holding that no constitutional violation occurred when a teacher told students that “their handwriting ‘suck[ed],’ ‘if you had one eye and half a brain, you could do this,’” and “call[ed] students ‘stupid,’ and refer[ed] to students as ‘bimbos,’ ‘fatso,’ and the ‘welfare bunch’”
How later courts described this case
- holding that no constitutional violation occurred when a teacher told students that “their handwriting ‘suck[ed],’ ‘if you had one eye and half a brain, you could do this,’” and “call[ed] students ‘stupid,’ and refer[ed] to students as ‘bimbos,’ ‘fatso,’ and the ‘welfare bunch’”
- stating that “demeaning and belittling references to his students” were appalling but “his use of patently offensive language did not violate his students’ constitutional rights”
- holding that a teacher’s yelling and screaming at students and referring to them as “bimbos,” “fatso,” and the “welfare bunch” did not shock the conscience
- concluding school district officials' failure to report a teacher's alleged abuse of students as required by a state child abuse reporting statute did not amount to "unconstitutional misconduct"
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
United States Court of Appeals
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
________________
No. 99-1698
________________
Jane Doe, 1; Jane Doe, 2; Jane Doe, *
3; Jane Doe, 4; Jane Doe, 5; John *
Doe, 1, *
* Appeal from the United States
Appellees, * District Court for the
* Western District of Arkansas.
v. *
*
Dr. Benny L. Gooden, Individually, *
and a Superintendent of Fort Smith *
School District; Patricia J. Jackson, *
Individually and as Former *
Superintendent of Ft. Smith School *
District, *
*
Appellants. *
________________
Submitted: December 14, 1999
Filed: June 2, 2000
________________
Before RICHARD S. ARNOLD and HANSEN, Circuit Judges, and MELLOY,1
District Judge.
________________
HANSEN, Circuit Judge.
1
The Honorable Michael J. Melloy, United States District Judge for the Northern
District of Iowa, sitting by designation.
Dr. Benny Gooden and Dr. Patricia Jackson appeal the district court's order
denying their motion for summary judgment in this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action brought by
six minor students (the plaintiffs) of the Fort Smith School District. Gooden and
Jackson argue they are entitled to qualified immunity because they lacked actual
knowledge of and were not deliberately indifferent to any abuse that rose to the level
of a constitutional violation committed by school teacher Claudie Lovell. The district
court concluded reasonable jurors could find on the evidence that Gooden and Jackson
had notice of and were deliberately indifferent to Lovell's conduct and, therefore,
denied Gooden and Jackson's motion for summary judgment. We reverse and remand.
I.
Gooden, the Superintendent of the Fort Smith School District, and Jackson, the
former Assistant Superintendent, were two of the named defendants in a complaint filed
by six minor students alleging that their teacher, Lovell, subjected them to verbal,
physical, and sexual abuse. The allegations of abuse are extensive.2 Lovell was an
elementary school teacher in the Fort Smith School District for over twenty-two years
until his verbal suspension on Monday, January 15, 1996, following the receipt of
written complaints from a group of parents on Friday, January 12, 1996. On January
17, 1996, Gooden sent Lovell a written letter of suspension.
The plaintiffs filed a complaint against the school district and various school
district employees and board members. The plaintiffs asserted several causes of action
arising out of the alleged abuse, including a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim, violation of the
Arkansas child abuse reporting statute (Ark. Code Ann. § 12-12-507 (Michie Supp.
1995)), the tort of outrage, and negligent supervision and retention. Only the § 1983
claim is before us. Every defendant, except Lovell, filed a motion for partial summary
2
The specific abuse allegations will be addressed as relevant in the analysis
section of this opinion.
2
judgment as to the § 1983 claim. The district court granted the motion for partial
summary judgment for all the movants, except Gooden and Jackson. Gooden and
Jackson appeal the denial of their motion for partial summary judgment as to the § 1983
claim.
II.
