The opinion
On the Merits.
*97
For respondent there was a brief and oral argument by
Mr. G. M. Roberts.
BELT, J.
This action was commenced to recover $1,603.27 for lumber and building materials sold and delivered by the Southern Oregon Lumber Company to the defendant Bogue Biver Valley Canning Company. The claim was.assigned to the Jackson County Bank, and by it to the plaintiff. The answer admits the sale for the amount alleged but, as a set-off, alleges that the defendant, prior to the assignments above mentioned, loaned to the Southern Oregon Lumber Company various sums of money and that the unpaid balance exceeds the amount demanded in the complaint. The reply admits the various loans alleged in the answer, but pleads a novation in that S. S. Bullis, with the consent of the defendant company, was substituted as a debtor for the Southern Oregon Lumber Company, and that the latter’s indebtedness was extinguished. The issue of novation, under appropriate instructions, was submitted to a jury and a verdict returned in favor of the plaintiff. The defendant appeals.
Defendant’s motions for a nonsuit and a directed verdict present the question as to whether there is any evidence tending to show a novation. The Southern Oregon Lumber Co. is a corporation of which H. E. Hilsinger, E. J. Skewis and S. S. Bullis are the directors and the owners, in equal shares, of all the stock. The Bogue Biver Valley Canning Company is also a corporation of which S. S. Bullis, E. J. Skewis and B. D. Hoke are the directors and owners, in about equal shares, of all the stock. The logging company was heavily involved financially and, aside from a mortgage encumbrance of about $20,000, had unse
*98
cured indebtedness amounting approximately to $15,900. In order that the logging company might carry on its operations, its directors mutually agreed that each would personally assume an equal amount of the unsecured indebtedness. Pursuant to this plan, Bullis, in consideration of the logging company’s note for $5,300, executed a written contract agreeing to assume and pay a like amount of the company’s debts, among which was listed one of the Eogue Eiver Canning Company for $3,287. Hilsinger and Skewis at the same time executed similar written contracts covering other indebtedness. This action was taken without calling any special meeting and on the same day the following letter was written by Skewis to Hoke:
“Talent Orchard Company,
“Talent, Oregon, Medford, Oregon.
“May 6, 1921.
“E. D. Hoke, Director Eogue Eiver Valley Canning Company, Medford, Oregon.
“Dear Sir: Mr. Bullis agreed to assume an account of $3,287 due from the Southern Oregon Lumber Company to the Eogue Eiver Valley Canning Company and received a note in which this account was included. We did not call a special meeting to do this as I thought that as Mr. Bullis and myself were parties to it that a notice of this kind would do to call the matter to your attention as the only other director, relying on your refusing to agree to this by letter or in person if the matter was not entirely satisfactory to you as a director or otherwise.
“Yours truly,
“E. J. Skewis,
“Director, Eogue Eiver Valley Canning Company.”
In response to the postscript: “Would be pleased if it was agreeable that you sign and return to me as
*99
soon as possible,” E. D. Hoke, on the date of its receipt, signed the letter and returned it to Skewis.
It is urged that there is no evidence tending to show that the logging company authorized this substitution or that the canning company, pursuant to any regularly called meeting of the directors, ever agreed to accept Bullis as "a debtor and to discharge its claim against the logging company. It is well established that to constitute a novation, by the substitution of a debtor, the contract so to do must be the result of the concurrence and consent of all parties interested, namely, the original debtor, the new debtor and the creditor. The mere agreement of Bullis to assume the indebtedness of the logging company would not, of itself, constitute a novation. There would still remain the essential requisite that the canning company consented to such substitution and looked solely to him for payment. It would be possible to accept Bullis as an additional debtor and still hold the logging company liable. Under such circumstances there would be no novation. One of the essential elements, therefore, is that there must be a release of all claim of liability against the original debtor:
Miles
v.
