The opinion
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
UNPUBLISHED
In re J. J. GUIDO-SEGER, Minor. February 7, 2017
No. 333529
Livingston Circuit Court
Family Division
LC No. 2015-014958-NA
Before: M.J. KELLY, P.J., and STEPHENS and O’BRIEN, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Respondent appeals by right the termination of her parental rights to her son under MCL
712A.19b(3)(c)(i) (conditions that led to the adjudication still exist and are unlikely to be timely
rectified), MCL 712A.19b(3)(g) (parent failed to provide proper care or custody), and MCL
712A.19b(3)(j) (reasonable likelihood the child would be harmed if returned to the parent).1 We
vacate and remand.
I. FACTS
Respondent, an intellectually disabled adult, began receiving mental health services from
the Department of Community Mental Health (CMH) in 2003. She had a long history of mental
health issues including suicide attempts and was subject to the guardianship of her mother prior
to the commencement of this case. Once CMH became aware of her pregnancy, the Department
of Health and Human Services (DHHS) became involved with her care, also. The DHHS
provided services to respondent during her pregnancy. CMH psychologist Renee Jones
performed a psychological evaluation on respondent three months prior to her giving birth.
Jones diagnosed respondent as having an intellectual disability, borderline personality disorder,
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and “intermittent explosive disorder (a mood disorder).
Respondent’s IQ tested in the mid- to high 60s, which gave her the adaptive functioning level of
a five- to seven-year-old child. Adaptive functioning measures a person’s ability to function
independently in comparison to an age cohort. Jones opined that respondent’s “disability will
continue throughout her life and it functionally interferes with her ability to make informed
decisions in language, learning, self-direction, independent living and economic self
sufficiency.” Jones recommended a partial guardianship to assist respondent “in the areas of
1
The parental rights of the father were also terminated; he has not appealed.
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legal, medical, financial and placement decision-making.” Respondent’s mother was appointed
her guardian. Even with the guardianship in place and the respondent and the infant’s father
both residing in her guardian’s home, the DHHS petitioned to remove respondent’s child five
days after his birth citing concerns about the home environment and respondent’s ability to care
for the child. About four months after the child was removed, counsel for petitioner explained at
length the “intense services” she believed would be necessary to provide respondent in order to
comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 42 USC 12101 et seq., in light of
respondent’s cognitive difficulties.
Upon the recommendation of the DHHS, the court ordered the family be referred “for
hands-on parenting instruction for both parents through LACASA, Health[y] Families, PIP
[Parent Infant Program], or similar one-on-one parenting instruction with a service provider
experienced in working with cognitively impaired people.” In her capacity as a DHHS foster-
care worker, Laurie Russell took over the case in January 2016. Russell testified at the
termination proceedings that respondent, the child and the child’s father were provided services
including case management, therapy, and food stamps, and were involved with PIP, the Healthy
Families program, LACASA’s Parent Coach program, and the Women, Infants, and Children
program.
At the close of testimony, the referee stated that she reviewed the recent Court of Appeals
decision in In re Hicks/Brown Minors, 315 Mich App 251; ___ NW2d ___ (2016) (Docket No.
328870),2 which held that the DHHS was required to provide the respondent services that
reasonably accommodated her cognitive impairments before it could terminate her parental
rights. The referee then stated:
There have been reasonable accommodations for these parents. There have been
more than reasonable accommodations for these parents. There have been no less
than four different services plus supervision of parenting time by Ms. Russell. So
five different attempts at five different angles to try to affect their parenting time.
And for reasons that are not in their control they’re unable to do it. And it is sad,
but it is true. And I don’t know what else the department could have done. I
understand that Hicks Brown says the department is required now to search for a
plan where a parent can be basically placed with a support person and the support
person can raise the child with the parent to ensure the safety. So it’s basically
the support person who is the parent helping the parent have contact with the
child. I don’t know what else the department can do. [The lawyer/guardian ad
litem] is right[;] we can’t go through a phonebook. They can’t walk the streets
looking for people to sign up for this. And the department asked the parents, they
asked relatives. There’s no requirement that they search the entire family tree and
find people the parents can’t even identify as support people. And there are no
appropriate support people that can do that. I’m not even convinced that there are
2
Oral argument on the application for leave to appeal was granted. In re Hicks/Brown Minors,
499 Mich 982; 882 NW2d 136 (2016).
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appropriate support people that can protect these parents who need care and
support to meet their own needs. So I am going to recommend to the Judge that
an order of termination of parental rights be entered.
