following White, 310 F.3d at 996
How later courts described this case
- following White, 310 F.3d at 996
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
UNPUBLISHED ORDER
Not to be cited per Circuit Rule 53
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted March 16, 2006
Decided June12, 2006
Before
Hon. JOEL M. FLAUM, Chief Judge
Hon. RICHARD D. CUDAHY, Circuit Judge
Hon. RICHARD A. POSNER, Circuit Judge
No. 05-4103
JOSEPH A. LUNINI, JR., Appeal from the United States District
Plaintiff-Appellant, Court for the Central District of
Illinois
v.
No. 02-3028
CHARLES V. GRAYEB ET AL.,
Defendants-Appellees Jeanne E. Scott,
Judge.
ORDER
Following an alleged physical altercation, Joseph Lunini, Jr., sued his former
boyfriend Charles Grayeb, police officer Stuart Barden, police officer Jeffrey Kice,
and John Stenson, individually and in his official capacity as Peoria chief of police,
(collectively “defendants”) in district court.
We first considered this case on appeal when the district court denied the
defendants’ motion for summary judgment on Lunini’s equal protection claim
against the defendants in their individual capacities. We reversed the district
court’s decision, finding that the individual defendants were entitled to qualified
immunity because the equal protection rights that Lunini alleged were violated
were not clearly established at the time of the incident. See Lunini v. Grayeb, 395
No. 05-4103 Page 2
F.3d 761, 773 (7th Cir. 2005). We did not consider Lunini’s claim against Stenson
in his official capacity as Peoria chief of police. On remand, the district court
entered summary judgment in favor of the individual defendants.
Also on remand, the district court considered Lunini’s claims that: 1)
defendants violated Lunini’s Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable
seizure and defendants conspired to do so; 2) Stenson, in his official capacity,
deprived Lunini of equal protection of the laws in violation of the Fourteenth
Amendment and Stenson conspired to do so; and 3) Grayeb denied Lunini his
substantive due process right to familial relations. Lunini now appeals the district
court’s decision granting summary judgment for these claims in favor of defendants
and Stenson in his official capacity. For the reasons below, we affirm.
We review the grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing all facts in the
light most favorable to Lunini. Cardoso v. Robert Bosch Corp., 427 F.3d 429, 432
(7th Cir. 2005). In 1997, Joseph Lunini, Jr., and Charles Grayeb moved into a
house that Grayeb owned at 510 West High Street in Peoria, Illinois. After living
there for several years, Lunini was preparing to move out of the house. On June 30,
2000, at 4:00 a.m., Lunini went to the house and began packing some of his
belongings. Then, according to Lunini, Grayeb came downstairs, became angry
with Lunini, and slapped Lunini’s face twice and punched his face once. Grayeb
denies slapping and punching Lunini.
Lunini called the police, and Officers Stuart Barden and Jeffrey Kice were
dispatched to the High Street property. Barden and Kice, who were in separate
cars, stopped on the way there, and discussed that they were going to the house
where Grayeb, a Peoria councilman, lived.
When Barden and Kice arrived, Grayeb called the police station and asked
the dispatcher to page Police Chief John Stenson. Stenson called Grayeb, and they
spoke briefly. Then Stenson spoke to Officer Barden. Stenson asked Barden if
there was evidence of violence, such as broken furniture, torn clothes, broken glass,
or if anyone had hand injuries. Barden replied that there was no such evidence and
that he could not determine how Lunini was injured because there were no
witnesses. Stenson told Barden that, if there was no preponderance of evidence to
make an arrest, Barden should get both parties’ account of what happened and
make a police report. Stenson told Barden to escort Lunini off of the property and
have Lunini leave his gate and door openers.
Lunini told Officer Barden that Grayeb had slapped and punched him.
Barden observed that Lunini’s lip was bleeding, and Barden later noted that in his
police report.
No. 05-4103 Page 3
Barden relayed Stenson’s instructions to Officer Kice. Then Kice told Lunini
that he must leave the property and leave his keys and gate and door openers, or he
would be arrested. The officers escorted Lunini into the house so he could change
from his bathrobe into street clothes. After Lunini changed his clothes, Barden
explained to Lunini how to get an order of protection. Lunini then left in his Jeep.
I.
Lunini claims that the district court erred in ruling that the police officers’
seizure of Lunini was not an “unreasonable seizure” in violation of the Fourth
Amendment. To establish a constitutional violation, Lunini had to establish 1) that
he was seized; and 2) that the seizure was unreasonable. Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S.
194, 201 (2001); White v. City of Markham, 310 F.3d 989, 993 (7th Cir. 2002). First,
the district court found that there was at least a genuine issue of material fact as to
whether Lunini was seized because the police ordered Lunini to leave the house,
and to give them the keys and door openers, or be arrested.
Next, the court considered White, a Seventh Circuit case where a police
officer’s decision to remove a resident from a house after a domestic altercation was
found to be reasonable. Using the reasoning from White, the district court
determined that even if Lunini was seized, the seizure was not unreasonable. We
agree.
The reasonableness of a seizure is determined by weighing an “individual’s
privacy interests against legitimate government interests” in view of the totality of
the circumstances. White, 310 F.3d at 995. The government has a legitimate
interest in restoring peace to a disorderly situation. Id. at 996. In White, in order
to restore the peace an officer had to order one party to leave a residence, and he
chose the party with an apparently inferior possessory interest in the property. Id.
