The opinion
J-A18015-16
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
CARMELO RODRIGUEZ,
Appellant No. 82 MDA 2016
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered August 19, 2015
In the Court of Common Pleas of Lebanon County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-38-CR-0001581-2014
BEFORE: FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E., BENDER, P.J.E., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.: FILED OCTOBER 04, 2016
Appellant, Carmelo Rodriquez, appeals from the judgment of sentence
of 6 to 20 years’ imprisonment, imposed after he was convicted of one count
of aggravated assault pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S. § 2702(a)(1), and one count of
aggravated assault pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S. § 2702(a)(4). Appellant
challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his convictions and
alleges the verdict is against the weight of the evidence. We affirm.
Appellant’s convictions stemmed from an altercation that occurred
outside of a bar in Lebanon, Pennsylvania, on the night of August 4, 2014.
After Appellant’s first jury trial ended in a mistrial, a second jury trial was
held on June 4, 2015, where Appellant was found guilty of two counts of
____________________________________________
*
Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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aggravated assault. Trial Court Opinion (TCO), 12/7/15, at 2. Appellant
was sentenced to the above-stated term on August 19, 2015. On August
31, 2015, Appellant filed post-sentence motions, which included a motion for
new trial, a motion for judgment of acquittal, and an allegation that the
sentence was excessive. The trial court denied Appellant’s post-sentence
motions by order dated December 4, 2015. Appellant proceeded with the
timely filing of a notice of appeal on January 4, 2016, followed by a timely
concise statement of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.
1925(b).
Herein, Appellant presents the following issues for our review: (1)
Whether the Commonwealth failed to present sufficient evidence at trial to
support the jury’s verdict of guilty?; and (2) Whether the jury’s verdict was
against the weight of the evidence? Appellant’s Brief at 4.
To begin, we note our standard of review of a challenge to the
sufficiency of the evidence:
In reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence claim, we must
determine whether the evidence admitted at trial, as well as all
reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, when viewed in the light
most favorable to the verdict winner, are sufficient to support all
elements of the offense. Additionally, we may not reweigh the
evidence or substitute our own judgment for that of the fact
finder. The evidence may be entirely circumstantial as long as it
links the accused to the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.
Commonwealth v. Koch, 39 A.3d 996, 1001 (Pa. Super. 2011) (citations
omitted).
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Appellant was convicted of one count each, respectively, of aggravated
assault under the following provisions of the Pennsylvania Crimes Code:
(a) Offense defined.—A person is guilty of aggravated
assault if he:
(1) attempts to cause serious bodily injury to another, or
causes such injury intentionally, knowingly or
recklessly under circumstances manifesting extreme
indifference to the value of human life;
…
(2) attempts to cause or intentionally or knowingly
causes bodily injury to another with a deadly
weapon.
18 Pa.C.S. § 2702(a)(1) and (a)(4). “Serious bodily injury” is defined as
“[b]odily injury which creates a substantial risk or death or which causes
serious, permanent disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment of the
function of any bodily member or organ.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2301. For purposes
of an aggravated assault charge, “an ‘attempt’ is found where an accused
who possesses the required, specific intent acts in a manner which
constitutes a substantial step toward perpetrating a serious bodily injury
upon another. An intent ordinarily must be proven through circumstantial
evidence and inferred from acts, conduct or attendant circumstances.”
Commonwealth v. Fortune, 68 A.3d 980, 984 (Pa. Super. 2013) (internal
citations omitted).
Before addressing whether the elements of the above-stated crimes
have been met, we review the facts reflected in the record of the jury trial
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which led to Appellant’s convictions, as summarized by the trial court in its
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion:
Michael Morris (hereinafter “Morris”), a friend of Randy
Wolfe (hereinafter “victim”) testified for the Commonwealth. On
August 4, 2014, Morris and the victim were at the William Penn
bar (hereinafter “bar”) in Lebanon, having a couple of drinks.
Morris stated that when they were at the bar, the victim, who is
very outgoing, was socializing with several people, playing
games and performing magic tricks. At a later point in the
evening, Morris heard a commotion by the door and saw the
victim with three guys: Frank Velez (hereinafter “Velez”),
[Appellant,] and Dennis Kreider (hereinafter “Kreider”).
