The opinion
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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
ANTONIO GALES
Appellant No. 127 EDA 2015
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence April 15, 2011
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0005615-2007
BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., MUNDY, J., and MUSMANNO, J.
MEMORANDUM BY MUNDY, J.: FILED JANUARY 25, 2016
Appellant, Antonio Gales, appeals nunc pro tunc from the April 15,
2011 aggregate judgment of sentence of five to ten years’ imprisonment,
imposed after he was found guilty by a jury of unlawful contact with a child,
aggravated indecent assault of a child, endangering the welfare of a child,
indecent assault without complainant’s consent, and corruption of minors.1
Specifically, he challenges the determination by the trial court that he is a
sexually violent predator (SVP) under Megan’s Law, 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9791-
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1
18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 6318(a)(1), 3125(b), 4304(a), 3126(a)(1), and
6301(a)(1), respectively.
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9799.9.2 After careful review, we affirm Appellant’s convictions, and his SVP
designation. However, because of our sua sponte review of the legality of
Appellant’s sentence, we are constrained to vacate his sentence and remand
for resentencing.
The trial court summarized the relevant facts and procedural history as
follows.
Complainant [E.W.], age 12 years, testified
that she and her three siblings currently reside with
their grandmother and grandfather, T[.L.] and J[.]L.
In 2005, when in the third grade [E.W.] and her
siblings lived at 5337 Lesher Street with her mother
[(Mother)] and her mother’s boyfriend, [A]ppellant[.]
She stated that the bedroom she shared with her
sister adjoined the room [M]other and Appellant
shared, and that the rooms were connected with a
door. [E.W.] stated that one day while she was
cleaning her bedroom Appellant called her into his
room and instructed her to sit on the bed. Appellant
directed [E.W.] to pull her pants down and he
inserted his finger and penis into the minor
Complainant’s vagina. She also described an
incident [] during which she was watching television
in [M]other’s bedroom when Appellant entered the
room and instructed her to lie across the bed, pulled
her pants and underwear down, pulled out his penis,
and inserted his penis into her vagina. [E.W.] stated
that Appellant told her not to tell anyone of the
incident and she complied because she was afraid
and did not believe that [M]other would believe her.
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2
On December 20, 2012, Megan’s Law was replaced by Sexual Offender
Registration and Notification Act (SORNA), 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9799.10-
9799.41. As Appellant was sentenced on April 15, 2011, Megan’s Law
controls.
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Appellant repeated this more than once a week
during the year she was in the third grade.
Complainant testified that on the final occasion of
sexual abuse, Appellant called [E.W.] into his
bedroom and instructed her to pull down her pants,
pulled out his penis, and was going to insert his
penis into her vagina when [M]other walked into the
room. An altercation ensued between Appellant and
[Mother] and [Mother] demanded that Appellant
leave the house. Appellant gathered his belongings
and complied.
Complainant finally reported Appellant[’s]
assaults the following year, [in January 2007] when
in the fourth grade [E.W.] touched the penis of a
classmate and she was questioned by school
officials. Denise Klein was the elementary school
counselor at [E.W.]’s school. Klein testified that she
was advised of the incident and spoke to [E.W.]
During the discussion [E.W.] reported that Appellant
had inserted his penis into her vagina on multiple
occasions and that [M]other knew about Appellant’s
behavior. Klein reported this information to the
Philadelphia Department of Human Services and the
police were called.
Philadelphia Police Detective Kimberly Stone of
Special Victims Unit testified that on January 23,
2007 she was assigned to investigate the report of
sexual abuse involving [E.W.] and a few days later
she interviewed [E.W.] and recorded her statement.
During the interview, [E.W.] communicated that
Appellant inserted his penis into her vagina. Stone
spoke with [E.W.]’s mother and grandmother and
then reviewed the report from the DHS social worker
and the school counselor. She and her partner,
Detective Thomas, then prepared a formal Police
Report of the incident.
