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SUPREME COURT OF ARKANSAS
No. CV-16-840
Opinion Delivered: March 16, 2017
GEORGE PRITCHETT, RUSSELL
SKALLERUP, AND BRUCE MITCHELL APPEAL FROM THE GARLAND
APPELLANTS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
[NO. CV-2016-161-I]
V.
HONORABLE JOHN HOMER
CITY OF HOT SPRINGS, ARKANSAS WRIGHT, JUDGE
APPELLEE
AFFIRMED.
RHONDA K. WOOD, Associate Justice
The City of Hot Springs passed an ordinance annexing property under Arkansas
Code Annotated section 14-40-501 (Supp. 2015). Certain property owners sued the City,
arguing that the statutory scheme authorizing the annexation was unconstitutional. The
property owners also argued that even if the statute were constitutional, the annexed area
did not fall within the statutory language. The circuit court dismissed the lawsuit, and the
property owners have now filed this appeal. We affirm.
The Hot Springs City Board of Directors voted to annex two tracts of property in
January 2016. The tracts were completely surrounded by the Hot Springs city limits and
Lake Hamilton. One month later, George Pritchett and other landowners filed a complaint
to set aside the annexation. Upon the City’s motion for summary judgment and declaratory
judgment, the circuit court dismissed Pritchett’s complaint with prejudice. The court
concluded that the statute was constitutional and that the annexed area met the requirements
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set forth in section 14-40-501. Pritchett has now brought this appeal, which we affirm for
the reasons explained below.
First, Pritchett argues that property owners have a constitutional right to vote on
annexation and that the City cannot annex unincorporated areas via ordinance alone. We
reject this argument. The circuit court ruled that there is no constitutional right to vote on
annexation. Pritchett argues that this ruling is too broad. He also argues that once the right
to vote on annexation has been granted, it cannot be taken away without a compelling state
interest. To the extent that this appeal raises a question of constitutional interpretation, we
review the issue de novo. See Vankirk v. State, 2011 Ark. 428, 385 S.W.3d 144.
The relevant case on point is from the United States Supreme Court. See Hunter v.
City of Pittsburgh, 207 U.S. 161 (1907). There, the residents of the smaller city of Allegheny
challenged its annexation by the larger city of Pittsburgh. The Court rejected the challenge,
and in so doing noted that states have no constitutional restraints to regulate municipal
corporations as they see fit:
Municipal corporations are political subdivisions of the State, created as convenient
agencies for exercising such of the governmental powers of the state as may be
entrusted to them. . . . The number, nature, and duration of the powers conferred
upon these corporations and the territory over which they shall be exercised rests in
the absolute discretion of the State. . . . The State, therefore, at its pleasure, may
modify or withdraw all such powers . . . expand or contract the territorial area, unite
the whole or a part of it with another municipality, repeal the charter and destroy
the corporation. All this may be done, conditionally or unconditionally, with or without the
consent of the citizens, or even against their protest. In all these respects the State is
supreme, and its legislative body, conforming its action to the state constitution, may
do as it will, unrestrained by any provision of the Constitution of the United States.
Id. at 178–79 (emphasis added).
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Pritchett acknowledges Hunter by citation but fails to grapple with its consequences.
Plainly, a state may enlarge a municipality “with or without the consent of the citizens.” Id.
at 179. This necessarily means that citizens have no constitutional right to vote on
annexation.
Pritchett still maintains that the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment provides that once a state has given citizens the right to vote on annexation, it
cannot take that right away without a compelling state interest. We acknowledge that some
statutes provide for annexation by election. E.g., Ark. Code Ann. § 14-40-303 (Repl. 2013).
But Pritchett has not provided a single citation to support his argument that once the right
to vote on annexation has been given it cannot be taken away. “When the appellant does
not cite any authority, nor make a convincing legal argument, and where it is not apparent
without further research that the point is well taken, we will affirm.” City of Greenbrier v.
Roberts, 354 Ark. 591, 594, 127 S.W.3d 454, 456 (2003).