A district court's order denying a defendant's motion for summary judgment is
an immediately appealable order where the defendant has asserted qualified immunity
and the issue concerns an abstract issue of law relating to qualified immunity. See
Behrens v. Pelletier, 516 U.S. 299, 313 (1996). Qualified immunity shields state
officials from civil liability when "their conduct does not violate clearly established
statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known."
Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982). "Only those issues that concern what
the official knew at the time the alleged deprivation occurred are properly reviewed in
this type of interlocutory appeal." Miller v. Schoenen, 75 F.3d 1305, 1308 (8th Cir.
1996). Review of these issues "is necessary in order to determine whether a reasonable
state actor would have known that his actions, in light of those facts, would violate the
law." Id.
School district officials can be liable under § 1983 if they are deliberately
indifferent to acts committed by a teacher that violate a student's constitutional rights.
See Gebser v. Lago Vista Indep. Sch. Dist., 524 U.S. 274, 290-91 (1998) (a Title IX
case drawing an analogy to the deliberate indifference standard of § 1983). The
plaintiffs must show that the district officials received notice of a pattern of
unconstitutional acts, demonstrated deliberate indifference to the acts, failed to take
sufficient remedial action, and that such failure proximately caused the injury to the
students. See Jane Doe A v. Special Sch. Dist. of St. Louis County, 901 F.2d 642, 645
(1990). We note initially that the failure of the movants to report the suspected abuse,
as required by the Arkansas state statute, does not amount to "unconstitutional
3
misconduct" as stated in the district court's order on the motion for partial summary
judgment. (Appellant's Adden. at A-33). Violations of state law do not state a claim
under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See Ebmeier v. Stump, 70 F.3d 1012, 1013 (8th Cir. 1995).
"Section 1983 guards and vindicates federal rights alone." Id.
We have jurisdiction to review whether Gooden and Jackson received notice of
a pattern of unconstitutional acts because "[t]he question of what was known to a
person who might be shielded by qualified immunity is reviewable." Miller, 75 F.3d
at 1309. We review the denial of a motion for summary judgment de novo and view
the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. See Mueller v.
Tinkham, 162 F.3d 999, 1002 (8th Cir. 1998). Summary judgment is only appropriate
when there is "'no genuine issue as to any material fact and . . . the moving party is
entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.'" Coplin v. Fairfield Pub. Access Television
Comm., 111 F.3d 1395, 1401 (8th Cir. 1997) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)).
On appeal, Gooden and Jackson divide the abuse allegations into those which
they assert constitute constitutional violations and those which do not. They suggest
that the verbal abuse and physical abuse, while possibly giving rise to common law
torts, do not amount to a constitutional violation. They contend that only the alleged
sexual abuse violated the student's clearly established constitutional rights. The crux
of this appeal, they argue, is that they had no knowledge of any sexual abuse of
students by Lovell prior to Lovell's verbal suspension and removal from the classroom
on January 15, 1996. Absent knowledge of a constitutional violation, Gooden and
Jackson could not have been deliberately indifferent to Lovell's alleged unconstitutional
acts.
We agree with Gooden and Jackson that they cannot be subjected to § 1983
liability as a result of Lovell's alleged verbal abuse of students. Lovell is accused of
yelling and screaming at students, using foul language, telling students that their
handwriting "sucks," telling students that "if you had one eye and half a brain, you
4
could do this,"calling students "stupid," and referring to students as "bimbos," "fatso,"
and the "welfare bunch." Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
plaintiffs, Lovell clearly used inappropriate language in his elementary classroom, and
while we are appalled at his demeaning and belittling references to his students, his use
of patently offensive language did not violate his students' constitutional rights. Verbal
abuse is normally not a constitutional violation. See Martin v. Sargent, 780 F.2d 1334,
1339 (8th Cir. 1985).
