The opinion
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
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No. 16-0773
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WALLACE L. HALL, JR., IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS A REGENT FOR THE
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SYSTEM, PETITIONER,
v.
WILLIAM H. MCRAVEN, IN HIS OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS CHANCELLOR FOR THE
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SYSTEM, RESPONDENT
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ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE
COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD DISTRICT OF TEXAS
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JUSTICE LEHRMANN, concurring.
“[T]he secret of Education lies in respecting the pupil.”1
I agree with the Court that Regent Hall has failed to plead a valid ultra vires claim, and I
join both the Court’s judgment and its thoughtful opinion. I also am mindful that the inscription
on The University of Texas campus highlighted in one of today’s separate writings, “ye shall know
the truth and the truth shall make you free,”2 is much more than an inspirational musing chiseled
in stone. These sacred words originating in holy scripture, so appropriately utilized by institutions
1
Ralph Waldo Emerson, LECTURES AND BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 141 (1884).
2
John 8:32 (King James).
of higher learning to promote academic freedom and the power of learning, undoubtedly have
broad import in a democratic society. Transparency begets accountability.
Also critically important, both as a general matter and in the context of this case, are
individuals’ rights to choose when and under what circumstances to share private information
about themselves with others. Consistent with this principle, federal law protects the
confidentiality of information students disclose to educational institutions. See generally Family
Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), 20 U.S.C. § 1232g.
I write separately to stress the importance of both of these foundational tenets, and to
acknowledge that The University of Texas System has the responsibility to abide by both. For
ultimately, “[c]onfidentiality and transparency are not mutually exclusive, but rather two sides of
the same coin.”3
* * * *
Universities play a significant role in shaping our society. These institutions of higher
learning are beacons of light, not only serving to educate our populace and to test novel theories
that have the potential to improve society in a myriad of ways, but also shining as examples of
excellence for generations to come. With this position comes the responsibility to uphold the
highest standards of integrity.
So when the Kroll Report was published, revealing that a small number of applicants to
UT–Austin’s undergraduate program who had been monitored by the President’s office were
admitted even though their qualifications were below the norm in terms of admission criteria,
3
Holger Stark & Marcel Rosenbach, Interview with German Interior Minister Thomas de Maizière, SPIEGEL
ONLINE (Dec. 20, 2010), http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/spiegel-interview-with-german-interior-
minister-wikileaks-is-annoying-but-not-a-threat-a-735587.html.
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members of both the university community and the public at large were justifiably concerned about
the potential for improper influences on the admissions process. Although the percentage of
applicants whose qualifications raised questions was quite low4 and the Kroll Report concluded
the admissions practices appeared to have violated no existing law, rule, or policy, this flagship
university is held to the utmost professional standards. Therefore, as a result of the report, UT–
System Chancellor William McRaven convened a blue-ribbon panel to review the admissions
process, and the Board of Regents subsequently adopted a new admissions policy.
Moreover, when Regent Wallace Hall requested access to the documents underlying the
report, the Board granted the request subject to FERPA’s mandatory privacy restrictions, turning
over tens of thousands of pages of partially redacted material. In doing so, the Board fulfilled both
its obligation to disclose the requested information and its duty to comply with federal privacy
laws, which required a decision to be made about what was and what was not protected
information. Educational institutions are charged with the responsibility to exercise discretion in
ensuring their compliance with FERPA. See 34 C.F.R. § 99.32(a) (requiring educational
institutions to maintain, for “each request or disclosure” of a student’s education records, a record
that includes the “parties who have requested or received personally identifiable information from
the education records” and the “legitimate interests the parties had in requesting or obtaining the
information”). This necessarily includes the process of determining when personally identifiable
4
From 2009 to 2014, UT–Austin admitted a total of 91,247 freshmen students (44,293 of whom enrolled at
the University) out of 207,350 applicants. Common Data Set, UNIV. OF TEX. AT AUSTIN,
https://sps.austin.utexas.edu/sites/ut/IRRIS/Pages/CDS.aspx. The Kroll Report found that, during this time frame, 73
students being monitored by the President’s office were admitted despite having grades and test scores substantially
below the median for admitted students. This amounts to approximately .036 of 1% of those who applied, .08 of 1%
of those admitted, and .16 of 1% of those who enrolled.
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student information may be properly disclosed without the student’s or parent’s consent. This task
was assigned to Chancellor McRaven.
The discretion committed to educational institutions in complying with FERPA is
exemplified by the parameters of the exception on which Regent Hall relies to request access. To
that end, FERPA does not allow disclosure of protected student information to institutional
officials based solely on hierarchy or position. Instead, FERPA allows an institution to disclose
protected information only to those “school officials . . . who have been determined by
such . . . institution to have legitimate educational interests.” 20 U.S.C. § 1232g(b)(1)(A). Nor
does FERPA permit disclosure to one entity to justify disclosure to another. With each revelation,
the student’s privacy rights must be considered anew, and an independent determination must be
made that disclosure is justified on its own terms. See 34 C.F.R. § 99.32(a). Further, the
administrative regulations implementing FERPA do not elaborate on what constitutes “legitimate
educational interests.” See id. § 99.31(a)(1)(i)(A). The Secretary of Education has expressly
declined to provide more definitive guidance, explaining that “[e]ach educational agency and
institution must establish its own criteria, according to its own procedures and requirements, for
determining when its school officials have a legitimate educational interest in a student’s records.”
Family Educational Rights and Privacy, 53 Fed. Reg. 11,942, 11,955 (Apr. 11, 1988) (discussion
by Office of the Secretary of Education). FERPA thus demands that these determinations be fact
specific so that protection of this information is maximized.
The privacy interests underlying FERPA cannot be overstated. Students trust universities
with a plethora of personal information. Some of that information, such as social security numbers,
is specifically required as part of the application process. But students may also choose to
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volunteer sensitive and potentially embarrassing information about themselves, perhaps in a
personal essay, that they are not otherwise required to reveal. These students should feel
comfortable in the knowledge that this information is seen only by those with a legitimate reason
under FERPA.
No one disputes that Regent Hall has a legitimate educational interest in the Kroll
documents generally. But, he assumes that this interest necessarily encompasses all the sensitive,
personally identifiable information in those documents that unquestionably is protected by
FERPA. As Chancellor McRaven argues, Regent Hall never attempted to articulate a legitimate
interest in any specific information. While I agree with the Court that we need not reach the issue
of whether Chancellor McRaven properly applied FERPA, I cannot fault his refusal to accept
Regent Hall’s carte blanche approach in light of the privacy interests at stake.5 Compliance with
FERPA, particularly its restrictions on disclosure of protected information to school officials, is a
matter of internal governance and is committed to the institution’s discretion. Today the Court
appropriately determines that, as it stands, the law does not allow courts to interfere with the
exercise of that discretion.
The University of Texas cannot pick and choose when to comply with its legal obligations.
In this case, the System’s chancellor complied with his responsibilities and the Board of Regents’
directive by producing the information requested by Regent Hall in a manner that would safeguard
FERPA-protected data. Chancellor McRaven thus acted well within his authority and, in doing
5
Regents have the statutory responsibility to “set campus admission standards,” TEX. EDUC. CODE
§ 51.352(d)(4), but they have no role in individual admission decisions. In light of the privacy rights of the individual
students involved, in my view, Regent Hall would not have been able to articulate a “legitimate educational interest”
in complete access to all unredacted documents. However, he might have been able to express such an interest in
some of those documents.
5
so, assured students that the trust they place in the System to protect the privacy of their records is
well founded.
________________________________
Debra H. Lehrmann
Justice
OPINION DELIVERED: January 27, 2017
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