The opinion
July 19, 1978
78-40 MEMORANDUM OPINION FOR THE ASSISTANT
ATTORNEY GENERAL, LAND AND NATURAL
RESOURCES DIVISION
Conflicts of Interest (18 U.S.C. § 207)— American Bar
Association Code of Professional Responsibility
The Office of Professional Responsibility has referred your inquiry regarding
the letter received from a former Assistant U.S. Attorney (A), concerning his
possible representation of several defendants in a case brought by the United
States on behalf of an Indian tribe on a reservation.
A states that he resigned as an Assistant U.S. Attorney in 1976. While he
was in the U.S. Attorney’s Office, he participated, to some extent, in the case
to prevent depletion of ground water supplies. The court has apparently granted
the defendants’ motion to join ground water users, and A states that he expects
to be asked to represent some of the water users. Whether he may properly do
so depends on the application of the criminal conflict-of-interest laws and
Canons 4 and 9 of the American Bar Association (ABA) Code of Professional
Responsibility to the particular facts.
A indicates that he does not believe his involvement in the case was
substantial. He says that the Land and Natural Resources Division had primary
responsibility for the case and that an attorney (B) in the Land and Natural
Resources Division planned and directed the Government’s position, drafted
the complaint, and signed all motions. A does state that he conferred regularly
with B and attended meetings with attorneys from the Department of the Interior
Field Solicitor’s Office and attorneys of the Native American Rights Fund.
However, he is not of the view that he possesses any confidential information
or that his participation in the case would prejudice the United States.
B states that A was “ the Assistant United States Attorney with whom we
worked in preparing and filing various papers.” A may have attended a portion
of a meeting attended by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Department of
Justice, and Native American Rights Fund attorneys to prepare an initial draft
of the complaint, although A had no substantive involvement in the drafting.
After the complaint was filed, A attended a meeting in the U.S. Attorney’s
Office to discuss the litigation.
A memorandum written by B further indicates that A “ probably signed” the
Government’s memoranda opposing the defendants’ motion to dismiss,1 but
that he made no contribution to its contents. He was present for a portion of
the hearing on this motion, but did not argue the Government’s position.
According to B, A was also present and was prepared to make a short
statement of the Government’s position at a hearing on a motion filed by the
Indian tribe relating to a class action issue, but he was not requested to state the
Government’s position.
Finally, A was apparently present at a meeting attended by the Government’s
soils, hydrology, and geology experts, who discussed their preliminary
findings on matters relating to the case. B informed us that he believes some
discussion of trial strategy occurred at this meeting as well.
It is not clear to what extent A ’s account of his role is inconsistent with B’s
statement, particularly regarding the meeting attended by the Government’s
experts. But on the basis of B ’s account, and at least in the absence of a
showing by A that his involvement in and exposure to the case was more
limited than now appears, we would advise that he not participate in the case.
The pertinent conflict-of-interest statute here is 18 U.S.C. § 207(a), provid
ing that a former Government employee may not act as agent or attorney for
anyone other than the United States in a particular matter involving the United
States in which he participated “ personally and substantially” as a Government
employee.2
The word “ substantial” in § 207(a) is intended to preclude coverage of mere
casual exchanges with another employee about a matter, cf. B. Manning,
Federal Conflict o f Interest Law 71 (1964), and “ participation by purely
ministerial or procedural acts,” R. Perkins, The New Federal Conflict-of-
interest Law, 76 Harv. L. Rev. 1113, 1128 (1963), quoting Association of the
Bar of the City of New York, Conflict o f Interest and Federal Service 214
(1960). The word clearly was not designed to create an exemption for an
individual who was involved but “ may have not bothered to dig into the
substance of the case.” Id.
Although B states that A ’s “ substantive participation was minimal,” and
although we think this a close case, we are of the opinion that the pattern of
personal involvement and responsibility described constitutes “ substantial
participation” for purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 207(a), rather than the type of
“ casual” or “ ministerial or procedural” involvement intended to be excluded
from the statute’s coverage. This is not a situation, for example, in which A
was merely asked to file papers prepared in the Land and Natural Resources
'It is not clear w hether A 's statement in his letter that B signed all motions is inconsistent with
the latter’s statem ent that A "probably signed” these particular mem oranda. W e are not in a
position to resolve a factual dispute on this issue if indeed one exists.
218 U .S .C . § 207(b) im poses a 1-year ban on personal appearances in particular m atters that
were under the form er G overnm ent em ployee’s “ official responsibility” during his last year o f
Government service. This provision clearly barred A for as long as it applied, because the case was
apparently assigned to him when he was in the U .S. A ttorney’s O ffice. But § 207(b) will have no
practical impact here because it has been m ore than a year since A left the U .S . A ttorney’s O ffice.
