The opinion
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
KRISTY BASTINE, VINCENT BASTINE, and UNPUBLISHED
KRISPEN S. CARROLL, Trustee in Bankruptcy December 20, 2016
of Kristy Bastine,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v No. 328007
Wayne Circuit Court
CITY OF SOUTHFIELD, CITY OF DEARBORN LC No. 13-006180-NF
HEIGHTS, and TIM CIOCHON,
Defendants-Appellees.
Before: GADOLA, P.J., and FORT HOOD and RIORDAN, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Plaintiffs appeal as of right the trial court’s order granting summary disposition in favor
of defendants in this action alleging governmental liability against the city of Southfield and the
city of Dearborn Heights, and gross negligence against Dearborn Heights Police Officer Tim
Ciochon. We affirm.
This case arises from injuries incurred by Kristy Bastine, a Westland police officer, while
participating in SWAT training. In 2012, Kristy applied to become a member of Westland’s
SWAT team. She thereafter was selected to participate in SWAT training in May 2012 with
officers from other police departments. During the SWAT training, the trainees were told to
quickly get into a general purpose vehicle (GPV) driven by Ciochon. The GPV is a heavy-duty
assault vehicle equipped for off-road travel. Kristy and the other trainees got into the GPV, and
Ciochon proceeded to drive the students on a dirt road for about five to seven minutes before
returning to the starting point. The purpose of the drive was to familiarize the trainees with the
process of quickly getting in and out of the vehicle in a setting similar to a real emergency.
Kristy testified that when she entered the vehicle she looked for a seat belt but could not find
one. Although the testimony of the witnesses regarding the events varies, the evidence indicates
that shortly before returning to the starting point, the GPV hit an object, probably a tree stump.
The impact caused Kristy to come off her seat, hit the roof of the vehicle with the back of her
helmet, fall forward, and hit her chin and teeth on something inside the GPV. She was later
diagnosed with a spinal fracture and traumatic brain injury.
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Plaintiffs brought this action against the city of Southfield and the city of Dearborn
Heights alleging governmental liability and against Ciochon alleging gross negligence.
Defendants moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7), (8), and (10). The
trial court granted defendants summary disposition,1 finding that plaintiffs’ claims against
defendants were barred by governmental immunity. The trial court reasoned that Kristy’s
injuries derived from the normal, inherent, and foreseeable risks of a police officer’s profession,
and that the firefighter’s rule therefore barred her claims. Plaintiffs now appeal to this Court,
contending that the trial court erred by granting summary disposition based on the statutory
firefighter’s rule in MCL 600.2966. We disagree.
This Court reviews a trial court’s decision to grant summary disposition de novo. Arabo
v Mich Gaming Control Bd, 310 Mich App 370, 382; 872 NW2d 223 (2015). We also review
issues of statutory interpretation de novo. City of Detroit v Ambassador Bridge Co, 481 Mich
29, 35; 748 NW2d 221 (2008). The goal of statutory interpretation is to determine the intent of
the Legislature and to thereafter implement that intent. Kelly Serv, Inc v Dep’t of Treasury, 296
Mich App 306, 311; 818 NW2d 482 (2012). When the language of a statute is unambiguous, we
assume that the Legislature intended the meaning clearly expressed. Ford Motor Co v Dep’t of
Treasury, 496 Mich 382, 389; 852 NW2d 786 (2014).
In this case the trial court found that plaintiffs’ claims were barred by the firefighter’s
rule entitling defendants to summary disposition. A defendant is entitled to summary disposition
pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(7) if a plaintiff’s claim is barred by immunity granted by law. Pew v
Mich State Univ, 307 Mich App 328, 331-332; 859 NW2d 246 (2014). In reviewing a motion
under MCR 2.116(C)(7), we accept as true the plaintiff’s well-pleaded allegations of fact,
construing them in the plaintiff’s favor, and consider affidavits, pleadings, depositions,
admissions, and any other documentary evidence submitted by the parties. Bronson Methodist
Hosp v Allstate Ins Co, 286 Mich App 219, 222-223; 779 NW2d 304 (2009). If there is no
factual dispute, the court will determine whether the plaintiff’s claim is barred as a matter of law.