Regardless, because no fundamental right is at stake here, the State is not required to
prove a compelling state interest. See Jegley v. Picado, 349 Ark. 600, 632, 80 S.W.3d 332,
350 (2002) (“When a statute infringes upon a fundamental right, it cannot survive unless a
compelling state interest is advanced by the statute and the statute is the least restrictive
method available to carry out the state interest.”). Nor does Pritchett claim that the statute
creates any suspect classifications. Thus, the applicable standard is rational-basis review.
Arnold v. State, 2011 Ark. 395, at 8, 384 S.W.3d 488, 495 (noting that rational-basis review
applies unless the “statute impinges on a fundamental right or is based on a suspect
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criterion”). Pritchett has not asserted that the statute lacks a rational-basis. We accordingly
affirm the circuit court on this point.
Pritchett argues next that the two tracts annexed by the City fall outside the
procedure set forth in Arkansas Code Annotated section 14-40-501. We reject this
argument too, applying well-settled principles of statutory interpretation. The statute
provides the following:
(a)(1)(A)(i) Whenever the incorporated limits of a municipality have completely
surrounded an unincorporated area, the governing body of the municipality may
propose an ordinance calling for the annexation of the land surrounded by the
municipality.
(ii) Subdivision (a)(1)(A)(i) of this section includes situations in which the
incorporated limits of a municipality have surrounded an unincorporated area on
only three (3) sides because the fourth side is a boundary line with another state, a
military base, a state park, a national forest, a lake, or a river.
Ark. Code Ann. § 14-40-501. Pritchett argues that the annexed area, known as “Area B,”
is surrounded on two sides by the City and on two sides by Lake Hamilton. Therefore, he
argues, it cannot be annexed under this statute, which requires that the land be surrounded
on three sides by a city and on one side by a lake. This is a map of the disputed area:
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In order to resolve this issue, we must employ the rules of statutory construction.
The basic rule of statutory construction is to give effect to the intent of the legislature. Dachs
v. Hendrix, 2009 Ark. 542, 354 S.W.3d 95 (2009). When the language of a statute is plain
and unambiguous, we determine legislative intent from the ordinary meaning of the
language used. Id. In considering the meaning of a statute, we construe it just as it reads,
giving the words their ordinary and usually accepted meaning in common language. Id. We
review issues involving statutory interpretation de novo on appeal. Moore v. Moore, 2016
Ark. 105, 486 S.W.3d 766.
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We affirm the circuit court’s ruling that “Area B” may be annexed under the
procedure set forth in section 14-40-501. The key word is “includes” from subsection (ii).
“The word ‘includes’ is usually a term of enlargement, and not of limitation. . . . It,
therefore, conveys the conclusion that there are other items includable, though not
specifically enumerated.” 2A Norman J. Singer & J.D. Sambie Singer, Sutherland Statutory
Construction § 47.7, at 305 (7th ed. 2007) (citing Argosy Ltd. v. Hennigan, 404 F.2d 14, 20
(5th Cir. 1968)). Thus, a presumption exists that “include” is nonexclusive: “The verb to
include introduces examples, not an exhaustive list.” Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner,
Reading Law: An Interpretation of Legal Texts, 132–33 (2012); see also Highway & City Freight
Drivers, Dockmen & Helpers, Local Union No. 600 v. Gordon Transports, Inc., 576 F.2d 1285,
1289 (8th Cir. 1978) (“When a statute [uses the word includes], the fact that the statute does
not specifically mention a particular entity . . . does not imply that the entity falls outside of
the definition.”); Cohen v. Cohen, 937 S.W.2d 823, 828 (Tenn. 1996) (“The use of the word
“includes” . . . does not indicate exclusion of unlisted items, but rather indicates inclusion
of listed ones.”).
Essentially, subsection (ii) provides an example of unincorporated areas that are
“completely surrounded” by a municipality. As explained above, the rules of statutory
construction provide that this single example from subsection (ii)—an area surrounded on
three sides by a city and on one side by a non-city entity—does not exhaust the list of areas
“completely surrounded” by a municipality. It is clear by the description of the example in
subsection (ii) that the legislature’s use of “completely surrounded” was not intended to
limit the tract to those areas in which a city surrounds the tract. Other areas may still qualify.
