State of Tennessee v. Robert Andrew Hawkins

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT KNOXVILLE

Assigned on Briefs June 28, 2016 Session

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. ROBERT ANDREW HAWKINS

Appeal from the Criminal Court for Claiborne County

No. 2013-CR-1631 E. Shayne Sexton, Judge

No. E2015-01542-CCA-R3-CD – Filed September 19, 2016

The Defendant, Robert Andrew Hawkins, was convicted by a Claiborne County jury of

aggravated kidnapping and two counts of aggravated assault. For these offenses, he

received an effective sentence of sixteen years‟ in the Tennessee Department of

Correction. On appeal, he argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion for a

mistrial and abused its discretion by imposing consecutive sentences. Upon review, we

affirm the judgments of the trial court.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed

CAMILLE R. MCMULLEN, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ROBERT L.

HOLLOWAY, JR., and ROBERT H. MONTGOMERY, JR., JJ., joined.

Jonathan M. Holcomb, Morristown, Tennessee, for the Defendant-Appellant, Robert

Andrew Hawkins.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Benjamin A. Ball, Senior Counsel;

Lori Phillips-Jones, District Attorney General; and Amanda H. Sammons, Matthew

McClung, and Graham E. Wilson, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the Appellee,

State of Tennessee.

OPINION

Four days after the victim, Anna Falce, required her live-in boyfriend, Hawkins, to

vacate her home, he returned, held her hostage for over three hours, and viciously

attacked her. As a result of the attack, the Claiborne County Grand Jury indicted

Hawkins for aggravated burglary in count one, especially aggravated kidnapping in count

two, aggravated domestic assault in counts three and four, and coercion of a witness in

count five. After a trial, Hawkins was acquitted in counts one and five, convicted of the

lesser included offense of aggravated kidnapping in count two, and convicted of

aggravated assault in counts three and four. In this appeal, Hawkins does not challenge

the sufficiency of the evidence to support any of his convictions. Rather, he argues only

that the trial court improperly denied his request for a mistrial and abused its discretion in

ordering consecutive sentencing. As such, we will outline the facts as pertinent to the

issues raised in this appeal.

Prior to jury selection, Hawkins requested a mistrial because he was brought into

court in handcuffs in view of the prospective jury panel. The circumstances surrounding

this incident are not entirely clear from the record; however, it is undisputed that

Hawkins was brought from the detention cell in the back of the courtroom while in

handcuffs in view of at least some of the jurors. The trial court denied the motion and

instead issued the following curative instruction to the jury:

[T]here may have been some ideas that the defendant may be incarcerated

or may be on bail, whatever. Understand that the defendant‟s presence,

wherever he is, whether he is incarcerated or at home on bail, is irrelevant

at this point in the trial. You understand that the defendant is presumed

innocent throughout the trial and only until the State has met the burden of

proof beyond a reasonable doubt can the defendant be guilty. So whether

or not he is incarcerated, whether or not he is at home on bail is irrelevant

for your purposes.

At the June 2, 2014 sentencing hearing, Hawkins‟ presentence report was

introduced into evidence without objection. Hawkins‟ criminal history includes

numerous felony and misdemeanor convictions in both Tennessee and Kentucky,

including convictions for domestic assault, domestic violence, aggravated assault, and

theft.

The victim testified at the sentencing hearing that she suffered from severe panic

attacks, feared being alone in her home, was forced to seek counseling, and missed

approximately a month of work as a result of the attack. The victim‟s twelve-year-old

daughter also suffered emotional damage from the attack and feared that Hawkins would

return and hurt the victim. The victim‟s mother, Rebecca Falce, also testified and echoed

the sentiments of her daughter regarding the impact of the attack on both the victim and

the victim‟s daughter.

Following the arguments of counsel, the trial court sentenced Hawkins as a Range

I, standard offender and enhanced his sentence based on enhancement factor (1), that the

defendant has a previous history of criminal convictions or criminal behavior in addition

to those necessary to establish the appropriate range; (5), that the defendant treated or

allowed a victim to be treated with exceptional cruelty during the commission of the

offense; and (10), that the defendant had no hesitation about committing a crime when

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the risk to human life was high. T.C.A. § 40-35-114(1), (5), (10). The trial court

declined to find any mitigating factors and imposed a sentence of eleven years for

aggravated kidnapping in count one and five years for each aggravated assault conviction

in counts three and four. The court ordered the aggravated assault convictions to be

served concurrently with each other but consecutively to the aggravated kidnapping

conviction for a total effective sentence of sixteen years‟ in confinement. Hawkins filed

a motion for new trial on July 2, 2014, which the trial court denied after a hearing on

November 20, 2015. This timely appeal follows.

