The opinion
Filed 9/21/16 P. v. Brown CA2/8
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION EIGHT
THE PEOPLE, B262902
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. MA062393)
v.
TRAVON D. BROWN et al.,
Defendants and Appellants.
APPEAL from judgments of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Charles A. Chung, Judge. Affirmed as to Brown; affirmed in part, remanded in part as to
Halpin.
Benjamin Owens, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant Travon D. Brown.
William J. Capriola, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant Tyler J. Halpin.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Steven D. Matthews and
Ryan M. Smith, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
******
We affirm Travon D. Brown’s and Tyler J. Halpin’s judgments of conviction. For
reasons we shall explain, we remand the case to the trial court to resentence Halpin.
FACTS AND PROCEDURE
1. The Crimes
During the afternoon of March 11, 2014, Halpin (who was then almost 21) and
Brown (who was then almost 30) robbed Garthen Lenon and Michael Griffin at gunpoint.
Both defendants were armed. Lenon sold marijuana to defendants prior to the robbery.1
Lenon and Griffin both recognized Halpin from school or extracurricular activities.
Defendants took Griffin’s phone and wallet. They took Lenon’s wallet, money,
watch, and car keys. After the robbery, Lenon and Griffin chased defendants, and Halpin
shot his gun, possibly in their direction. Lenon told officers that Halpin shot in his
direction, but at trial he testified that he was not sure whether Halpin pointed at him.
Halpin testified that the gun discharged accidentally, but a tape-recorded phone call
suggested that he discharged the gun to prevent Lenon and Griffin from obtaining his
license plate information. Additionally, Halpin told a deputy sheriff that he was trying to
scare the victims when he discharged his firearm.
Days after the robberies, when officers located Brown, he had a firearm in his
vehicle that was fully loaded and ready to fire. He also was carrying extra ammunition.
Halpin testified in his defense. He testified that he was a member of a gang but
did not commit crimes on behalf of the gang. Halpin acknowledged that he had a
misdemeanor conviction for receiving stolen property and testified that it had been
expunged.
With respect to the current robbery, Halpin testified that he initially refused to
commit the robbery but Brown forced him to participate because he owed Brown money
for a marijuana debt. Halpin knew that Brown recently had been released from prison
and was a gang member. Halpin testified that he was apprehensive when Brown told him
he would “beat” him if he did not participate in the robbery. Halpin testified that his gun
1 Lenon had been granted immunity prior to trial.
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discharged but he did not aim at anyone. He claimed that he initially believed he had
shot himself.
It was undisputed that Brown was a member of Liggett Street gang.
2. The Convictions
Jurors found Brown guilty of two counts of second degree robbery (Lenon and
Griffin). Jurors found Brown personally used a firearm, and a principal intentionally
discharged a firearm within the meaning of Penal Code section 12022.53, subdivisions
(b), (c) and (e)(1).2 Jurors found Brown guilty of two counts of assault with a firearm,
and that with respect to each Brown personally used a firearm within the meaning of
section 12202.5, subdivisions (a) and (d). Jurors found Brown guilty of two counts of
being a felon in possession of a firearm (the possession occurring on different days and
including different weapons). Jurors also found Brown guilty of possession of
ammunition by a felon. With respect to all counts, jurors found the alleged gang
enhancement not true. In a court trial, the court found beyond a reasonable doubt that
Brown previously had been convicted of assault with a firearm.
Halpin was convicted of two counts of second degree robbery (Lenon and Griffin).
With respect to each, jurors found that Halpin personally used and intentionally
discharged a firearm within the meaning of section 12022.53, subdivisions (b) and (c).
Jurors also found Halpin guilty of assault with a semiautomatic firearm on Lenon and that
Halpin personally used a firearm within the meaning of section 12022.5, subdivisions (a)
and (d). Jurors further found that Halpin discharged a firearm with gross negligence in
violation of section 246.3, subdivision (a). With respect to all counts, jurors found a gang
allegation not true.
3. Brown’s Sentence
The probation officer’s report for Brown indicated that Brown had been
incarcerated for 14 years for assault with a firearm and had been placed on parole in
September 2013. He was on parole at the time he committed the crimes in the current
2 Undesignated statutory citations are to the Penal Code.
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case. With respect to the current crimes, the report identified the following
circumstances in aggravation: (1) the crime involved the threat of great bodily harm; (2)
Brown was armed at the time he committed the crime; (3) the crime indicated planning,
sophistication or professionalism; (4) Brown engaged in violent conduct indicating he
was a serious danger to society; (5) Brown’s prior convictions are numerous or of
increasing seriousness; (6) Brown served a prior prison term; and (7) Brown was on
parole when the crime was committed. The probation officer’s report identified no
circumstances in mitigation. In the People’s sentencing memorandum, the prosecutor
argued that Brown took advantage of a position of trust or confidence to commit the
offense.