The court entered an order terminating respondent’s parental rights.
II. ANALYSIS
A. NO-CONTEST PLEA
Respondent argues that the court violated her constitutional right to due process by
accepting her no-contest plea without ensuring that it had been made knowingly and
understandingly in light of her cognitive disabilities. This argument constitutes a collateral
attack on the court’s assumption of jurisdiction, which is generally prohibited under In re
Hatcher, 443 Mich 426, 444; 505 NW2d 834 (1993). The Michigan Supreme Court has since
held that such a challenge may be permissible when “the manner in which the trial court assumed
jurisdiction violated the [respondent’s] due process rights.” In re Wangler/Paschke, 498 Mich
911, 911; 870 NW2d 923 (2015) (2015). Such is the case here.
“Generally, whether child protective proceedings complied with a respondent's
substantive and procedural due process rights is a question of law that this Court reviews de
novo. However, because the issue presented is an unpreserved claim of constitutional error, this
Court will review for plain error affecting substantial rights.” In re TK, 306 Mich App 698, 703;
859 NW2d 208 (2014) (citations omitted).
MCR 3.971 governs the entry of pleas in termination cases. Subsection (C)(1) requires
the court to “satisfy[ ] itself that the plea is knowingly, understandingly, and voluntarily made”
before it accepts the plea. At the time of the plea proceeding, the court was aware that
respondent was intellectually disabled, that she had difficulty reading, that her mental function
was equivalent to that of a five- to seven-year-old, and that her disability interfered with her
ability to make informed decisions. Respondent was told that she had an attorney who “would
make recommendations based on what [she] want[ed] or would help [her],” and a guardian ad
litem who would “make recommendations based on what she thinks is in [respondent’s] best
interest.” Before being prompted by her attorney, respondent initially said that she did not have
a copy of the petition and had not reviewed it. After agreeing that she reviewed it, she stated she
did not have any questions. When asked whether she understood “the right to have the
Department of Human Services or CPS prove the allegations against [her] by a preponderance of
the evidence,” respondent answered yes. When asked whether she understood the right to
“cross-examine,” “subpoena witnesses” and have a “trial” with a “jury,” respondent answered
yes. When asked whether respondent understood that her “plea” would result in the court
“taking temporary jurisdiction” and that she would have to “comply with services and
assessments,” respondent answered yes. When asked whether she understood “that no contest
doesn’t mean not guilty or not responsible, it means that you’re not required to make statements
in court,” respondent answered yes. The court allowed respondent to plead responsible to the
child being born, to attending a family team meeting, and certain allegations against the father.
The court allowed respondent to plead no contest, based on a lack of memory, to having
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completed a psychological evaluation, to the contents of the evaluation, to receiving services
from CMH, and to her mental limitations.
Given this record, we cannot conclude that the court satisfied itself of the requirements of
MCR 3.971(C)(1). Respondent was appointed a guardian ad litem, whose role was to make
decisions in respondent’s best interest and to ensure respondent’s welfare. MCR 3.916(A). The
guardian ad litem stands in the place of the respondent as respondent’s representative in court
when respondent, due to her intellectual disability, could not represent herself. Despite these
important roles, the guardian ad litem’s representation was limited to the court asking the
guardian ad litem whether she supported respondent’s plea and the guardian ad litem answering
yes. This singular statement provided no indication that the guardian ad litem was assured and
communicated to the court, that respondent understood her rights, and the terms and the
implications of her pleas of admission and no contest. It also did not provide a rationale for the
no contest plea based on a lack of memory.3 The statement also was insufficient to give the
court a basis upon which to conclude that the pleas were in respondent’s best interest. In error,
the court directly questioned respondent as to her understanding of her pleas and relied on the
responses of essentially, a five- to seven-year-old, to satisfy itself that respondent did understand.