ANALYSIS

I. Mistrial. Hawkins first argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion

for a mistrial after he was brought in front of the jury in handcuffs. Hawkins

acknowledges that the trial court issued a curative instruction, but asserts that the

instruction “in no way could ever „un-ring the bell‟ of what the jury had seen.” The State

responds that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining that a curative

instruction was a sufficient remedy. We agree with the State.

The decision to grant or deny a mistrial rests within the sound discretion of the

trial court and will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion. State v. Nash, 294

S.W.3d 541, 546 (Tenn. 2009); State v. Robinson, 146 S.W.3d 469, 494 (Tenn. 2004). A

trial court should declare a mistrial “only upon a showing of manifest necessity.”

Robinson, 146 S.W.3d at 494 (citing State v. Saylor, 117 S.W.3d 239, 250-51 (Tenn.

2003)). “„In other words, a mistrial is an appropriate remedy when a trial cannot

continue, or a miscarriage of justice would result if it did.‟” Saylor, 117 S.W.3d at 250

(quoting State v. Land, 34 S.W.3d 516, 527 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000)). “„The purpose for

declaring a mistrial is to correct damage done to the judicial process when some event

has occurred which precludes an impartial verdict.‟” State v. Reid, 164 S.W.3d 286, 341-

42 (Tenn. 2005) (quoting State v. Williams, 929 S.W.2d 385, 388 (Tenn. Crim. App.

1996)). The party seeking a mistrial has the burden of establishing the necessity for a

mistrial. Reid, 164 S.W.3d at 342 (citing Williams, 929 S.W.2d at 388). In determining

whether a trial court abused its discretion in granting or denying a mistrial, this court

should consider the following factors: “(1) whether the State elicited the testimony, (2)

whether the trial court gave a curative instruction, and (3) the relative strength or

weakness of the State‟s proof.” State v. Welcome, 280 S.W.3d 215, 222 (Tenn. Crim.

App. 2007) (citing State v. Lawrence Taylor, No. W2002-00183-CCA-R3-CD, 2003 WL

402276, at *10 (Tenn. Crim. App. Feb. 14, 2003)).

On the first day of Hawkins‟ trial, prior to the jury being sworn or selected,

Hawkins was brought into the courtroom while wearing handcuffs. At oral argument,

defense counsel estimated that Hawkins was handcuffed in the presence of the jury for

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approximately thirty seconds before the handcuffs were removed. Nevertheless, trial

counsel immediately moved for a mistrial. After argument from Hawkins‟ counsel and

the State, the trial court denied the motion for a mistrial, issued a curative instruction to

the jury, and explained its reasoning as follows:

The question really becomes to what extent might this jury have been

unduly influenced by what they saw, how many saw it, how many didn‟t

see it. Although, as [defense counsel] has stated, the defendant has the

presumption of innocence and that would be maintained throughout the

pendency of the trial . . . the Court not only will give the jury charge

concerning reasonable doubt and presumption of innocence, I will give a

pre-charge instruction to that effect as well. Before the jury ever begins

working on this case, they will hear from the Court that the defendant is

presumed innocent and they are not to – and that presumption is not

rebutted until the State has shown adequate evidence. [W]ithout saying

more I‟m [going to] find that the motion for mistrial is overruled . . . I

believe there has been no showing that [there] has been actual prejudice or

harm done by anything within the Court concerning the handling of the

defendant.

Upon our review of the record, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in issuing a curative instruction rather than granting Hawkins‟ motion for a

mistrial. Significantly, Hawkins was not tried before a jury while wearing handcuffs or

shackles. Rather, Hawkins was brought into the courtroom before the jury selection

process began. This court has consistently distinguished between incidental sightings of

a defendant in handcuffs or shackles and instances where a defendant is tried while

wearing restraints. As this court stated in State v. Baker:

Common sense must prevail in such instances where a jury or jurors

inadvertently see a defendant dressed in prison clothing. Reason dictates

that they must know a person on trial is either on bail or in confinement

during the course of a trial.

751 S.W.2d 154, 164 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987); see also State v. Groseclose, 615 S.W.2d

142, 148 (Tenn. 1981); State v. Keele, 644 S.W.2d 435, 438 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1982);

State v. Cyntoia Denise Brown, No.M2007-00427-CCA-R3-CD, 2009 WL 1038275, at

*27 (Tenn. Crim. App. Apr. 20, 2009), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Sept. 28, 2009); State v.

Charles Wade McGaha, No.E2006-01984-CCA-R3-CD, 2008 WL 148943, at *10 (Tenn.

Crim. App. Jan. 16, 2008), perm. app. denied (Tenn. June 23, 2008); State v. James

Wesley Daniels, No.E2006-01119-CCA-R3-CD, 2007 WL 2757636, at *6 (Tenn. Crim.