At Brown’s sentencing hearing, the court asked if defense counsel wanted to
argue. Brown’s counsel responded “no.” After discussing the application of section 654
with the prosecutor, the court pronounced sentence imposing an aggregate sentence of 33
years. It selected the high term of five years for the robbery of Lenon and doubled that
term because of Brown’s prior serious felony conviction (§§ 667, subds. (b)-(i), 1170.12,
subds. (a)-(d)). The court added 10 years for the section 12022.53, subdivision (b)
firearm enhancement. For the second robbery count, the court sentenced Brown to a total
of five years four months, comprised of one-third the midterm, doubled for the
substantive offense, and one-third the enhancement term. For being a felon in possession
of a firearm, the court sentenced Brown to one-third the midterm and doubled the
sentence, totaling one year four months. For possession of ammunition, the court
sentenced Brown to one-third the midterm and doubled it, totaling one year four months.
The other counts were stayed under section 654. The court selected all sentences to run
consecutively. It imposed a five-year prison prior (§ 667, subd. (a)) and a $9,900
restitution fine.
4. Halpin’s Sentence
With respect to Halpin, the probation officer’s report indicated that Halpin had no
criminal history. The following three circumstances in aggravation were identified: (1)
the crime involved the threat of great bodily harm; (2) Halpin was armed with and used a
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weapon at the time of the crime; and (3) the manner of the crime indicated planning,
sophistication, or professionalism. In mitigation, the probation officer noted Halpin’s
lack of a prior record.
In a sentencing memorandum, the prosecutor urged the court to impose the
maximum sentence. As factors in aggravation, the prosecutor argued that (1) Halpin
prevented or dissuaded witnesses from testifying, suborned perjury, or illegally interfered
with the judicial process; (2) the manner the crime was committed indicated planning,
sophistication or professionalism; and (3) Halpin took advantage of a position of trust or
confidence to commit the offense. The prosecutor argued consecutive sentences should
be imposed because there were separate victims.
At Halpin’s sentencing hearing, defense counsel asked to be heard, and the court
gave him an opportunity to argue. Counsel requested that the court “minimize the
seriousness of what occurred that day.” Counsel emphasized that Halpin was young, did
not have a significant prior record, and did not have a history of violence.
The court then discussed restitution and appellate rights. Next the court
pronounced sentence, without providing any reasons for its sentencing choices. For the
robbery of Lenon, the court selected the high term of five years and added 20 years for
the section 12022.53, subdivision (c) firearm enhancement. The court sentenced Halpin
consecutively for the robbery of Griffin to one-third the midterm for the substantive
offense and one-third the enhancement term, totaling seven years eight months. The
court stayed the remaining counts under section 654. Halpin’s aggregate sentence was 32
years eight months.
DISCUSSION
Both Brown and Halpin challenge their sentences and argue that resentencing is
required. As we shall explain, we conclude that resentencing is necessary only with
respect to Halpin.
1. Brown
Brown argues that he received the ineffective assistance of counsel because his
counsel presented no argument regarding sentencing.
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“ ‘In order to demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must first
show counsel’s performance was “deficient” because his [or her] “representation fell
below an objective standard of reasonableness . . . under prevailing professional norms.”
[Citations.] Second, he [or she] must also show prejudice flowing from counsel’s
performance or lack thereof. [Citation.] Prejudice is shown when there is a “reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding
would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to
undermine confidence in the outcome.” ’ ” (In re Harris (1993) 5 Cal.4th 813, 832-833.)
An attorney that fails to pursue an advantageous sentencing choice for his client may be
incompetent. (People v. Scott (1994) 9 Cal.4th 331, 351.) A defendant bears the burden
of proving ineffective assistance of counsel by a preponderance of the evidence. (People
v. Powell (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 1268, 1298.)
Brown argues that he received the ineffective assistance of counsel because his
counsel did not advocate for a more favorable sentence. Brown further argues that had
his counsel advocated on his behalf “it is reasonably probable that Brown would have
received a middle term instead of a high term sentence, received concurrent sentences, or
received a lesser restitution fine.”
Brown has not demonstrated that there was an advantageous sentencing choice for
his counsel should have pursued. There was no mitigating factor and numerous
aggravating factors. It is conceivable that Brown’s counsel made no argument because
there was no meritorious contention to advance. At least for purposes of this appeal,
Brown has not identified one.
