation to pay rent. (Ibid.) Finally, the
Parkmerced court found that ―interpreting the Rent Ordinance to extend protection to
tenants based on legitimate occupancy is in keeping with the purpose of the legislation.‖
(Ibid.) The court reasoned that a ―clear objective‖ of the Rent Ordinance was to extend
― ‗some measure of protection to tenants in residence‘ [citation]‖ and that there was
―absolutely no indication that this protection was intended to be limited to those tenants
who sign formal lease agreements.‖ (Ibid.. italics omitted.)
As defendants contend, Parkmerced, supra, 215 Cal.App.3d 490, demonstrates
that an occupant of a San Francisco rental unit can qualify as a tenant without having a
12
In the version of the Rent Ordinance that was in effect when the Parkmerced
rent increase was litigated, the definition of a tenant was contained in section 37.2,
subdivision (r) of the Rent Ordinance. (Ord. 438-83, File No. 109863 (Aug. 29, 1983),
p. 5.) As noted previously, the definition itself was the same as it is today.
17
written lease agreement. Indeed, that fact is reflected in section 37.2(t), which states that
a tenant can obtain the right to exclusive possession via a written agreement, oral
agreement, sub tenancy approved by the landlord or suffrage. (Rent Ordinance,
§ 37.2(t).) However, Parkmerced does not support defendants‘ very different contention
that David is a tenant notwithstanding the fact that he is a minor. In Parkmerced, the
original tenant‘s sister was an adult. Therefore, the case did not consider the question we
address here. Furthermore, the Parkmerced court found that Abenheim became a tenant
in her own right because she was named in lease ―applications‖ that were incorporated
into the written leases, and because she incurred an independent obligation to pay rent by
operation of law based on her occupancy accompanied by the landlord‘s consent.
(Parkmerced, at pp. 494-495.) Those findings cannot be made with respect to David
because he is a minor with no independent obligation to pay rent.
Aside from Parkmerced, defendants contend that a ―long and uncontroverted line
of appellate authority‖ establishes that the Rent Ordinance definition of a tenant ―includes
all lawful occupants of the dwelling.‖ But the cases they cite do not support this claim.
For example, defendants rely on Aguierre v. Lee (1993) 20 Cal.App.4th 1646, 1653
(Aguierre), for the proposition that ―[t]he Ordinance focuses on occupancy as the factor
that triggers rent control protection. [Citation.]‖ In that case, a San Francisco tenant was
displaced temporarily from her leased residential unit due to earthquake damage. After
making the necessary repairs, the landlord leased the unit to a third party in violation of
the rights of the tenant. In the landlord‘s appeal from a jury verdict in favor of the tenant,
the Aguierre court rejected the argument that the displaced tenant was not protected by
the Rent Ordinance because the ordinance only protects tenants in occupancy. Nothing
the court said supports defendants‘ contention in this case that all lawful occupants of a
rental unit are by definition tenants under section 37.2(t) of the Rent Ordinance.
Defendants contend Cobb v. San Francisco Residential Rent Stabilization &
Arbitration Bd. (2002) 98 Cal.App.4th 345 (Cobb), illustrates that the Rent Ordinance
definition of a tenant includes ―occupancies created by consent and acceptance of rent.‖
It is not clear why defendants believe this proposition is relevant, particularly in light of
18
the fact that section 37.2(t) states that a tenant can acquire the right to exclusive position
by means of an oral agreement. Furthermore, Cobb is factually and legally inapposite. In
that case, Richard Passalacqua was an adult when he went to live with his mother in a
San Francisco apartment she rented. The landlord did not give his permission but knew
that Passalacqua was living in the unit. Almost two years later, in May 1998,
Passalacqua‘s mother moved out of the apartment and the landlord accepted rent directly
from Passalacqua for more than a year, and during that period he even negotiated a rent
increase directly with Passalacqua. The Cobb court found these facts substantially
supported a finding by the Rent Board that the landlord accepted Passalacqua as his sole
tenant as of June 1998. (Cobb, at p. 352.) Defendants fail to explain how Cobb supports
their contention that all lawful occupants of a rental unit qualify as tenants under section
37.2(t). Indeed, they do not identify any authority supportive of this broad claim.13
2. A Minor’s Occupancy Pursuant to a Written Lease
Insisting that a ―tenant‘s child may be a tenant protected under the Rent
Ordinance,‖ defendants direct our attention to Mosser Companies v. San Francisco Rent
Stabilization & Arbitration Bd. (2015) 233 Cal.App.4th 505 (Mosser Companies) and T
& A Drolapas & Sons, LP v. San Francisco Residential Rent Stabilization & Arbitration
Bd. (2015) 238 Cal.App.4th 646 (Drolapas).