The court’s summary consultation with the guardian ad litem was inadequate. Where the
guardian ad litem’s recommendation of the plea as being in respondent’s best interests and
assurance that respondent understood her rights was lacking, and where respondent could not
provide this information otherwise, the court could not have satisfied itself that respondent’s plea
complied with the tenets of MCR 3.971(C)(1). The respondent, by entering the no contest plea,
relinquished her right to a trial by judge or jury on the threshold jurisdictional question. There
can be no doubt that this is a substantial right that compels reversal.
B. STATUTORY GROUNDS FOR TERMINATION
1. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Respondent has also claimed that the termination decision itself was erroneous. We
review for clear error the trial court’s factual findings as well as its determination that a statutory
ground for termination of parental rights has been proved by clear and convincing evidence.
MCR 3.977(J); In re Trejo Minors, 462 Mich 341, 356-357; 612 NW2d 407 (2000). A finding is
clearly erroneous if the reviewing court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake
has been made. In re Miller, 433 Mich 331, 337; 445 NW2d 161 (1989).
2. ANALYSIS
The court terminated respondent’s parental rights under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i), MCL
712A.19b(3)(g), and MCL 712A.19b(3)(j), which provide as follows:
3
We surmise that the lack of memory correlates to respondent’s inability to form the required
plea statement based on her intellectual disability — all the more reason for the guardian ad
litem’s recommendation of the plea to be on the record.
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(3) The court may terminate a parent’s parental rights to a child if the
court finds, by clear and convincing evidence, 1 or more of the following:
* * *
(c) The parent was a respondent in a proceeding brought under this
chapter, 182 or more days have elapsed since the issuance of an initial
dispositional order, and the court, by clear and convincing evidence, finds either
of the following:
(i) The conditions that led to the adjudication continue to exist and there is
no reasonable likelihood that the conditions will be rectified within a reasonable
time considering the child’s age.
* * *
(g) The parent, without regard to intent, fails to provide proper care or
custody for the child and there is no reasonable expectation that the parent will be
able to provide proper care and custody within a reasonable time considering the
child’s age.
* * *
(j) There is a reasonable likelihood, based on the conduct or capacity of
the child’s parent, that the child will be harmed if he or she is returned to the
home of the parent.
Initially, we note that respondent has not directly challenged the court’s findings or
conclusion with regard to MCL 712A.19b(3)(j). Given that only one statutory ground need be
established to terminate parental rights, In re Frey, 297 Mich App 242, 244; 824 NW2d 569
(2012), it is arguably unnecessary to address respondent’s arguments regarding the other two
grounds. However, because we read respondent’s argument as presenting an overarching
challenge to all three statutory grounds based on whether the services she was provided complied
with the ADA, we will address the issue in full.
Before terminating a person’s parental rights, the DHHS is required to make “reasonable
efforts” to keep the child in the parent’s care and to reunify the child and parent, with limited
exceptions not applicable in this case. In re Hicks/Brown Minors, 315 Mich App at ___; slip op
at 6, citing MCL 712A.18f(1), (4) and MCL 712A.19a(2). Whether the DHHS’s efforts were
reasonable affects whether there was sufficient evidence to support a ground for termination. Id.
When the parent is disabled, the DHHS must make reasonable accommodations under Title II of
the ADA to ensure that the parent benefits from the services it provides. Id.; slip op at 7; In re
Terry, 240 Mich App at 25-26; see also 42 USC 12132 (providing that “no qualified individual
with a disability shall, by reason of such disability, be excluded from participation in or be
denied the benefits of the services, programs, or activities of a public entity, or be subjected to
discrimination by any such entity”).