Moreover, nothing in the record supported Brown’s claim that he suffered
prejudice from his counsel’s failure to argue that his sentence should be different. For
example, although Brown recognizes that the aggravating factor that the crimes were
committed in a manner indicating planning, sophistication, or professionalism requires
only one of the three criteria, he argues the crime showed only planning. Planning was
sufficient, and there was strong evidence of planning. It was undisputed that Brown
played a lead role in the robberies and may have forced Halpin to participate. Thus, even
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if as Brown argues there was no evidence of sophistication or professionalism, that
argument fails to suggest that Brown should have or could have received a more
favorable sentence because the record overwhelmingly showed Brown planned the
robberies. Additionally, several other aggravating factors supported Brown’s sentence.
Most notably, he had recently been released from prison on a similar offense and was on
parole when he committed the current robberies.
Next, Brown argues that his gang membership was not relevant, and that the fact
he possessed firearms and ammunition were elements of crimes for which he was
convicted. Assuming his arguments are accurate, they do not undermine the numerous
aggravating factors that supported Brown’s sentence. Finally, Brown’s argument that the
trial court may have been receptive to a lesser restitution fine because he could not afford
the $9,900 amount is not persuasive because it assumes facts not in the record and is not
supported by any evidence in the record. In short, Brown fails to demonstrate any
prejudice from his trial counsel’s silence on the issue of the appropriate sentence. (See
People v. Ortiz (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 1354, 1373-1374 [finding no prejudice when
defendant’s trial counsel failed to object to the court’s imposition of the upper term].)
2. Halpin
Halpin also argues resentencing is required.
a. No Forfeiture
Here, the court imposed the upper term identifying no reason for its decision. The
court also imposed consecutive sentences identifying no reason for that selection.
Respondent acknowledged that the trial court provided no reason for its sentencing
choices. Respondent, however, argues that Halpin’s argument is forfeited.
Halpin’s argument is not forfeited. Our Supreme Court has held that “a party in a
criminal case may not challenge the trial court’s discretionary sentencing choices on
appeal if that party did not object at trial.” (People v. Gonzalez (2003) 31 Cal.4th 745,
748, 752.) However, our high court emphasized that “counsel must have a ‘meaningful
opportunity to object [which] can occur only if, during the course of the sentencing
hearing itself and before objections are made, the parties are clearly apprised of the
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sentence the court intends to impose, and the reasons that support any discretionary
sentencing choices.’ ” (Id. at p. 748.) Because the trial court never identified its reasons
supporting its discretionary choices, Halpin’s counsel never had a meaningful
opportunity to object.
b. Resentencing Is Required
A court has discretion to select the term of confinement when as in the robbery
statute, the statute specifies three terms. (Pen. Code, § 1170, subd. (b).) “The court shall
select the term which, in the court’s discretion, best serves the interests of justice. The
court shall set forth on the record the reasons for imposing the term selected . . . .” (Ibid.)
The court also had discretion to sentence to concurrent terms if as here multiple current
felony convictions were committed on the same occasion and arose from the same
operative facts. (People v. Hendrix (1997) 16 Cal.4th 508, 512-513.) The court was
required to state its reasons to support its consecutive sentence. (People v. Powell, supra,
194 Cal.App.4th at p. 1297; People v. Garcia (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 1756, 1769.)
Respondent argues that the trial court must have relied on the factors listed in the
prosecutor’s sentencing memorandum and/or the probation officer’s report. However,
that assumption is not supported by the record because the court did not identify any
factor included in either the memorandum or report to support its decision. Nor is this a
circumstance where the upper term appeared inevitable. There were mitigating factors
which the court could have relied on justifying a low term or midterm sentence. Halpin
had no significant prior record, having been convicted only of a misdemeanor that later
was expunged. Halpin testified that he was forced by Brown to commit the robbery and
that he felt scared and pressured. Although he was a gang member, he had no history of
violence. Additionally, Halpin acknowledged his participation in the robbery, admitting
his guilt. The court may have selected a different term had it stated its reasons, and
resentencing therefore is required. (People v. Sanchez (1994) 23 Cal.App.4th 1680,
1684, 1688 [resentencing is required when it is reasonably probable a more favorable
result would have been reached in the absence of the error]; People v. Calvert (1993) 18
Cal.App.4th 1820, 1838 [remand for resentencing is appropriate when court fails to state
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reasons for consecutive sentences]; People v. Wychocki (1987) 188 Cal.App.3d 1063,
1066 [resentencing required when court failed to provide reasons for denying probation
and defendant had no prior criminal record].)
DISPOSITION
Brown’s conviction is affirmed (and no resentencing is required). Halpin’s
conviction is affirmed, but the matter is remanded for resentencing.
FLIER, J.
WE CONCUR:
BIGELOW, P. J.
RUBIN, J.
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