Morris followed the group outside and saw the victim,
[Appellant,] and Velez walking up the street; the victim and
Velez were arguing. Morris stated that when [Appellant] walked
behind a tree, he bent down where loose bricks were present.
At some point during the verbal altercation between the victim
and Velez, the victim spit on [Appellant]. The victim told
[Appellant] it was an accident and Morris stated the victim went
to wipe the spit off of [Appellant]. When the victim went to wipe
the spit off of [Appellant], [Appellant] hit the victim and the
victim fell straight back. When Morris saw the victim get hit, he
punched [Appellant], knocking him down. [Appellant] and his
two friends immediately got in their car and left.
Kreider testified that he and [Appellant] have been friends
for approximately 30 years. When Kreider, Velez and
[Appellant] were in the bar, Kreider saw Velez hit the victim in
the face one time and heard the victim scream to Velez that
Velez “hit like a girl.” Thereafter, the bartender told [Appellant]
and Velez to leave the bar. Kreider followed them outside, at
which point [Appellant], Velez and the victim were already
walking away down the street, with [Appellant’s] back towards
Kreider.
Shortly after coming outside, Kreider witnessed [Appellant]
make a “fighting motion,” and then the victim’s friend, Morris,
punched [Appellant] in the face. Kreider, Velez and [Appellant]
immediately headed to their car and left. As they were leaving,
Kreider heard a girl yell, “you pussy, you hit him with a brick.”
When Kreider asked [Appellant] in the car if [Appellant] hit the
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victim with a brick, [Appellant] replied, “I hit the nigger.”
However, Kreider did not see [Appellant] hit the victim with a
brick.
Velez testified that during his time at the bar, he got into a
physical altercation with the victim where he threw a few
punches because the victim had gotten in Velez’s face about a
petty argument Velez was having with a third individual. Velez
stated that he did not knock the victim over and that he didn’t
see any injuries besides “maybe a little blood on the side of his
like lip or something.” As Velez was trying to leave the bar, the
victim was blocking Velez’s way, until the bartenders forced the
victim out of the way so Velez could leave.
When Velez went outside, the victim followed, wanting to
continue the altercation that was started in the bar. At this point
Velez stated “I was backing up and his arms were flailing. He
said he wanted to get into it with me. So as I was backing up
and I was taking off my shirt and my jewelry and then in an
instant hey, let’s get out of here.” Velez testified that he did not
see the victim get hit or see the victim laying on the ground
because after he took off his shirt and jewelry, his friend was
telling Velez to leave. When Velez, Kreider and [Appellant] got
into the car to leave, [Appellant] asked Velez to take the blame
for what happened, but Velez did not know what had happened
and did not want to take the blame for anything. The next
morning, the police asked Velez to come in to talk about what
occurred the previous night, and he came in to cooperate with
the police.
Detective Bret Fisher, a detective for the Lebanon City
Police, stated that he obtained an arrest warrant for [Appellant]
on the morning after the incident occurred. Through his
investigation Detective Fisher learned that [Appellant] might
have been staying with his uncle. Detective Fisher and Detective
Uhrich went to look for [Appellant] and when they pulled up to
the street where [Appellant’s] uncle lived, the detectives saw
someone that looked like [Appellant] on the uncle’s front porch.
The detectives exited the car and ran to the uncle’s house, but
the person they saw was not on the porch anymore. Detective
Fisher watched the back of the house, and at the same time
Detective Uhrich went inside the house to look for [Appellant].
However, they were not able to find [Appellant] at that time.
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Detective Keith Uhrich received [Appellant’s] cell phone
number and attempted to make contact multiple times through
text messaging. [Appellant] responded to Detective Uhrich,
letting Detective Uhrich know that he was planning on turning
himself in and gave Detective Uhrich a specific day he was going
to turn himself in to the police. [Appellant] did not show up on
the day that he informed Detective Uhrich that he would turn
himself in to the police.
Detective Toby Pokrop testified that the Lebanon City
Police Department informed him that [Appellant] was suspected
of hiding at Robert Bittle’s house. On August 20, 2014,
Detective Pokrop drove by Bittle’s house and saw two individuals
in front who he did not recognize, working on a car. Detective
Pokrop called the patrol officers on duty, Officer Snyder and
Sergeant Hentz, to make contact with the individuals. Several
minutes later, Detective Pokrop and the patrol officers made
contact with Mr. Bittle and asked him if they could search the
house for [Appellant], which he allowed. The patrol officers
found [Appellant] hiding in the basement.