Physical abuse, on the other hand, may rise to the level of a constitutional
violation. See Webb v. McCullough, 828 F.2d 1151, 1158-59 (6th Cir. 1987) (citing
Hall v. Tawney, 621 F.2d 607 (4th Cir. 1980)). In making that determination, the court
considers whether the abuse is "literally shocking to the conscience." Id. at 1159.
Assuming the alleged physical abuse committed by Lovell shocks the conscience of the
court, there must be a showing that Gooden and Jackson had notice of a pattern of
unconstitutional acts in order to support a finding of liability under § 1983. See Jane
Doe A, 901 F.2d at 645. Mere negligence in failing to respond does not implicate the
Fourteenth Amendment. Id. at 646.
Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs, we will address the
specific physical abuse allegations of which Gooden and Jackson had notice. In March
1994, Jackson received a copy of Lovell's evaluation by his principal. The evaluation
stated that Lovell had grabbed a student around the neck in order to bring the student
to the school office. In May 1994, the Director of Pupil Services sent a letter to
Gooden, copied to Jackson, stating that Lovell had kicked a desk across the classroom
while a student was sitting in the desk, threw a clenched fist toward a student's face but
did not hit the student, and grabbed a student by the shoulders and turned the student
around in the student's desk. In February 1995, Jackson received a copy of a letter sent
to Lovell by his principal stating that it was reported that Lovell had thrown a book at
a student on two different occasions. In May 1995, Jackson was informed by the
principal that a parent complained that Lovell had grabbed a student and pushed the
5
student against the wall of the building. The principal stated in her deposition that she
investigated the incident but did not find anyone who had seen it happen and that the
student's parents told her that the student had no marks or bruises from the incident.
(See App. at 33). In December 1995, Jackson was informed by the principal that
Lovell had grabbed a student. While the plaintiffs assert many additional physical
abuse allegations, based upon a review of the record, the ones we have noted appear
to be the physical abuse allegations of which Gooden and/or Jackson, specifically, were
notified prior to the letter of complaints Gooden received on January 12, 1996.
We conclude that neither Gooden nor Jackson had notice of a pattern of
unconstitutional acts committed by Lovell. In so concluding, we are not minimizing
the seriousness of Lovell's alleged behavior. Clearly, Lovell's alleged conduct was
improper and, in an incident or two, may have risen to the level of a constitutional
violation. However, the isolated instances of which Gooden and Jackson had notice
were not sufficient to constitute notice of a pattern of unconstitutional acts. See Jane
Doe A, 901 F.2d at 646.
With regard to the allegations of sexual abuse, nowhere do the plaintiffs claim
that Gooden and Jackson had actual notice of any sexual abuse by Lovell prior to his
verbal suspension and removal from the classroom on January 15, 1996. Rather, the
plaintiffs allege that Gooden and Jackson should have known that Lovell "constituted
a potential danger" (see Appellees' Br. at 43) based on various sexual remarks and
sexually harassing behavior Lovell exhibited toward his female teacher-colleagues, as
well as Lovell's reference to female students as "bimbos." None of the adults who were
allegedly sexually harassed by Lovell are parties to this lawsuit. We do not believe
that the notice Gooden and Jackson may have had regarding Lovell's behavior towards
his female colleagues is the type of notice that is required to impose § 1983 liability on
Gooden and Jackson for Lovell's alleged sexual abuse of students. See Jane Doe A,
901 F.2d at 646 n.4. There is no question that students have a constitutional right to
be free from sexual abuse and sexual molestation under the Fourteenth Amendment.
6
See Kinman v. Omaha Pub. Sch. Dist., 171 F.3d 607, 611 (8th Cir. 1999). In this case,
however, Gooden and Jackson lacked sufficient notice of Lovell's alleged
unconstitutional sexual behavior toward his students to be held liable under § 1983.
III.
Accordingly, we reverse and remand with instructions to the district court to
grant Gooden and Jackson's motion for partial summary judgment as to the 42 U.S.C.
§ 1983 claim.
A true copy.
Attest:
CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.
7