Mosser Companies, supra, 233 Cal.App.4th 505, was a dispute regarding a rent
increase at a San Francisco apartment. In 2003, the Govender family moved into the
apartment pursuant to a written lease agreement. Although Mr. and Mrs. Govender were
the only ―tenants‖ identified in the lease, it was undisputed that the landlord approved the
13
The two other cases defendants cite addressed different rent control ordinances.
(Getz v. City of West Hollywood (1991) 233 Cal.App.3d 625 (Getz); DeZerega v. Meggs
(2000) 83 Cal.App.4th 28 (DeZerega). Furthermore, the issue in Getz, at page 629, was
not whether a lawful occupant was a tenant, but whether a tenancy was created despite
the absence of a written agreement based on evidence of the landlord‘s consent and
acceptance of rent. DeZerega, supra, 83 Cal.App.4th 28 is also irrelevant as the issue in
that case was whether the roommate of a tenant who signed the lease was a tenant or a
subtenant.
19
occupancy of the three Govender children who were all minors at the time the lease was
signed. (Id. at p. 509.) Nine years later, the Govender parents decided to move. By that
time, two of the children had left home, but 23-year-old Brian continued living in the
apartment.
After the Govender parents moved out, the landlord served notice that it was
raising Brian‘s rent, which triggered a dispute about whether the increase was authorized
by Civil Code, section 1954.53, subdivision (d)(2) (Civil Code section 1954.53(d)(2)), a
vacancy decontrol provision of the Costa-Hawkins Rental Housing Act (Civ. Code,
§§ 1950 et seq.; Costa-Hawkins Act), which provides: ―If the original occupant or
occupants who took possession of the dwelling or unit pursuant to the rental agreement
with the owner no longer permanently reside there, an owner may increase the rent by
any amount allowed by this section to a lawful sublessee or assignee who did not reside
at the dwelling or unit prior to January 1, 1996.‖
The Govenders objected that the rent increase was unlawful because, even though
the parents were no longer living in the apartment, Brian ―was an original occupant
entitled to continued rent control.‖ (Mosser Companies, supra, 233 Cal.App.4th at
p. 509.) However, the landlord claimed that the statutory phrase ―took possession‖ in
Civil Code section 1954.53(d)(2) was a term of art, which required that the person
claiming original occupancy had to have acquired a legal right of possession by being a
party to the lease agreement. Without this qualification, the landlord argued, a minor
could ―inherit‖ his parent‘s tenancy and thereby acquire ―rights without obligations.‖ (Id.
at p. 515.)
Affirming a judgment precluding the landlord from increasing Brian‘s rent, the
Mosser Companies court concluded that ―[t]he plain meaning of an ‗original occupant . . .
who took possession of the dwelling or unit pursuant to the rental agreement‘ (§ 1954.53,
subd. (d)(2)) is an individual who has resided in the dwelling from the start of the tenancy
with the landlord‘s permission.‖ (233 Cal.App.4th at p. 512.) In reaching this
conclusion, the court rejected the landlord‘s objection that Brian should not be allowed to
― ‗inherit‘ his parent‘s tenancy,‖ finding that Brian had ―his own personal right of
20
occupancy,‖ and that ―Brian‘s rights ha[d] concomitant obligations.‖ (Id. at p. 516.) As
the court explained, ―[w]hen Brian‘s parents vacated the apartment and Brian, as an adult,
chose to remain in occupancy, he became a tenant obligated to pay rent. Tenancies in
property need not be created by written leases. [Citation.] One may become a tenant by
occupancy with consent. [Citation.] ‗ ―Such tenancies carry with them the relationship
of landlord and tenant. The tenant is liable by operation of law.‖ [Citations.]‘
[Citation.]‖ (Ibid.)
Drolapas, supra, 238 Cal.App.4th 646, was another case addressing whether a rent
increase was authorized by Civil Code section 1954.53(d)(2) of the Costa-Hawkins Act.
In 1995, Mr. and Mrs. Lara executed a written rental agreement and moved into the
apartment with their children, including six-year-old Borjas. In 2000, appellant
purchased the apartment building and the Lara parents signed a statement identifying
themselves as the tenants, but also stating that the unit was occupied by two adults and
four children, which was the number of ―allowable tenants.‖ (Id. at p. 649.) In 2010, the
Lara parents bought a home they began to use as their primary residence, but they
continued to pay rent on the apartment. Meanwhile, Borjas continuously lived in the
apartment and paid rent to his parents when he was able. (Ibid.)