[Mother] testified and explained that she met
Appellant while he was working at [Mother]’s
children[]s’ day care, Brightside Academy, and they
began dating. [Mother] and Appellant began living
together in April, 200[5] and shortly thereafter
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Appellant stopped working. [Mother] attended Job
Corps at the time while Appellant stayed at home.
[Mother] testified that she and Appellant drank
heavily. She stated that there came a time when
she and Appellant were arguing and when he was
drinking that she went to the store and upon her
return she found Appellant and [E.W.] in her
bedroom and observed Appellant holding his penis
getting ready to penetrate [E.W.] sexually. [Mother]
demanded that Appellant leave her home and he
complied. [Mother] explained that she did not report
the incident to police because Appellant had
previously threatened that if she ever called police
and accused him of anything he would have her
physically assaulted. Notwithstanding having
observed Appellant sexually assaulting [E.W.]
[Mother] continued her relationship with him.
[Mother] stated that she nevertheless had feelings
for Appellant.
[T.L.] testified that she is [E.W.]’s
grandmother, and that she has had custody of
[Mother]’s children since April 2006. She explained
that she reported her daughter to the Department of
Human Services as a result of her daughter’s chronic
alcoholism and after finding that her daughter was
neglecting her young children and putting them at
risk. DHS later placed the children in [T.L.]’s home.
[T.L.] went on to testify that in January of
2007 she and her husband were called to [E.W.]’s
school as a result of the incident involving [E.W.]’s
inappropriately touching a fellow male student.
When she arrived at the school she was informed of
the incident with the student and later, after leaving
the school she had a discussion with [Mother] during
which her daughter told her that she walked into her
bedroom and observed Appellant as he was
preparing to mount [E.W.] with his pants and
[E.W.]’s pants down. Later, while [E.W.] was in
therapy as a result of these incidents, [T.L.]
participated and spoke with [E.W.]
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Appellant testified in [his own] defense. He
stated that he met [Mother] at Brightside Academy,
a child care facility in the northeast section of
Philadelphia, where he was employed, and that they
dated from October of 2004 until February of 2005
when they began living together until he moved out
of the house in July 2005. Appellant testified that
they had a good relationship until [Mother] began
drinking heavily. He stated that he purchased the
house in which they resided and that he paid the bills
and provided financial support for [Mother]’s
children.
Trial Court Opinion, 4/7/15, at 2-5 (citations omitted).
The trial court further set forth the subsequent procedural history.
On March 23, 2007[,] Appellant was arrested
and charged with Unlawful Contact With a Child,
Aggravated Indecent Assault of a Child, Endangering
the Welfare of a Child, Corruption of Minors, and
related offenses. On October 28, 2009, following a
jury trial before [the trial court], the Honorable
Thomas Dempsey presiding, [on October 28, 2009,]
Appellant was found guilty of those crimes [and
sentencing was deferred pending a Megan’s Law
Assessment.] [On April 15, 2011[, Appellant was
found to be an SVP and] he was sentenced to
concurrent terms of imprisonment of not less than
five (5) years nor more than ten (10) years for
Unlawful Contact and Aggravated Indecent Assault of
a Child plus concurrent sentences of five (5) years[’]
probation for Endangering the Welfare of a Child and
Corruption of a Minor. No direct appeal was taken
from the [j]udgment of [s]entence.
On March 26, 2012[,] Appellant filed a Petition
pursuant to the Post Conviction Relief Act [42
Pa.C.S.A. § 9541] (hereinafter, PCRA) pro se and
PCRA counsel was appointed. PCRA counsel filed an
[a]mended PCRA [p]etition on July 19, 2013 and on
October 29, 2014 the Commonwealth filed an
Answer to the PCRA Petition. On December 11,
2014[,] the PCRA [p]etition was granted by
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agreement and Appellant’s appeal rights were
reinstated nunc pro tunc. This timely appeal
followed on December 31, 2014.
Id. at 1-2 (footnote omitted).