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Division without any further exposure to the case. Indeed, he concedes that he
conferred regularly with B and attended some meetings pertaining to the case.3
We need not determine the applicability of 18 U.S.C. § 207(a) here,
however, because it appears from the Lands Division attorney’s account that A
is disqualified under Canon 4 of the ABA Code of Professional Responsibility.
Disciplinary Rules 4-101(A) and (B) provide that, except with the consent of
the client (or in certain other situations not relevant here), a lawyer may not
reveal a confidence or secret of a client or use a confidence or secret to the
disadvantage of the client. A lawyer violates these prohibitions only if he
actually breaches the confidential relationship. Nevertheless, many authorities
have held that as a procedural matter a lawyer is not qualified to represent a
party in litigation if he formerly represented an adverse party in a matter
substantially related to the pending litigation. ABA Formal Opinion 342, 62
A.B.A.J. 517 (1976) and cases cited.
Moreover, it is ordinarily not necessary to establish that the attorney did, in
fact, receive confidential information in the earlier representation in order for
an attorney to be disqualified under Canon 4. An exploration of this issue might
destroy the very confidentiality that Canon 4 is intended to protect. ABA
Formal Opinion 342, supra. 517 n. 6; Emle Industries, Inc. v. Patentex,
478 F. (2d) 562, 571 (2d Cir. 1973). It is sufficient if “ it can reasonably be
said that in the course of the former representation the attorney might have
acquired information related to the subject matter of his subsequent representa
tion.” N CK Organization, Ltd. v. Bregman, 542 F. (2d) 128, 134 (2d Cir.
1976) [emphasis in original]. See also, Richardson v. Hamilton International
Corp., 469 F. (2d) 1382, 1385 (3d Cir. 1972).
In view of B’s account of A ’s repeated involvement in and exposure to the
case—particularly his apparent presence at a portion of the meeting with the
Government’s experts at which B informed us there was probably some dis
cussion of trial strategy— would seem to be a case in which it may be said that
A “ might have acquired information related to the subject matter” of the law
suit. As mentioned above, A did not merely perform the essentially ministerial
act of filing papers prepared in Washington without having any occasion to
consider the merits of the case.
3A related issue is w hether A is barred by DR 9 - 10 1(B) o f the ABA C ode, which provides that a
law yer may not accept private em ploym ent in a m atter in which he had “ substantial responsibility”
as a public em ployee. W e have taken the position that w hether a lawyer in a supervisory position
had substantial responsibility under this rule depends on such factors as w hether his relationship to
the m atter was m erely form al, w hether the subject m atter was routine and involved no policy
determ ination or was not otherw ise o f particular significance, and whether there were intervening
layers o f responsibility or other indications that the m atter was not o f a type with which the attorney
would or should have had personal involvem ent. See, generally, Kesselhaut v. United States (Ct.
Cl., M arch 29, 1976), slip opinion at 24-29, Opinion 889 o f the C om m ittee on Professional and
Judicial Ethics o f the A ssociation o f the Bar o f the City o f New York. Contra, ABA Formal
Opinion 342, 62 A .B .A .J. 517, 520 (1976). Sim ilar considerations would no doubt apply w here,
as here, the form er G overnm ent law yer had a nonsupervisory relationship to the case. As with the
application o f 18 U .S .C . § 207(a), the DR 9- 101(B) issue is a close one on the facts thus far
presented and need not be finally resolved.
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A client ordinarily may waive the confidentiality requirement in Canon 4 and
thereby permit an attorney to appear on behalf of an adverse party in a
substantially related case, but a waiver is generally thought to be inappropriate
where the public interest is at stake in a case, as where the United States is a
party. ABA Informal Opinion 1233. On the facts as B described, we doubt that
a waiver would be appropriate here in any event, because of the substantial
question regarding A’s representation that would be raised under 18 U.S.C.
§ 207(a) and DR 9-101(B).
For these reasons, we have strong reservations about the propriety of A’s
proposed representation. Obviously, however, we have not been privy to all of
the factual details, particularly those that might color the ultimate judgment
here. We have attempted to outline the considerations that we think are
relevant. We propose that your Division share this memorandum with A and
invite him to comment and to add any factual details he thinks pertinent. If he
so elects, and if your Division thinks it would be helpful, we would be pleased
to take a second look at this question.
Larry A. Ham m ond
Deputy Assistant Attorney General
Office o f Legal Counsel
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