Bowers,
49 Or. 429 ( 90 Pac. 505 ); 20 R. C. L. 369, and numerous authorities cited in exhaustive note, L. E. A. 1918B, 113.
It is conceded that no meeting of either corporation was called to accomplish the alleged novation. Does it follow that what was done is a nullity? As a general rule a corporation can act only through its board of directors at a regularly called meeting. The corporation ordinarily speaks through its records. In
Doernbecher
v.
C. C. L. Co., et al.,
21 Or. 573 ( 28 Pac. 899 , 28 Am. St. Rep. 766 ), in speaking of the general rule, the court said:
*100
“But if the meeting be a special one personal notice, if practicable, is necessary to each member, unless all are present and participate in the proceedings, and such notice is essential to the power of the board to do any act which would bind the corporation and without such notice, or the presence of all the directors, its acts are void.”
There are exceptions, however, to this general rule, and one is where the directors own all of the stock:
Gerard
v.
Empire Square Realty Co.,
195 App. Div. 244 ( 187 N. Y. Supp. 306 );
Rosy Theater Co.
v.
Love,
191 Ky. 595 ( 231 S. W. 249 );
Jordan
v.
Collins,
107 Ala. 572 (18 South.
137); Harbor Co.
v.
Manning,
94 Tex. 558 ( 63 S. W.
627);
Fletcher’s Cyc., Corporations, § 1857; 14 C. J. 886. As stated in Thompson on Corporations (2 ed.), Section 1074:
“Another exception to this general rule requiring directors to act as a body, is shown in a case where the directors themselves owned all the stock of the corporation, and authorized the president to sell all the assets, and it was held that it was immaterial that such authority was not given at a regular meeting of the directors. Acquiescence by the stockholders in the action taken by directors separately, and where such action was carried out by the corporation, was held sufficient to render the acts valid.”
The _ written contract establishes beyond question that Bullis agreed to assume and pay the indebtedness of the logging company. It is equally certain that the other directors and stockholders of the latter corporation consented to this assumption of indebtedness. That the canning company accepted Bullis as a new debtor is established by the fact that all of its directors and stockholders gave their approval. The logging company vas practically on the rocks. It was for the best interests of the canning company to
*101
accept Bullís as a debtor. Yet we have the anomalous situation of a defendant corporation undertaking to repudiate the act of those who constitute it in its entirety. In view of the interlocking directorate of these two corporations and the plan which was carried out to enable the logging company to operate, we think the reasonable inference may be drawn that it was the intention to discharge the logging company from its liability to the canning company. Otherwise what object could there be in Bullís assuming the indebtedness? Any other deduction would be that Bullís was merely an additional debtor.
It is not necessary that the release or discharge of the original debtor be established by direct and positive evidence, but such may be inferred from all the facts and circumstances. It may be implied from the conduct of the parties:
Leckie
v.
Bennett,
160 Mo. App. 145 ( 141 S. W. 706 ); 29 Cyc. 1132. We conclude that the act of the directors, under the circumstances, was the act of the corporations in which they were the owners of all the stock.
In the abstract, assignment of error is thus stated:
“That the court erred in permitting the introduction of certain evidence which was particularly objected to by defendant and exceptions noted thereon and which objections and exceptions are fully set out in the bill of exceptions.”
This assignment is too indefinite and need not be considered. In
Northern Pacific T. Co.
v.
Lowenberg,
11 Or. 287 ( 3 Pac. 683 ), an assignment reads thus: “That the court below erred in admitting certain testimony as is fully stated in the bill of exceptions herein filed,” and “In excluding certain testimony as
*102
is fully stated in said bill of exceptions,” and tbe court field that sucfi was too indefinite. Also see
Redsecker
v.
Wade,
69 Or. 157 ( 134 Pac. 5 , 138 Pac. 485 , Ann. Cas. 1916A, 269);
Dundas
v.
Grand View Land Co.,
79 Or. 379 ( 155 Pac. 365 ).
There was no error in submitting the issue of novation to the jury and its finding is conclusive.
The judgment of the Circuit Court is affirmed.
Affirmed. Costs Taxed. Behearing Denied.
Band, C. J., and Bean and Brown, JJ., concur.