Applying Mosser Companies, this court first concluded that ―Borjas was an
‗original occupant‘ within the meaning of section 1954.53, subdivision (d)(2)‖ when he
moved into the apartment as a six-year-old child. (Drolapas, supra, 238 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 652-653.) Second, we concluded that Borjas ―took possession‖ of the apartment
pursuant to the rental agreement even though he was a minor at the time. As support for
this conclusion, we relied on the following reasoning in Mosser Companies:
― ‗ ―Possession‖ is a commonly understood term normally referring to physical
possession. . . . [L]imiting the term to parties to a legal agreement is inconsistent both
with this common understanding and with the terms used in the statute. The statute refers
to an ―occupant‖ rather than a ―tenant,‖ ―lessee,‖ or ―party.‖ These terms have distinct
and well-established meanings, making it unlikely the Legislature used the term
―occupant‖ when it meant party to a rental agreement. That the Legislature‘s use of the
21
term ―occupant‖ was deliberate and intended to signify something distinct from a party to
the lease is confirmed when the statute is read as a whole.‘ [Citation.]‖ (Drolapas,
supra, 238 Cal.App.4th at p. 653, quoting Mosser Companies, supra, 233 Cal.App.4th at
p. 513.)
Defendants mistakenly rely on Mosser Companies and Drolapas. The primary
issue in both of these cases was how to interpret statutory language in the Costa-Hawkins
Act, specifically, the words ―occupant‖ and ―possession‖ in Civil Code section
1954.53(d)(2). (Mosser Companies, supra, 233 Cal.App.4th at pp. 512-513; Drolapas,
supra, 238 Cal.App.4th at pp. 652-653.) The present case does not involve a proposed
rent increase under the Costa-Hawkins Act.14 Beyond that, the question we address is not
whether David is an occupant or in possession of Unit 308A. The issue here is whether
David‘s status as a minor precludes him from being a ―tenant‖ for all purposes under
section 37.2(t) of the Rent Ordinance. Mosser Companies and Drolapas do not address
this discrete issue. To be sure, the occupants in possession of the rental units in those
case were tenants within the meaning of section 37.2(t) when their respective landlords
attempted to increase their rent, but by that time both were adults. Indeed, as the Mosser
Companies court explicitly stated, after Brian‘s parents ―vacated the apartment and Brian
as an adult, chose to remain in occupancy, he became a tenant obligated to pay rent.‖
(233 Cal.App.4th at p. 516.)
To summarize our conclusions, the general definition of a tenant set forth in
section 37.2(t) of the Rent Ordinance does not embrace a minor child who legally
occupies a rental unit. Rent Ordinance, section 37.9A(e)(3)(A) requires the landlord to
make a relocation payment to ―each tenant,‖ but this part of the Ordinance does not
include a special definition of a tenant that broadens or alters the scope of section 37.2(t),
or any other provision directing a landlord to pay a separate relocation benefit to the child
of a tenant. Taken together, these facts compel us to reverse the judgment in this case.
14
Cobb, supra, 98 Cal.App.4th 345, which we have already discussed, also
involved an issue under the Costa-Hawkins Act that does not impact our conclusions
here.
22
We emphasize that the question before us is not whether the San Francisco Board
of Supervisors has the authority under the Ellis Act to confer a section 37.9A(e)
relocation benefit on a child. Rather, we hold only that a minor is not a tenant entitled to
a separate relocation payment under Rent Ordinance, section 37.9A(e), as currently
written.
V. DISPOSITION
The July 15, 2016 order by the appellate panel is reversed and this case is
remanded for further proceedings consistent with this decision.
23
_________________________
RUVOLO, P. J.
We concur:
_________________________
REARDON, J.
_________________________
RIVERA, J.
A149062, Danger Panda LLC v. Launiu
24
Trial Court: San Francisco County Superior Court
Trial Judge: Hon. Ronald E. Quidachay
Counsel for Appellant: Law Office of Paul J. Katz and
Paul J. Katz
Zacks & Freedman,
Andrew Zacks
Counsel for Amicus Curiae San Francisco Dowling & Marquez,
Apartment Association on behalf of Curtis F. Dowling
Appellant:
Counsel for Respondents: Tenderloin Housing Clinic, Inc.,
Stephen L. Collier, Raquel Fox
A149062, Danger Panda LLC v. Launiu
25