explaining that, under an earlier version of section 775.15(7), “because the crimes were reported to a ‘law enforcement or other governmental agency’ before either victim reached age 16, it was the reporting date that triggered the statute of limitations”
How later courts described this case
- explaining that, under an earlier version of section 775.15(7), “because the crimes were reported to a ‘law enforcement or other governmental agency’ before either victim reached age 16, it was the reporting date that triggered the statute of limitations”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
FOURTH DISTRICT
MARKUS LEON BROWN,
Appellant,
v.
STATE OF FLORIDA,
Appellee.
No. 4D14-3476
[November 18, 2015]
Appeal from the Circuit Court for the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit, St.
Lucie County; Robert E. Belanger, Judge; L.T. Case No. 56-2011-
003934CFA.
Carey Haughwout, Public Defender, and Tatjana Ostapoff, Assistant
Public Defender, West Palm Beach, for appellant.
Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, Tallahassee, and Catherine Linton,
Assistant Attorney General, West Palm Beach, for appellee.
GROSS, J.
We reverse one of two convictions in a child abuse case because
prosecution of that offense was barred by the applicable statute of
limitations. We affirm the other conviction.
On December 30, 2011, the State charged Markus Brown with two
counts of sexual battery by a person in a position of familial authority in
violation of Section 794.011(8)(b), Florida Statutes (1997). The State
alleged that Brown committed sexual battery on his two minor daughters—
Y.B. and C.B.—from May 1, 1997 through July 31, 1998.
At the time the offenses were committed, the applicable limitations
period for the offenses charged was four years. See § 775.15(2)(a), Fla.
Stat. (1997). Section 775.15(7) provided in relevant part:
If the victim of a violation of s. 794.011 . . . is under the age
of 16, the applicable period of limitation, if any, does not
begin to run until the victim has reached the age of 16 or
the violation is reported to a law enforcement agency or
other governmental agency, whichever occurs earlier.
(Emphasis added).
Y.B. turned 16 on March 29, 1999. The abuse of Y.B was reported to
the Department of Children and Families (“DCF”) on April 29, 1998. C.B.
turned 16 on May 1, 2001. The abuse against her was reported to DCF
on November 15, 1999. Because the violations were reported to DCF
before the victims turned 16, pursuant to section 775.15(7), the limitations
period would have expired on April 29, 2002, for Y.B., and on November
15, 2003, for C.B., respectively.
Appellant moved to dismiss both counts on the grounds that the
prosecution was barred by the statute of limitations. He contended that
more than four years had passed since the reports to DCF.
Opposing the motion, the State directed the trial court to a 2003
amendment to the statute of limitations. The amendment provided that:
[I]f the offense is a first degree felony violation of s. 794.011
and the victim was under 18 years of age at the time the
offense was committed, a prosecution of the offense may be
commenced at any time. This paragraph applies to any such
offense except an offense the prosecution of which would have
been barred by subsection (2) on or before October 1, 2003.
§ 775.15(7)(b), Fla. Stat. (2003)1 (emphasis added). Pursuant to this
amendment, the State argued that because Y.B. turned 18 on March 29,
2001, and C.B. turned 18 on May 1, 2003, the charges relating to both
victims could have been prosecuted well after October 1, 2003, and would
thus be covered by this amendment.
The trial court denied the motion, commenting that the motion was
untimely and suggesting that the 2003 amendment permitted the
prosecutions for both crimes.
Brown pled no contest and reserved the right to appeal the court’s
denial of his motion to dismiss. He was adjudicated guilty and sentenced
to concurrent 25-year terms of imprisonment.
1Subsequent to the 2003 amendment, Section 775.15(7)(b), was redesignated
Section 775.15(13)(b) on July 1, 2005. See Ch. 2005-110, Laws of Fla.
-2-
The only disputed issue on appeal is whether the trial court improperly
applied the 2003 amended statute in ruling that prosecution was not
barred.2 The viability of Brown’s motion to dismiss is a question of law
that we review de novo. See Erhlick v. State, 898 So. 2d 237, 238 (Fla. 4th
DCA 2005).
