The opinion
FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
JUN 06 2016
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, No. 11-10089
Plaintiff - Appellee, D.C. No. 2:09-cr-00533-FCD-1
v.
MEMORANDUM*
DEANDRE LORNELL BROWN,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of California
Frank C. Damrell, Jr., Senior District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted May 9, 2016
San Francisco, California
Before: WARDLAW, PAEZ, and BEA, Circuit Judges.
After a jury trial, Deandre Brown was convicted of one count of conspiracy
to commit sex trafficking of children in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371, two counts of
sex trafficking of children in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1591(a)(1), and two counts
of participating in a sex trafficking venture in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1591(a)(2).
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
He appeals his conviction and 360-month prison sentence. We affirm the
conviction, but we vacate the sentence and remand for resentencing.
1. The district court did not plainly err by qualifying Detective Stigerts as an
expert based on his experience and training, and by admitting his expert testimony
regarding pimping and prostitution culture. See United States v. Brooks, 610 F.3d
1186, 1195-96 (9th Cir. 2010).
We held in United States v. Vera, however, that when a law enforcement
officer provides both expert testimony and lay opinions based on his investigation
of the defendant’s wrongful conduct, “the jury must be instructed on how to
appropriately evaluate each form of testimony offered by the officer.” 770 F.3d
1232, 1235 (9th Cir. 2014). Because Detective Stigerts offered both expert and lay
opinion, the district court plainly erred in failing to give such an instruction. See
id. at 1246. The failure to clearly delineate for the jury which opinions were based
on Stigerts’s experience and training and which were based on his investigation of
Brown compounded the error. See United States v. Torralba-Mendia, 784 F.3d
652, 658 (9th Cir. 2015).
We are unable to conclude, however, that these errors affected Brown’s
substantial rights. In Vera, the challenged testimony comprised nearly the “sole
evidence” of a key contested issue. 770 F.3d at 1246. Here, by contrast,
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considerable evidence supported the verdict apart from Stigerts’s challenged
testimony. In closing argument, Brown’s counsel emphasized that the two
important questions were whether Brown used force to induce the victims into
prostitution and whether Brown knew the victims were underage. But, little of
Stigerts’s testimony was necessary to establish the age of the victims, or that
Brown used force against them. Both victims testified to Brown’s violent acts, as
did Brittney Beacham. Their testimony was corroborated by photographs and the
testimony of medical professionals and other officers. And all three women
testified that they feared Brown. On this record, Brown fails to demonstrate that
the plain error prejudiced him. See United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 734
(1993).
2. Brown’s other assignments of trial error do not require reversal whether
considered individually or cumulatively. See United States v. Wilkes, 662 F.3d
524, 543 (9th Cir. 2011) (“[I]n contrast to this circuit’s cases that reversed a
defendant’s convictions based on cumulative error, the government in this case
presented ample evidence of Wilkes’s guilt.”).
3. By contrast, Brown’s sentence must be vacated. As the government
concedes, the district court failed to ensure that Brown read and discussed the
presentence report (“PSR”) with his trial counsel as required by Federal Rule of
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Criminal Procedure 32(i)(1)(A),1 an error we have called “deplorable and easily
avoided.” United States v. Sustaita, 1 F.3d 950, 954 (9th Cir. 1993). Because
Brown represents that his trial counsel never reviewed or discussed the PSR with
him, and because he identifies factual errors in the PSR that may have influenced
the district court’s imposition of sentence, we cannot conclude that “it is clear that
no prejudice resulted” from the Rule 32 violation. Sustaita, 1 F.3d at 954.
Moreover, the term of incarceration imposed violated the so-called
parsimony principle that a criminal sentence be “sufficient, but not greater than
necessary” to serve the purposes codified in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2). United States
v. Carty, 520 F.3d 984, 991 (9th Cir. 2008) (en banc) (quoting 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a)). In an exchange with Brown at sentencing, the district court stated,
“Whether it’s 300 or 360 months, sir, you’re going to spend most of your adult life
in prison until you’re in your fifties. The difference is 20 years versus – 25 years
versus 30 years, which is not significant.” To the contrary, “[a]uthority does not
suggest that a minimal amount of additional time in prison cannot constitute
prejudice.” Glover v. United States, 531 U.S. 198, 203 (2001). If the district court
believed the difference between potential sentences was insignificant, parsimony
1
Rule 32(i)(1)(A) states that the district court “must verify that the defendant
and the defendant’s attorney have read and discussed the presentence report and
any addendum to the report.”
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required that the lesser sentence be imposed. We hold that the violations of Rule
32 and § 3553(a) require vacating Brown’s sentence and remanding for
resentencing.
4. Because we vacate Brown’s sentence, we do not reach the other challenges
to his sentence.
AFFIRMED IN PART; VACATED IN PART; and REMANDED.
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