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This Court recently addressed the standards for making reasonable accommodations in
child-protective proceedings when providing services to a cognitively impaired parent in In re
Hicks/Brown Minors, which involved a woman whose IQ was tested at 70, slightly above that of
respondent in the present case. In re Hicks/Brown, 315 Mich App at ___; slip op at 1. Although
the DHHS was aware of the woman’s impairments, it spent two years providing services “geared
toward a parent of average cognitive functioning.” Id. at ___, slip op at 4. After reviewing the
related caselaw, statutes, regulations, and publications on the subject, the Court held that when a
parent is known or suspected to have a “cognitive, developmental, or intellectual impairment,”
the DHHS must offer evaluations to determine the nature and extent of the
parent’s disability and to secure recommendations for tailoring necessary
reunification services to the individual. The DHHS must then endeavor to locate
agencies that can provide services geared toward assisting the parent to overcome
obstacles to reunification. If no local agency catering to the needs of such
individuals exists, the DHHS must ensure that the available service providers
modify or adjust their programs to allow the parent an opportunity to benefit
equal to that of a nondisabled parent. If it becomes clear that the parent will only
be able to safely care for his or her children in a supportive environment, the
DHHS must search for potential relatives or friends willing and able to provide a
home for all. And if the DHHS shirks these duties, the circuit court must order
compliance. Moreover, consistent with MCL 712A.19a(6), if there is a delay in
providing the parent reasonably accommodated services or if the evidence
supports that the parent could safely care for his or her children within a
reasonable time given a reasonable extension of the services period, the court
would not be required to order the filing of a termination period merely because
the child has been in foster care for 15 out of the last 22 months. [Id. at ___; slip
op at 16.]
Because those standards had not been met, the Court vacated the termination decision and
remanded the case to allow the DHHS to provide the respondent services that reasonably
accommodated her cognitive impairment. Id. at ___; slip op at 18.
Respondent argues that the DHHS failed to offer her specialized case planning that
accommodated her intellectual disabilities and that the court erred by terminating her rights
under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i) without addressing whether respondent could have cared for the
child with the proper support. We disagree. Within four and a half months of the child’s
removal, the DHHS had respondent evaluated, determined her individualized needs from the
results of the evaluation, made contact with specific individuals as to recommendations of how
to meet respondent’s needs, and followed through with referrals. The DHHS realized that based
on the psychological testing of respondent, compliance with the ADA was required and that
plain supervised parenting time was not a reasonable accommodation given respondent’s
cognitive ability. Instead, petitioner determined that respondent needed intense one-on-one
parenting instruction. The PIP and Healthy Families Program were identified to address
respondent’s individual needs. The PIP covered teaching respondent about the emotional
connection required to bond with her child, while the Healthy Families Program offered a hands
on parenting skills program that took place in the home. Because both programs were offered
through CMH, a service provider experienced in working with cognitively impaired people was
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involved. At the termination hearing, the court summarized all the services respondent had been
provided which included CMH services, family-support services, parenting classes and resource
services, a psychological evaluation, supervised parenting time with one-on-one instruction, PIP,
a parenting coach, special education services, and the Early On program. Further, both Russell
and Nicole Clark, a therapist employed in the developmental-disability program at Livingston
County Community Mental Health, testified that the services respondent received had been
adjusted for her cognitive disabilities by using pictures and repetition, saying things simply, and
asking respondent to explain things back to ensure that she understood them. These efforts meet
the requirement that the DHHS “endeavor to locate agencies that can provide services geared
toward assisting the parent to overcome obstacles to reunification” and “ensure that the available
service providers modify or adjust their programs to allow the parent an opportunity to benefit
equal to that of a nondisabled parent.” Id. at ___; slip op at 16.
Respondent also asserts that the DHHS failed to assist her in finding a housing situation
in which she could care for her child. Under In re Hicks/Brown, 315 Mich App at ___; slip op at
16, “[i]f it becomes clear that the parent will only be able to safely care for his or her children in
a supportive environment, the DHHS must search for potential relatives or friends willing and
able to provide a home for all.” The record shows that the DHHS fulfilled this duty. Russell
testified she and two previous caseworkers attempted to identify a person who could provide the
constant guidance that respondent would need to safely care for the child, but none of the
candidates were suitable, and the DHHS’s attempt to refer respondent to a local agency that
helps people with disabilities was unsuccessful. The fact that the DHHS’s search for candidates
was ultimately unsuccessful does not amount to a violation of the ADA, given that “[t]he ADA
does not require petitioner to provide respondent with full-time, live-in assistance with her
children.” In re Terry, 240 Mich App at 27-28.
Respondent next argues that the court erred by terminating her rights under MCL
712A.19b(3)(g) on the basis of its finding that she had not complied with the treatment plan,
without addressing whether the treatment plan was reasonable in light of respondent’s disability.