The Commonwealth also presented stipulated medical
testimony from Dr. John Kelleher, a neurosurgeon at the Penn
State Milton Hershey Medical Center and Dr. Jessica Lighthall, an
Otolaryngologist. Dr. Kelleher determined that the skull
fractures suffered by the victim were caused by blunt force
trauma to the head, requiring a large amount of force to cause
the injuries sustained.2 Dr. Lighthall was on call the evening
that the victim was transported to the Penn State Milton Hershey
Medical Center and was needed to assist with the victim’s
injuries due to their complex nature. Dr. Lighthall’s stipulated
medical testimony closely mirrored Dr. Kelleher’s testimony,
specifically that the injury was caused by a blunt object and the
injury is one that would require a significant amount of force.
2
Dr. Kelleher made the following post-operative
diagnoses:
1. Comminuated frontal depressed skull fracture;
2. Subarachnoid hemorrhage;
3. Pneumocephalus;
4. Intraparenchymal hemorrhage;
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5. Diffuse axonal injury;
6. Orbital wall fractures; and
7. Complex midface fractures which shifted the face to
the right.
Amber Green, a Forensic DNA scientist working with the
Pennsylvania State Police was qualified as an expert and testified
in regards to the DNA samples taken from the brick, which was
collected at the scene of the incident. Ms. Green opined that one
DNA sample from the brick matched the DNA sample given by
the victim. Ms. Green further opined that [Appellant] could not
be included as a contributor to the DNA samples collected from
the brick.
[Appellant] took the stand and testified that while he was
at the bar on August 4, 2014, he saw Velez get into an argument
with the victim and subsequently punch the victim twice in the
face. [Appellant] stated that he tried to deescalate the situation
while in the bar by getting between Velez and the victim. When
they were outside, [Appellant] stated he just watched Velez and
the victim [] argue. After the victim spit on him, the victim
reached out towards [Appellant]. The victim’s action of reaching
out towards [Appellant] made [Appellant] feel threatened and he
punched the victim in the face. [Appellant] did not see what
happened to the victim after he punched him because he was hit
from the side and then immediately left with Velez and Kreider.
TCO at 2-7 (citations to the record omitted).
Here, Appellant contends that the evidence presented by the
Commonwealth was sufficient to support a simple assault conviction only,
and not a conviction of aggravated assault. Appellant’s Brief at 11.
Moreover, Appellant avers that the evidence was insufficient to prove that he
used a brick during the assault. Appellant states that “[a]t best, the
Commonwealth proved he bent down at some point before the punch to [the
victim].” Id. After careful review of the record, we deem Appellant’s
arguments to be meritless.
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As previously noted, a person may be convicted of aggravated assault
if he “attempts to cause serious bodily injury to another, or causes such
injury intentionally, knowingly or recklessly under circumstances manifesting
extreme indifference to the value of human life.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2702(a)(1).
Moreover, in Fortune, we examined the totality of the circumstances test
created by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court in Commonwealth v.
Alexander, 383 A.2d 887 (Pa. 1978), for the purposes of evaluating
whether a defendant acted with the necessary intent to sustain an
aggravated assault conviction.
Alexander provided a list, albeit incomplete, of factors
that may be considered in determining whether the intent
to inflict serious bodily injury was present, including … the
defendant’s use of a weapon or other implement to aid his
attack, and his statements before, during, or after the
attack which might indicate his intent to inflict injury.
Alexander, [383 A.2d] at 889. Alexander made clear
that simple assault combined with other surrounding
circumstances may, in a proper case, be sufficient to
support a finding that an assailant attempted to inflict
serious bodily injury, thereby constituting aggravated
assault.
Fortune, 68 A.3d at 984.
In support of Appellant’s aggravated assault conviction under 18
Pa.C.S. § 2702(a)(1), the trial court opined:
In the matter at hand, Dr. Kelleher and Dr. Lighthall provided
medical testimony opining that the injuries sustained by the
victim were life threatening had they not been treated in a
timely manner. Specifically, Dr. Kelleher diagnosed the victim
with intraparenchymal hemorrhage, bleeding in the brain, which
was particularly troubling because this type of hemorrhage can
result in death or neurological dysfunction. The doctors provided
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further testimony that the severe injuries sustained by the victim
required a large amount of force, caused by a blunt object.