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This is true here, where the area to be annexed does not have four distinct sides. We hold
that the phrase “completely surrounded” as used in section 14-40-501(a) includes the area
at issue in this case, which has no borders other than those with a single municipality and a
lake. Accordingly, we affirm the circuit court’s summary-judgment order.
Affirmed.
HART, J., dissents.
JOSEPHINE LINKER HART, Justice, dissenting. The majority essentially holds
that the City of Hot Springs (City) did not violate the Equal Protection Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment by its unilateral annexation of the unincorporated area. The
majority, however, misapprehends the argument that George Pritchett and the other
landowners (Pritchett) made in support of that proposition. Further, the majority’s analysis
does not take into consideration the United States Supreme Court case cited by Pritchett—
as well as other cases in this same line—in support of his claim. Rather, the majority relies
on Hunter v. Pittsburgh, 207 U.S. 161 (1907), which is factually distinguishable and does not
address the argument raised by Pritchett. Further, I take issue with the majority’s
interpretation of the annexation statute. Thus, I respectfully dissent.
At issue in this case is the application of Arkansas Code Annotated section 14-40-
501 (Supp. 2015), which provides in part as follows:
(a)(1)(A)(i) Whenever the incorporated limits of a municipality have
completely surrounded an unincorporated area, the governing body of the
municipality may propose an ordinance calling for the annexation of the land
surrounded by the municipality.
(ii) Subdivision (a)(1)(A)(i) of this section includes situations in which the
incorporated limits of a municipality have surrounded an unincorporated area
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on only three (3) sides because the fourth side is a boundary line with another
state, a military base, a state park, a national forest, a lake, or a river.
It is important to understand the thrust of Pritchett’s argument. In his brief, Pritchett
observes that the “citizens annexed [did not] have a voice in electing the officials who
ultimately decided the fate of their property interests.” Rather, the “City Board of Directors
were elected by citizens of Hot Springs” and not by the residents in the annexed area.
Pritchett observes that he and the other landowners “had no voice in electing the very
decision makers who decided on their property rights.” In support of his argument, Pritchett
cites Wesberry v. Sanders, 376 U.S. 1, 17–18 (1964), which states,
No right is more precious in a free country than that of having a voice in the election
of those who make the laws under which, as good citizens, we must live. Other
rights, even the most basic, are illusory if the right to vote is undermined. Our
Constitution leaves no room for classification of people in a way that unnecessarily
abridges this right.
Thus, the tenor of Pritchett’s argument is that a municipal legislative body on which he has
no representative has unilaterally annexed the unincorporated area in which he resides, in
violation of his right to equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment.
Wesberry is a case in a series of cases that address issues involving equal representation
in government. In a case decided in the same term as Wesberry, the United States Supreme
Court stated that “Wesberry clearly established that the fundamental principle of
representative government in this country is one of equal representation for equal numbers
of people, without regard to race, sex, economic status, or place of residence within a State.”
Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533, 560–61 (1964). The Court further stated,
Legislators represent people, not trees or acres. Legislators are elected by
voters, not farms or cities or economic interests. As long as ours is a representative
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form of government, and our legislatures are those instruments of government
elected directly by and directly representative of the people, the right to elect
legislators in a free and unimpaired fashion is a bedrock of our political system. It
could hardly be gainsaid that a constitutional claim had been asserted by an allegation
that certain otherwise qualified voters had been entirely prohibited from voting for
members of their state legislature.
Reynolds, 377 U.S. at 562.
Here, Pritchett argues that a municipal legislative body, on which he has no voice,
has unilaterally annexed his property. “Weighting the votes of citizens differently, by any
method or means, merely because of where they happen to reside, hardly seems justifiable.”