“The statutes of limitation applicable are those which were in effect at
the time of the incidents giving rise to the criminal charges.” State v. Mack,
637 So. 2d 18, 19 (Fla. 4th DCA 1994). “Statutes of limitations, as a
general rule, affect substantive rights” and “[s]tatutes which affect
substantive rights are presumed to operate prospectively absent clear
legislative intent to the contrary.” State v. Shamy, 759 So. 2d 728, 729
(Fla. 4th DCA 2000). “However, the legislature can amend statutes of
limitation to apply retroactively without running afoul of the constitutional
ex post facto prohibition if it (a) does so before prosecution is barred by
the old statute, and (b) clearly indicates that the new statute is to apply
retroactively to cases pending when it becomes effective.” Scharfschwerdt
v. Kanarek, 553 So. 2d 218, 220 (Fla. 4th DCA 1989).
Scharfschwerdt held that an amendment to a statute of limitations
could be retroactively applied to a defendant where the limitations period
under the old statute had not run against him at the time the amendment
went into effect. Id. at 220. In that case, the defendant was charged in
January 1989 with, among other things, sexual battery in violation of
section 794.011, alleged to have occurred between January and August
1983. Id. at 219. The limitations period in effect at that time was four
years. Id. The legislature amended the limitations period in 1985 to extend
the statute of limitations for violations of 794.011. Id. The amendment
also provided: “This subsection applies to any offense except for one which
would have been time barred by the ordinary statute of limitations on or
before December 31, 1984.” Id.
The defendant in Scharfschwerdt argued that applying the 1985
amendment to him “constitute[d] an unconstitutional ex post facto law
since it deprive[d] him of a vested right; i.e., the onset of the limitation
period.” Id. This court disagreed, finding that the 1985 amendment
“reflect[ed] a clear legislative intent to extend prosecutions . . . to those
offenses not time barred on or before December 31, 1984.” Id. at 220. We
explained:
The limitation period under the old statute had not run
against the petitioner. Thus, the amendment did not inflict
2The State does not assert that either motion was untimely.
-3-
additional punishment on petitioner. It did not change the
legal consequence of the acts completed before the effective
date. It was not more onerous than the prior law. It did not
add to the quantum of punishment nor did it deprive
petitioner of a defense which was available when the offense
was committed.
Id.
Brown cites to Torgerson v. State, 964 So. 2d 178 (Fla. 4th DCA 2007),
to argue that the amended statute relied on by the State was not applicable
to appellant. However, Torgerson involved a statute that, unlike the
statute in this case, was not intended to be applied retroactively. As a
result, we held in Torgerson that the State was bound by the statute of
limitations in force on the date of the crime charged in the information,
not by a statute that went into effect afterwards. Id. at 179.
Unlike the situation in Torgerson, the 2003 amended version of the
statute added an entirely new subsection specifically providing that the
prosecution of an offense satisfying certain requirements “may be
commenced at any time.” See § 775.15(7)(b). Subsection (7)(b) goes on to
say it applies to “any such offense except an offense the prosecution of
which would have been barred by subsection (2) on or before October 1,
2003.” Thus, the amendment applies to those cases that could have been
prosecuted after October 1, 2003.
The State acknowledges that in its argument to the trial judge it
incorrectly used the birthdates of Y.B. and C.B. to calculate the start time
for the statute of limitations. Applying the birthdates, instead of the
reporting dates of the crimes, led to the trial court’s finding that the crimes
against both Y.B. and C.B. were not barred by the statute of limitations.
However, because the crimes were reported to a “law enforcement or other
governmental agency” before either victim reached age 16, it was the
reporting date that triggered the statute of limitations.
We agree with the State that the conviction pertaining to C.B. is not
affected by using the reporting date to start the statute of limitations.
Applying that date, the statute of limitations pertaining to the C.B. charge
would not have expired until November 15, 2003, which is after the
October 1 cutoff date in the 2003 amendment. “[I]f a trial court reaches
the right result, but for the wrong reasons, it will be upheld if there is any
basis which would support the judgment in the record.” Dade Cnty. Sch.
Bd. v. Radio Station WQBA, 731 So. 2d 638, 644 (Fla. 1999).
-4-
The crime against Y.B. was reported to DCF on April 29, 1998, so the
statute of limitations applicable to her expired on April 29, 2002, meaning
that prosecution of the offense pertaining to her would have been barred
“on or before October 1, 2003.” § 775.15(7)(b), Fla. Stat. (2003). Thus,
the 2003 amendment cannot be applied to extend the statute of
limitations. For this reason, we reverse the conviction where Y.B. was the
victim because the statute of limitations on that charge had run.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded.
CIKLIN, C.J., and GERBER, J., concur.
* * *
Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.
-5-