Kindcaid v Cardwell, 300 Mich App 513, 522-523; 834 NW2d 122 (2013). If the parties,
however, present evidence establishing a question of fact regarding whether the defendant is
entitled to immunity as a matter of law, summary disposition is inappropriate. Id.
The Legislature codified the common-law firefighter’s rule by enacting 1998 PA 389,
MCL 600.2965 to 600.2967, effective November 30, 1998, which abrogated the common-law
rule. Boulton v Fenton Twp, 272 Mich App 456, 459; 726 NW2d 733 (2007). MCL 600.2966
provides, in relevant part:
The state, a political subdivision of this state, or a governmental agency,
governmental officer or employee, volunteer acting on behalf of a government,
and member of a governmentally created board, council, commission, or task
force are immune from tort liability for an injury to a firefighter or police officer
1
The trial court did not specify under which section of MCR 2.116(C) it was granting summary
disposition, but did specify that plaintiffs’ claims were barred because the firefighter’s rule
entitled defendants to immunity, placing this decision within the purview of MCR 2.116(C)(7).
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that arises from the normal, inherent, and foreseeable risks of the firefighter’s or
police officer’s profession. . . .
MCL 600.2967(1) provides, in relevant part:
(1) Except as provided in section 2966, a firefighter or police officer who seeks
to recover damages for injury or death arising from the normal, inherent, and
foreseeable risks of his or her profession while acting in his or her official
capacity must prove that 1 or more of the following circumstances are present:
(a) An injury or resulting death that is a basis for the cause of action was caused
by a person’s conduct and that conduct is 1 or more of the following:
(i) Grossly negligent.
(ii) Wanton.
(iii) Willful.
(iv) Intentional.
(v) Conduct that results in a conviction, guilty plea, or plea of no contest to
a crime under state or federal law, or a local criminal ordinance that substantially
corresponds to a crime under state law.
Our Supreme Court recently considered the scope of immunity provided for
governmental entities and employees by the firefighter’s rule under MCL 600.2966 in Lego v
Liss, 498 Mich 559, 560; 874 NW2d 684 (2016). In Lego, two police officers were attempting to
apprehend an armed-robbery suspect when the defendant officer accidentally shot the plaintiff
officer. The plaintiff officer filed suit against the defendant officer alleging gross negligence.
The defendant officer sought summary disposition on the basis of governmental immunity under
MCL 600.2966. The trial court denied the motion and this Court affirmed because the plaintiffs
had alleged facts that, if true, would demonstrate that the defendant had violated police training
and safety procedures. This Court determined that the defendant in that case might not be
entitled to governmental immunity if his actions rose to the level of gross negligence, because
that would indicate that the plaintiff officer’s injuries did not arise from the normal, inherent, and
foreseeable risks of the police officer’s profession under MCL 600.2966.
Our Supreme Court reversed and remanded for entry of an order granting the defendant
officer summary disposition. Lego, 498 Mich at 561. The Court determined that the facts
presented permitted the trial court to decide as a matter of law whether the firefighter’s rule
granted the defendant immunity. Our Supreme Court further determined that the statute did in
fact confer immunity upon the defendants. In reversing the decision of this Court, the Supreme
Court stated, in relevant part:
This interpretation of the language “normal, inherent, and foreseeable risks,”
however, contravenes MCL 600.2966, especially when it is read in conjunction
with the general firefighter’s rule, MCL 600.2967. That rule provides that a
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firefighter or police officer may sue for damages for injuries arising out of a
normal, inherent, and foreseeable risk of his or her profession if the injuring party
acted with (among other mental states) gross negligence. MCL 600.2967(1)(a)(i).