Id. at 563 (internal cite omitted). The Court concluded,
Since the achieving of fair and effective representation for all citizens is concededly
the basic aim of legislative apportionment, we conclude that the Equal Protection
Clause guarantees the opportunity for equal participation by all voters in the election
of state legislators. Diluting the weight of votes because of place of residence impairs
basic constitutional rights under the Fourteenth Amendment just as much as
invidious discriminations based upon factors such as race, or economic status.
Id. at 565–66 (internal citations omitted). In another case, the Court has further stated, “We
. . . see little difference, in terms of the application of the Equal Protection Clause and of
the principles of Reynolds v. Sims, between the exercise of state power through legislatures
and its exercise by elected officials in the cities, towns, and counties.” Avery v. Midland Cty.,
390 U.S. 474, 481 (1968).
The City’s governing body was elected and represents the voters in that municipality.
It did not derive any of its authority from the residents of the unincorporated area that it
unilaterally chose to annex. While the interests of the City’s residents have been protected
during the annexation process, the interests of residents in the unincorporated area have not
been protected. Thus, the governing body has denied the right to representation to those
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who will become the City’s newest residents. Their actions cannot withstand an equal-
protection challenge. See Dustin Cammack, Comment, Municipal Manifest Destiny:
Constitutionality of Unilateral Municipal Annexations, 2013 BYU L. Rev. 619 (2013).
Moreover, when there is an impingement on fundamental right, such as the right to vote,
we must undertake a strict-scrutiny analysis, and that impingement must be the least
restrictive method available. McDaniel v. Spencer, 2015 Ark. 94, at 24, 457 S.W.3d 641, 657
(Hart, J., dissenting). Here, the City could incorporate the area by granting the residents in
the unincorporated area the right to vote. Ark. Code Ann. § 14-40-303 (Repl. 2013). Thus,
unilateral annexation by a municipality is not the least restrictive method available.
Further, in its analysis the majority relies on Hunter v. City of Pittsburgh, 207 U.S. 161
(1907). That case is inapposite. Hunter did not involve the unilateral annexation of
unincorporated land by a municipality but instead the annexation of one city by another.
Importantly, and in direct contrast to the case at bar, the residents in the annexed area could
cast votes on the proposed annexation. Thus, there was no issue related to the denial of the
right to vote. Hunter simply did not address the issue raised here by Pritchett, so the
majority’s reliance on the case is unhelpful.
As a final matter, I disagree with the majority’s interpretation of section 14-40-
501(a)(1)(A). The majority notes that section 14-40-501(a)(1)(A)(i) permits annexation
whenever the incorporated limits of a municipality have “completely surrounded” an
unincorporated area. The majority then notes that subsection (ii) provides that it “includes
situations in which the incorporated limits of a municipality have surrounded an
unincorporated area on only three (3) sides because the fourth side is a boundary line with
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. . . a lake.” The majority then asserts that, because the General Assembly used the word
“includes” in subsection (ii), there is a presumption that the list is nonexclusive. The
majority holds that the list must also include an unincorporated area bordered by a
municipality and a lake.
I note, however, that the word “includes” does not introduce a list here. Rather, it
provides the single exception to the general rule that the unincorporated area must be
completely surrounded by the municipality. The majority’s analysis treats as surplusage the
general rule that the municipality must completely surround the unincorporated area; the
exception swallows the rule. The proper statutory canon of construction to apply here is
expressio unius est exclusio alterius, or the expression of one thing implies the exclusion of
others. Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: An Interpretation of Legal Texts, 107
(2012). Moreover, to interpret the statute as the majority has would render subsection (i) of
no consequence and would violate a canon of statutory construction that rejects the notion
that a court can render statutory language mere surplusage. Id. at 174. We must not rewrite
statutory language by subtracting words that we deem unwise or adding words that we deem
necessary. Accordingly, this court should instead conclude that the scenario described in
subsection (ii) does not also include the situation before us, and thus the City cannot annex
the unincorporated area.
Benjamin D. Hooten, for appellant.
Brian W. Albright, City Attorney; and Mark R. Hayes and John L. Wilkerson, for
appellee.
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