On appeal, Appellant raises the following issue for our review.3
Whether the [trial] court erred in finding that the
Commonwealth proved by [c]lear and convincing
evidence that [Appellant] was properly classifiable as
a “sexually violent predator” under 42 Pa.C.S.
Section 9799.24(e)(b)[?]
Appellant’s Brief at 5.
Appellant’s sole issue raises a challenge to the sufficiency of the
evidence to support the trial court’s finding that he was an SVP. Id. at 11.
“Because evidentiary sufficiency presents a question of law, our standard of
review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary.” Commonwealth v.
Johnson, 107 A.3d 52, 66 (Pa. 2014) (italics added). As in all sufficiency
reviews, we consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth, as the prevailing party in the trial court. Id.
Under Megan’s Law, an SVP is defined as “a person who has been
convicted of a sexually violent offense […] and who is determined to be a
sexually violent predator under section 9795.4 […] due to a mental
abnormality or personality disorder that makes the person likely to engage
in predatory sexually violent offenses.” Commonwealth v. Martz, 926
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3
Appellant and the trial court have complied with Pennsylvania Rule of
Appellate Procedure 1925.
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A.2d 514, 522 (Pa. Super. 2007), appeal denied, 940 A.2d 363 (Pa. 2008);
see also generally 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9792. When a person is convicted of
one or more offenses set forth in section 9795.1, the trial court must order
an SVP assessment by the Pennsylvania Sexual Offenders Assessment Board
(SOAB), which is comprised, of “psychiatrists, psychologists and criminal
justice experts, each of whom is an expert in the field of the behavior and
treatment of sexual offenders.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9795.4; see also generally
Commonwealth v. Dixon, 907 A.2d 533, 535 (Pa. Super. 2006), appeal
denied, 920 A.2d 830 (Pa. 2007). Once the assessment is ordered, an SOAB
member is chosen to perform the assessment and determine whether the
offender fits the definition of an SVP as defined by the statute. Dixon,
supra at 536.
The determination of whether an individual should be classified as an
SVP is governed by examination of the following factors.
(1) Facts of the current offense, including:
(i) Whether the offense involved multiple
victims.
(ii) Whether the individual exceeded the
means necessary to achieve the offense.
(iii) The nature of the sexual contact with the
victim.
(iv) Relationship of the individual to the
victim.
(v) Age of the victim.
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(vi) Whether the offense included a display of
unusual cruelty by the individual during the
commission of the crime.
(vii) The mental capacity of the victim.
(2) Prior offense history, including:
(i) The individual’s prior criminal record.
(ii) Whether the individual completed any
prior sentences.
(iii) Whether the individual participated in
available programs for sexual offenders.
(3) Characteristics of the individual, including:
(i) Age of the individual.
(ii) Use of illegal drugs by the individual.
(iii) Any mental illness, mental disability or
mental abnormality.
(iv) Behavioral characteristics that contribute
to the individual's conduct.
(4) Factors that are supported in a sexual offender
assessment field as criteria reasonably related to the
risk of reoffense.
42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9795.4(b).
Using the SOAB member’s assessment and other evidence, the
Commonwealth must prove to the trial court that the offender is an SVP by
clear and convincing evidence. Dixon, supra (citation omitted). The trial
court makes the ultimate determination. Id. “The clear and convincing
standard requires evidence that is so clear, direct, weighty, and convincing
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as to enable the [trier of fact] to come to a clear conviction, without
hesitancy, of the truth of the precise facts [in] issue.” Commonwealth v.
Meals, 912 A.2d 213, 219 (Pa. 2006) (brackets in original, citation omitted,
internal quotation marks omitted). Accordingly, in reviewing the trial court’s
SVP classification, “[w]e will reverse a trial court’s determination of SVP
status only if the Commonwealth has not presented clear and convincing
evidence sufficient to enable the trial court to determine that each element
required by the statute has been satisfied.” Commonwealth v.