We held that this decision was not unreasonable even if it was shown at a later time
that the officer reached an incorrect conclusion. Id. In this case, the police officers
were faced with a domestic dispute between Lunini and Grayeb, and Lunini had a
bloody lip. The officers did not believe there was enough evidence to arrest Grayeb,
but they needed to reestablish peace by separating Lunini and Grayeb. They
learned that Lunini intended to move out of the house. While the facts of White and
Lunini’s situation differ, the legal test is the same. Under Lunini’s facts, the
officers’ decision to order Lunini to leave the house was reasonable since he
appeared to have the inferior possessory interest in the property.
Finally, Lunini’s allegations of conspiracy are not relevant when evaluating
the reasonableness of the police officers’ decision because, as discussed below,
Lunini did not sufficiently state a claim for conspiracy.
No. 05-4103 Page 4
Neither did the officers exceed the scope of their community caretaking
function when they allegedly seized Lunini. To argue that the officers exceeded the
scope of their community caretaking function, Lunini cites People v. Murray where
the court held that the community caretaking police function does not include
seizures. 560 N.E.2d 309, 311 (Ill. 1990). However, the Murray court considered
seizures only in the context of a police encounter during which “a reasonable person
would have believed that he was not free to leave.” Id. at 312. In this case, Lunini
was free to leave the High Street property. Therefore, the Murray rule does not
apply to this case.
In White we did not resolve whether a seizure occurs where a plaintiff was
free to leave but was not “free to stay” at his own residence. 310 F.3d at 993. White
did establish, though, that in some circumstances police officers may, as part of
their community caretaking function, separate parties to a domestic disturbance by
ordering one party to leave the premises regardless of whether that order amounts
a seizure. See 310 F.3d at 995-96. Thus, the officers did not exceed the scope of
their proper function.
The district court also correctly ruled that Lunini did not sufficiently state a
claim against the defendants for conspiracy to violate his Fourth Amendment right
to be free of unreasonable seizure. A conspiracy is “an agreement between two or
more persons to accomplish an unlawful purpose.” U.S. v. Stotts, 323 F.3d 520,
522 (7th Cir. 2003). Lunini argues that the following contributed to the conspiracy
he alleges: Grayeb and Stenson’s conversation at the Peoria city hall; Grayeb’s
statement to Lunini that the police would not do anything if he called for help;
Barden and Kice’s discussion before arriving at the High Street property; Stenson’s
phone conversation with Grayeb and Barden at the High Street property; Barden’s
failure to mention Stetson’s call in his initial police report; and Stenson, Barden,
and Kice’s testimony at Grayeb’s July 28, 2000, Domestic Violence hearing.
Lunini cannot establish that defendants conspired to violate his Fourth
Amendment right because, even if the officers “seized” Lunini when they ordered
him to leave the High Street property, they did so lawfully. “A person may not be
prosecuted for conspiring to commit an act that he may perform with impunity.”
House v. Belford, 956 F.2d 711, 720 (7th Cir. 1992). Therefore, the district court
properly granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants.
II.
The district court did not err in ruling that Lunini failed to establish a “class
of one” equal protection claim and an equal protection conspiracy claim against
Stenson in his official capacity as Peoria chief of police. To establish a “class of one”
equal protection claim, a plaintiff must either show 1) that he was treated
No. 05-4103 Page 5
differently from others similarly situated and that there was no rational basis for
the treatment; or 2) that the government treated unequally individuals who are
prima facie identical in all relevant respects, and that the cause of the different
treatment is an illegitimate animus. Nevel v. Village of Schaumburg, 297 F.3d 673,
681 (7th Cir. 2002).
Lunini argues that he was treated differently because Grayeb, as a city
councilman, was “prestigious.” He asserts that he is similarly situated to other
domestic violence victims, and that he was treated differently from those victims
because Stenson, as Peoria chief of police, intervened in the situation on behalf of
Grayeb. However, Lunini fails to identify a actual similarly situated individual who
was treated differently from him. Therefore, summary judgment was appropriate
for this claim. See McDonald v. Village of Winnetka, 371 F.3d 992, 1002 (7th Cir.
2004).
Finally, Lunini does not assert sufficient facts supporting a conspiracy to
violate his rights to equal protection. As discussed above, when Stenson intervened
to order Lunini to leave the property, his order was lawful. Since Lunini does not
assert any additional facts that support the “unlawful purpose” element of the
conspiracy claim, the district court properly granted summary judgment for Stetson
in his official capacity.
III.
The district court correctly ruled that Lunini could not show that Grayeb
caused him to be deprived of his substantive due process right to visitation with his
children under the Fourteenth Amendment. The district court found that “the
orders of protection caused Lunini’s restriction to the property, and not Grayeb’s
actions, except for four or five hours” and “Lunini cannot show that Grayeb caused
Lunini to be deprived of the exercise of his family visitation rights.” Lunini v.
Grayeb, 305 F. Supp. 2d 893, 913 (C.D. Ill. 2004).
Lunini argues that Grayeb conspired with the police defendants to encourage
Lunini to seek an order of protection, that as a result of this order Lunini could not
visit with his children at the High Street property, and that because he could not
visit with his children at the High Street property Lunini lost visitation with them
for 45 days.
This court has never found a substantive due process violation where a
regulation that does not govern family relationships directly has the incidental and
unintended effect of separating family members. See Hameetman v. City of
Chicago, 776 F.2d 636, 643 (7th Cir. 1985). Here, Lunini does not allege that
Grayeb caused him to lose his right to family visitation. Lunini only alleges that
No. 05-4103 Page 6
Grayeb’s actions made it necessary for Lunini to find a new place to visit with his
children, and that Lunini was not able to do so. Because Lunini fails to allege that
his loss of visitation was a sufficiently direct result of Grayeb’s actions, this loss did
not amount to a violation of substantive due process. The district court
appropriately granted summary judgment in Grayeb’s favor.
The judgment of the district court is therefore AFFIRMED.