Furthermore, testimony was given that after the parties left the
bar and were walking down the street, [Appellant] bent down
behind a tree where loose bricks were located. Thereafter,
[Appellant] punched the victim in the face and the victim fell
straight back on to the sidewalk. The jury was free to determine
that [Appellant] intended the natural and probable consequences
of his actions. Accordingly, the evidence presented clearly was
sufficient to sustain the charge of intentionally, knowingly or
recklessly causing serious bodily injury.
TCO at 10 (internal citations to the record omitted). Viewing the evidence in
a light most favorable to the Commonwealth, we conclude that the evidence
was clearly sufficient to support a conviction of aggravated assault under
Section 2702(a)(1).
With respect to Appellant’s aggravated assault conviction under
Section 2702(a)(4), aggravated assault is established under this provision
when an actor “attempts to cause or intentionally or knowingly causes bodily
injury to another with a deadly weapon.” Id. Section 2301 defines “deadly
weapon” as “any device designed as a weapon and capable of producing
death or serious bodily injury, or any other device or instrumentality which,
in the manner in which it is used or intended to be used, is calculated or
likely to produce death or serious bodily injury.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 2301. Our
Supreme Court has stated that “a deadly weapon need not be … an
inherently lethal instrument or device.” Commonwealth v. McCullum, 602
A.2d 313, 323 (Pa. 1992). The Court further indicated that “an ax, a
baseball bat, an iron bar, a heavy cuspidor, and even a bedroom slipper
have been held to constitute deadly weapons under varying circumstances.”
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Id. Moreover, we have noted that an item which may not normally be
considered a weapon, can be categorized as a deadly weapon based on its
use under certain circumstances. Commonwealth v. Raybuck, 915 A.2d
125, 128 (Pa. Super. 2006).
As the trial court explained in its well-thought-out opinion:
In the matter sub judice, a brick was determined to be a deadly
weapon. In ordinary circumstances a brick is used as a building
material, and therefore not a deadly weapon. However, where a
brick is used to hit another person in the face causing serious
bodily injury, that brick can then be viewed as a deadly weapon.
The jury determined that the brick was used by [Appellant] to hit
the victim in the face. Furthermore, it was already determined
that the victim suffered serious bodily injury. Therefore, there is
sufficient evidence to find that the victim suffered bodily injury
due to the use of a deadly weapon.
TCO at 11. Again, viewed in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth,
we discern that the evidence clearly supports Appellant’s conviction of
aggravated assault under Section 2702(a)(4).
Next, we address Appellant’s challenge to the weight of the evidence
to support his convictions.
A claim alleging the verdict was against the weight of the
evidence is addressed to the discretion of the trial court.
Accordingly, an appellate court reviews the exercise of the trial
court’s discretion; it does not answer for itself whether the
verdict was against the weight of the evidence. It is well settled
that the jury is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence
and to determine the credibility of the witnesses, and a new trial
based on a weight of the evidence claim is only warranted where
the jury’s verdict is so contrary to the evidence that it shocks
one’s sense of justice. In determining whether this standard has
been met, appellate review is limited to whether the trial judge’s
discretion was properly exercised, and relief will only be granted
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where the facts and inferences of record disclose a palpable
abuse of discretion.
Commonwealth v. Houser, 18 A.3d 1128, 1135-36 (Pa. 2011) (citations
and internal quotation marks omitted).
Appellant argues that the jury “improperly weighted the testimony”
when they determined his guilt of aggravated assault. Appellant’s Brief at
12. More specifically, he testified at trial that he did not use a brick when he
hit the victim, and he argues that the jury should have afforded his
testimony greater weight and credibility. TCO at 12. However, as the trial
court noted in its opinion:
[Appellant’s] argument ignores the well-settled principles of law
that the finder of fact is free to believe all, part, or none of the
evidence, and the fact finder makes credibility determinations.
Com[monwealth] v. Gibbs, 981 A.2d 274, 282 (Pa. Super.
2009). The jury was free to believe the Commonwealth’s
witnesses, and the jury was free to weigh the Commonwealth’s
witnesses’ testimony accordingly. This [c]ourt cannot disturb
the jury’s credibility determinations.
TCO at 12. We ascertain no abuse of discretion by the trial court.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 10/4/2016
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