Leddington, 908 A.2d 328, 335 (Pa. Super. 2006), appeal denied, 940 A.2d
363 (Pa. 2007) (citation omitted). “Our task … is one of review, not one of
reweighing or assessing the evidence in the first instance.”
Commonwealth v. Prendes, 97 A.3d 337, 356 (Pa. Super. 2014), appeal
denied, 105 A.3d 736 (Pa. 2014) (citations omitted).
In the instant matter, Appellant was found guilty of, inter alia,
indecent assault, a triggering offense for an SVP assessment under Megan’s
Law. See generally 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9795.1. Appellant argues “the
Commonwealth failed to produce clear and convincing evidence at the time
of his assessment hearing” that he qualifies as an SVP. Appellant’s Brief at
11. The focus of Appellant’s argument is on whether the Commonwealth
presented clear and convincing evidence that “the mental abnormality of
pedophilia … last[ed] for a period of at least six months.” Id. at 12. It is
Appellant’s assertion that the Commonwealth’s expert witness was only able
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to answer in general terms and could not provide the exact dates of the
incidents. Id. at 12-13.
At the SVP hearing, the Commonwealth presented the testimony of Dr.
Barry Zakireh, Ph.D., an expert in the field of psychology, and a member of
the SOAB. N.T., 3/24/11, at 6-8. Appellant stipulated to Dr. Zakireh’s
qualification as an expert. Id. at 6. Upon our review of the record, we
conclude that Dr. Zakireh’s testimony presented clear and convincing
evidence supporting Appellant’s classification as an SVP.
Dr. Zakireh testified that he has been a member of the SOAB since
2000 and has conducted 1,200 to 1,300 SVP evaluations. N.T., 3/24/11, at
8-9. After evaluation of Appellant, Dr. Zakireh testified that “[i]n my opinion
[Appellant] meets the criteria for a sexually violent predator.” Id. at 9. Dr.
Zakireh summarized his finding as follows.
The law asks fundamentally where [sic] the
person suffers from a mental abnormality or a
personality disorder that makes them likely to
engage in violent sexual behavior.
And based on the review of the records related
to [Appellant] and the offense in particular, also the
available history of [Appellant], I came to the
conclusion that he’s diagnosed with pedophilia which
is a disorder that involves long-term persistent
sexual attraction or sexual arousal, sexual interest in
prepubescent children.
So it involves urges, sexual urges, sexual
fantasies or behaviors or a situation of six months or
more, and the individual has to be at least 16 years
or older when they’re diagnosed, and at least five
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years or more older than the person whom they
have a sexual relationship with or contact with.
Based on the records that are reviewed,
[Appellant] has a - - his offense in this case involves
over a nine-month period having repeated and
multiple sexual contact, varied and progressive
sexual acts with a prepubescent female who
was roughly about eight to nine years old at
the time, and he obviously - - the nine-month
period specified in the record goes beyond the
six-month period as required by the diagnostic
criteria. [Appellant] was in his 40s, I believe, and
so obviously there was a significant age difference.
He engaged in various sexual acts such as
fondling, vaginal fondling, digital penetration, also
attempted penile/vaginal penetration. He also
exposed his penis to the victim. He acted on the
sexual urges of fantasies which is another
component of the diagnostic criteria. This was not
confined to urges only or fantasies. He acted on
these on a regular basis.
Based on the analysis of his behavior and as
contained in the records and as required by the
diagnostic criteria, he clearly meets the diagnostic
criteria for pedophilia.
Pedophilia is a disorder that is significant and
associated with not only the genitive etiology of
sexual contact with children, but also puts the
person at high risk for engaging in such contact in
the future. So it involves both an element of
etiology and also an element of persistence.
And as I stated, the law asks whether the
person has a mental abnormality or a personality
disorder.