As respondent notes, In re Hicks/Brown stated that a parent may not be ordered to “climb
mountains that she could not possibly surmount” to avoid termination of her parental rights. In
re Hicks/Brown, 315 Mich App at ___; slip op at 17. However, that statement was made in
reference to a service plan that required the cognitively impaired parent to acquire a GED and
secure a job and housing on her own. Id. No such unreasonable expectations were imposed
here. The barriers that respondent was expected to overcome included her mental health issues,
cognitive delays, poor parenting skills, and history of domestic violence, and, as Russell and
Clark testified, respondent received services that were tailored to accommodate her cognitive
disabilities to help her do so.
Respondent also argues that the DHHS failed to order a psychiatric evaluation in addition
to the psychological evaluation on which her treatment plan was based. However, In re
Hicks/Brown requires only that the DHHS “offer evaluations to determine the nature and extent
of the parent’s disability and to secure recommendations for tailoring necessary reunification
services to the individual,” Id. at ___; slip op at 16; it does not require that this evaluation be
performed by a psychiatrist rather than a psychologist.
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Finally, respondent argues that the court erred by terminating her parental rights before
she had an opportunity to benefit from services tailored to her disability. However, as petitioner
points out, respondent had 357 days between the initial dispositional order and the termination
order to rectify the conditions that led to the adjudication, while MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i) allows
termination after 182 days.
Further, there is nothing in the record to indicate that additional time would have
improved respondent’s capacity to care for her child, given how little she was able to retain and
use from the tailored services she did receive. “In the event that reasonable accommodations are
made but the parent fails to demonstrate sufficient benefit such that he or she can safely parent
the child, then the court may proceed to termination.” Id. at ___; slip op at 16. The record
shows that after receiving six months of services from parent coach Linda Spaine, respondent
still had not demonstrated an ability or an inclination to learn the basic skills she would need to
care for the child, such as feeding him and talking to him, nor had she demonstrated an
attachment to him or an ability to control her temper in front of him and focus on his needs.
Spaine concluded that there was no reasonable expectation that respondent would ever be able to
learn and apply the skills necessary to care for the child.
Likewise, Russell testified that the closing documentation from the Healthy Families
Program indicated that the family had not benefitted from the 10 months of in-home services
they received, nor had the PIP worker been able to help respondent understand how having loud
arguments in front of the child affected him. According to Russell, the PIP worker’s report
indicated that respondent was resistant to accepting instruction, appeared to have a lack of
connection with the child, and was unable to apply the skills and concepts that she had been
taught. Russell also concluded that respondent would not be able to rectify the barriers to
reunification within a reasonable time.
Given this evidence, the court did not clearly err by concluding that there was no
reasonable likelihood that respondent would be able to rectify the conditions that led to the
adjudication or provide the child proper care and custody within a reasonable time. MCL
712A.19b(3)(c)(i), (3)(g).
C. BEST-INTERESTS DETERMINATION
We review the trial court’s determination that the termination of a person’s parental
rights was in the child’s best interests for clear error. In re Trejo Minors, 462 Mich at 356-357.
A finding is clearly erroneous if the reviewing court is left with a definite and firm conviction
that a mistake has been made. In re Miller, 433 Mich at 337.
In deciding whether terminating a person’s parental rights is in the best interests of the
child, the court may consider (1) the child-parent bond, (2) the person’s parenting ability, (3)
“the child’s need for permanency, stability, and finality,” (4) and “the advantages of a foster
home over the parent’s home[.]” In re Olive/Metts Minors, 297 Mich App 35, 41-42; 823 NW2d
144 (2012).
The record showed that respondent had difficulty bonding with the child, that she did not
have the ability to provide even the most basic care for him without constant supervision, and
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that respondent’s home was an unsuitable environment for him. Respondent’s argument that the
court failed to consider whether she would have been able to care for the child with proper
support is unavailing, given that no such support was available. Under these circumstances, the
trial court’s decision that termination was in the child’s best interests was not clearly erroneous.
Despite evidence of record to support the trial court’s disposition, because the manner in
which the court obtained jurisdiction violated respondent’s due process rights, the termination
order cannot stand. Respondent’s plea is set aside, the termination order is vacated and this case
is remanded for proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Michael J. Kelly
/s/ Cynthia Diane Stephens
/s/ Colleen A. O'Brien
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