But MCL 600.2966 exempts governmental entities and employees from that
general rule by immunizing them from all tort liability “for an injury to a
firefighter or police officer that arises from the normal, inherent, and foreseeable
risks of the firefighter’s or police officer’s profession.” To hinge the applicability
of this immunity provision on the degree of recklessness with which the defendant
acted would undermine the statutory language by potentially denying immunity to
a governmental defendant on the very basis for which the statute is intended to
provide such immunity. Rather, when determining the applicability of the
immunity provision of MCL 600.2966, the inquiry must be whether the injury
arose from the normal, inherent, and foreseeable risks of the police officer’s or
firefighter’s profession. [Id. at 561-562.]
Our Supreme Court further explained that “the fact that there is a question whether the
defendant acted with gross negligence cannot alone transform a normal, inherent, and
foreseeable risk of a police officer’s profession into one that is not normal, inherent, and
foreseeable.” Id. at 563 n 3.
In sum, the provisions of MCL 600.2967 do not apply to a cause of action against a
governmental entity or its employees. Rather, MCL 600.2966 provides absolute immunity “from
tort liability for an injury to a firefighter or police officer that arises from the normal, inherent,
and foreseeable risks of the firefighter’s or police officer’s profession” without excepting gross
negligence. MCL 600.2967(1) applies only when the defendant is not among the government
actors delineated in MCL 600.2966. Accordingly, under Lego, whether in this case Ciochon was
grossly negligent is irrelevant in determining whether defendants were entitled to immunity.
This is true even if Ciochon acted in disregard of his training and violated safety procedures.
Lego, 498 Mich at 563.
Here, the only question is whether Kristy’s injuries arose from the normal, inherent, and
foreseeable risks of the profession of police officer. The trial court in this case found that they
did and we agree. In Lego, our Supreme Court held that being shot by a fellow police officer
while trying to apprehend a suspect is one of the normal, inherent, and foreseeable risks of the
profession of police officer. Lego, 498 Mich at 563. Similarly, this Court in Boulton, 272 Mich
App at 461, held that the plaintiff police officer’s injuries arose from the normal, inherent, and
foreseeable risks of the police officer’s profession when the plaintiff police officer was struck by
a municipally-owned fire truck while at the scene of an accident, even though the driver of the
fire truck allegedly had acted with gross negligence. Id. at 460-461.
Plaintiffs argue that the “normal, inherent, and foreseeable risks of the firefighter’s or
police officer’s profession” should be determined by looking at a particular officer’s “normal
course of duties.” Neither Lego nor Boulton provides support for that theory, however. In Lego,
our Supreme Court considered the police profession in general, referring to “a” police officer’s
profession. Lego, 498 Mich at 563. Further, this Court has held that “[t]raining is a part of the
operation of a police department, and participation in a police training exercise is therefore a
governmental function.” Berger v City of Berkley, 87 Mich App 361, 368; 275 NW2d 2 (1979).
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In this case, accepting the facts as alleged by plaintiffs, being injured in a vehicle during SWAT
training as a result of the vehicle hitting an object is a normal, inherent, and foreseeable risk of
the police officer’s profession. Therefore, the trial court properly determined that the
firefighter’s rule as codified in MCL 600.2966 bars plaintiffs’ claims.
Plaintiffs also contend that the trial court erred by granting summary disposition because
Southfield and Dearborn Heights were owners of the vehicle and, therefore, were liable under the
motor vehicle exception to governmental immunity. However, it is unnecessary to reach this
issue because, under Boulton, 272 Mich App at 460, even if a defendant would otherwise be
liable under the motor vehicle exception, the claim is barred when, as in this case, it is subject to
the firefighter’s rule. Given our conclusion that the firefighter’s rule applies, Southfield and
Dearborn Heights cannot be liable under the motor vehicle exception.
Affirmed.
/s/ Michael F. Gadola
/s/ Karen M. Fort Hood
/s/ Michael J. Riordan
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