App. Sept. 24, 2007), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Feb. 4, 2008); State v. Bobby W.

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Lineberry, No.01C01-9412CC-00439, 1995 WL 441608, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App., at

Nashville, July 26, 1995). As in the aforementioned cases, Hawkins has failed to show

that he was prejudiced by this incidental occurrence or that the jury failed to follow the

curative instruction given by the trial court, as they are presumed to do. State v. Vanzant,

659 S.W.2d 816, 819 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1983) (“The presumption is that a jury follows

the instruction of the court.”) (citing Craig v. State, 524 S.W.2d 504 (Tenn. Crim. App.

1974)). He is not entitled to relief.

II. Consecutive Sentencing. Hawkins also challenges the trial court‟s imposition

of an effective sentence of sixteen years in confinement. Hawkins does not challenge the

length of any of his specific sentences and instead argues that the trial court abused its

discretion imposing partial consecutive sentences. The State responds that the trial

court‟s imposition of consecutive sentencing was well within its considerable discretion.

We agree with the State.

Where a defendant is convicted of one or more offenses, the trial court has

discretion to decide whether the sentences shall be served concurrently or consecutively.

T.C.A. § 40-35-115(a). The Tennessee Supreme Court has held, “[T]he abuse of

discretion standard, accompanied by a presumption of reasonableness, applies to

consecutive sentencing determinations.” State v. Pollard, 432 S.W.3d 851, 860 (Tenn.

2013). A trial court may order multiple offenses to be served consecutively if it finds by

a preponderance of the evidence that a defendant fits into at least one of seven categories

enumerated in code section 40-35-115(b). Those categories include:

(1) The defendant is a professional criminal who has knowingly devoted the

defendant‟s life to criminal acts as a major source of livelihood; (2) The

defendant is an offender whose record of criminal activity is extensive; (3)

The defendant is a dangerous mentally abnormal person so declared by a

competent psychiatrist who concludes as a result of an investigation prior to

sentencing that the defendant‟s criminal conduct has been characterized by

a pattern of repetitive or compulsive behavior with heedless indifference to

consequences; (4) The defendant is a dangerous offender whose behavior

indicates little or no regard for human life and no hesitation about

committing a crime in which the risk to human life is high; (5) The

defendant is convicted of two (2) or more statutory offenses involving

sexual abuse of a minor with consideration of the aggravating

circumstances arising from the relationship between the defendant and

victim or victims, the time span of defendant‟s undetected sexual activity,

the nature and scope of the sexual acts and the extent of the residual,

physical and mental damage to the victim or victims; (6) The defendant is

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sentenced for an offense committed while on probation; or (7) The

defendant is sentenced for criminal contempt.

T.C.A. § 40-35-115(b). An order of consecutive sentencing must be “justly deserved in

relation to the seriousness of the offense.” T.C.A. § 40-35-102(1); see State v. Imfeld, 70

S.W.3d 698, 708 (Tenn. 2002). In addition, the length of a consecutive sentence must be

“no greater than that deserved for the offense committed.” T.C.A. § 40-35-103(2);

Imfeld, 70 S.W.3d at 708. This court has held that “an extensive criminal history,

standing alone, is enough to justify the imposition of consecutive sentencing.” State v.

Nelson, 275 S.W.3d 851, 870 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2008) (citing State v. Adams, 973

S.W.2d 224, 231 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997)).

In imposing partially consecutive sentences, the trial court determined that

Hawkins “is an offender whose record of criminal activity is extensive,” and referred to

the convictions listed in the presentence report. The presentence report reflects that

Hawkins‟ criminal record began in 1999 when he was eighteen years old and includes

felony and misdemeanor convictions in both Tennessee and Kentucky. Although the

majority of Hawkins‟ convictions were for misdemeanor offenses, this court has held that

misdemeanor convictions alone can support the imposition of consecutive sentences. See

State v. Marquon Lanorris Green, No. W2012-0164-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 WL 2405217, at

*7 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 30, 2013), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Oct. 25, 2013). As noted,

the existence of only one factor is sufficient to impose consecutive sentencing. See

T.C.A. § 40-35-115(b); Pollard 423 S.W.3d at 862 (“Any one of these grounds is a

sufficient basis for the imposition of consecutive sentences.”) (citing State v. Dickson,

413 S.W.3d 735, 748 (Tenn. 2013)). The record fully supports the trial court‟s finding in

this regard, and we discern no abuse of discretion by the trial court in imposing partially

consecutive sentences. Hawkins is not entitled to relief.

CONCLUSION

Pursuant to the foregoing authority and analysis, we affirm the judgments of the

trial court.

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CAMILLE R. McMULLEN, JUDGE

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