In this case, I believe pedophilia is consistent
with the conception of mental abnormality,[I] do not
find a personality disorder, but a mental abnormality
or a personality disorder. In this case pedophilia
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being a mental abnormality which is associated with
placing the person at high risk or likelihood for
engaging in criminal violent sexual acts.
Id. at 10-12 (emphasis added).
Dr. Zakireh also focused on Appellant’s predatory behavior, noting
Appellant “was a household member, was in a relationship with the victim’s
mother, … living with the victim, and that’s when the offense occurred.” Id.
at 15. He noted that Appellant’s “behavior is very consistent with the notion
of predatory behavior because he initiated a sexual relationship and
maintained that over a period of time with someone he has known[.]” Id.
Further, Dr. Zakireh highlighted the “significant age and power difference
between [Appellant] and the victim[,]” and its “potential for all the adverse
affects [sic] [to] increase.” Id. at 15-16. Finally, he noted that this was “an
evolving pattern of sexual abuse … [and Appellant] did not cease his
behavior until he was expelled from the house.” Id. at 28. On cross-
examination, defense counsel extensively reviewed the timeline with Dr.
Zakireh, who maintained that the records show a repeated pattern of abuse
over the course of the school year starting in September 2005, the year
E.W. was in third grade. Id. at 37-43.
At the SVP hearing, Appellant also presented an expert, Dr. Timothy
Foley, an expert in the field of psychology and in the field of assessment of
sexual offenders, who concluded that Appellant did not meet the criteria of
an SVP. N.T., 3/24/14, at 49-52. Specifically, Dr. Foley noted that he
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“couldn’t testify to a reasonable degree of psychological certainty that the
six months [necessary for a pedophilia diagnosis] had been established.”
Id. at 51. While Dr. Foley conceded Appellant met the predator prong of the
assessment, he found “insufficient information” to ascertain Appellant was
“likely a perpetrator for future sexual offenses.” Id. at 52. Accordingly,
Appellant’s expert, Dr. Foley, did not believe the evidence was sufficient to
establish Appellant was an SVP by clear and convincing evidence.
Our review of the record reveals that the trial court’s findings are
supported, and we will not reweigh the evidence. See Prendes, supra.
The trial court was free to credit the conclusions of the Commonwealth’s
expert and discount the contrary findings presented by Appellant’s expert.
See Meals, supra at 223-224. Therefore, we conclude that the evidence
was sufficient to enable the trial court to determine that the Commonwealth
established, by clear and convincing evidence that Appellant qualifies as an
SVP. See Leddington, supra.
Notwithstanding our disposition of Appellant’s issue on appeal, we are
constrained to address a legality of sentencing issue sua sponte. “[A]
challenge to the legality of the sentence can never be waived and may be
raised by this Court sua sponte.” Commonwealth v. Wolfe, 106 A.3d 800,
801 (Pa. Super. 2014), appeal granted 121 A.3d 433 (Pa. 2015). Instantly,
as the Commonwealth concedes “[b]ecause [Appellant] committed
aggravated indecent assault against a child less than thirteen years of age,
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the lower court imposed a mandatory minimum sentence under 42 Pa. C.S.
§ 9718.” Commonwealth’s Brief at 12, n.4. In light of recent precedent
interpreting the import of the United States Supreme Court’s ruling in
Alleyne v. United States, 133 S. Ct. 2151 (2013), we conclude the trial
court imposed an illegal sentence. See Wolfe, supra at 805–806 (holding
that the mandatory minimum sentencing provision of 42 Pa.C.S.A.
9718(a)(1) was unconstitutional even though the triggering fact was also an
element of the offense for which Appellant was convicted), appeal granted
121 A.3d 433 (Pa. 2015).
Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the issue raised by Appellant
lacks merit, but the trial court imposed an illegal sentence. Accordingly, the
trial court’s April 15, 2011 judgment of sentence is vacated, and the case is
remanded for resentencing, without consideration of the mandatory
minimum, in accordance with this memorandum.
Judgment of sentence vacated. Case remanded for resentencing.
Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 1/25/2016
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