United States v. Mabrook, Mohammed

In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit

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No. 02-1433

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

MOHAMMED MABROOK,

Defendant-Appellant.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.

No. 98 CR 271—George W. Lindberg, Judge.

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ARGUED JUNE 4, 2002—DECIDED AUGUST 15, 2002

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Before COFFEY, EASTERBROOK, and WILLIAMS, Circuit

Judges.

WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge. Mohammed Mabrook was

convicted of mail and wire fraud after he convinced his

friends and associates to invest over one million dollars

in a business he knew was failing. He now appeals argu-

ing that the district court abused its discretion in making

the various contested trial rulings; and that it erred in

imposing sentence. We disagree and affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

Mabrook owned Global Chemical, a small company in the

business of selling a chlorine substitute for swimming pools,

2 No. 02-1433

Oxydyne. Mabrook hired Ioanis Paneras to be the com-

pany’s national sales manager. Paneras, a con man, quickly

began attracting business using false claims, documents,

and promises. Mabrook was using the same methods to

lure investors.

Mabrook convinced three individuals to invest over one

million dollars in Global Chemical using false purchase

orders and financial statements and exploiting friend-

ships and associations. Once he had the money, he needed

to quell concerns about the investments. Mabrook repeat-

edly assured the men that the Oxydyne shipments would be

sent, but that he first had to wait for EPA approval.

Eventually the house of cards began to fall. Paneras

was convicted of defrauding the distributors he recruited,

and for other crimes as well. He began giving the govern-

ment information about Global Chemical and Mabrook.

Mabrook was eventually convicted after a jury trial, and

although Paneras did not testify at trial, the evidence

Paneras gave to the authorities was instrumental in Ma-

brook’s conviction.

II. ANALYSIS

A. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion at Trial

1. No Sixth Amendment Violation

Mabrook argues that the district court denied him a fair

trial when it allowed Paneras, who had already been con-

victed for mail and wire fraud, to assert his Fifth Amend-

ment privilege, a finding we review for an abuse of dis-

cretion. United States v. Kaufmann, 985 F.2d 884, 898

(7th Cir. 1993). When a potential witness indicates that

he will likely invoke his privilege against self-incrimina-

tion, the district court should ensure that the witness

cannot possibly incriminate himself. If a witness’s testi-

mony may make him vulnerable to prosecution, the trial

No. 02-1433 3

court may allow him to invoke his privilege and refuse

to testify. Gleason v. Welborn, 42 F.3d 1107, 1109 (7th

Cir. 1994). In deciding whether the district court abused its

discretion in denying Mabrook’s request to call Paneras

as a witness and allowing Paneras to invoke the Fifth

Amendment, we must remain mindful that Mabrook’s

Sixth Amendment right to the compulsory process does

not trump Paneras’s Fifth Amendment right against self-

incrimination. Id.

First, Mabrook argues that the district court should

have permitted him to question Paneras about matters

outside the statute of limitations. However, after con-

ducting a hearing, the district court found that Paneras

would not be insulated from state or federal prosecution

if he testified. In fact, the very real possibility existed

that Paneras would expose himself to conspiracy, RICO,

or 18 U.S.C. § 1001 charges if he testified at Mabrook’s

trial. Thus, even though Paneras had already been prose-

cuted for mail and wire fraud, the possibility that other

charges, like conspiracy, could be brought against Paneras

based on his testimony weighs heavily in determining

whether the court abused its discretion. Cf. United States

v. Pardo, 636 F.2d 535, 544 n.24 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (had

the government suggested that the witness faced conspir-

acy charges, then a strong case would have been made

for either granting immunity or dismissing the charges

against the defendants).

Mabrook also claims that Paneras should have taken

the stand and asserted his privilege in front of the jury.

However, it would have been improper for the jury to

draw any inference from Paneras’s exercise of his Fifth

Amendment privilege. United States v. Taylor, 154 F.3d

675, 684 (7th Cir. 1998). Mabrook disagrees, citing United

States v. Hartmann, 958 F.2d 774, 789 (7th Cir. 1992), in

support. However, we have never found that it is permis-

sible for a jury to make an inference from the invocation of

4 No. 02-1433

a witness’s assertion of the Fifth Amendment and Hart-

mann only references a First Circuit case stating that

the jury may make an inference from the assertion of the

privilege during cross-examination. United States v. Kaplan,

832 F.2d 676, 684 (1st Cir. 1987). Such was not the

case here. Mabrook wanted Paneras to take the stand for

the purpose of asserting his privilege and that is impermis-

sible. Taylor, 154 F.3d at 684.

Finally, Mabrook contends that the district court erred

by barring him from introducing evidence of Paneras’s

previous fraudulent behavior. Mabrook claims that Paneras

vowed retribution because Mabrook failed to pay him the

salary he was owed. Therefore, Mabrook argues, Paneras

had a motive to lie to the government, and the jury should

have seen him in person to assess his credibility. But Ma-

brook has acknowledged that the jury was aware that

Paneras was a scoundrel and was capable of creating

the false documents used in the scheme.1 Knowing that

Paneras was an unsavory character, the jury could have

found that he alone was at fault, but instead the jury

convicted Mabrook for his role in the fraud. The district

court was within its discretion in refusing to allow Ma-

brook to parade Paneras in front of the jury for the sole

purpose of putting a face to the alleged evil.

2. Other Alleged Errors

Mabrook claims the district court made other numerous

errors which denied him his right to a fair trial. We have

reviewed his claims and find them to be without merit.

First, the district court did not abuse its discretion in

denying Mabrook’s request for a continuance. If a party

1

During trial, Mabrook presented his theory of the case to the

jury, continually claiming that Paneras created the false docu-

ments and duped everyone with them, including Mabrook.

No. 02-1433 5

requests a motion to continue, the district court abuses

its discretion if it acts arbitrarily and actual prejudice

resulted from the denial. United States v. Avery, 208 F.3d

597, 602 (7th Cir. 2000). Mabrook argues that his mo-

tion should have been granted for two reasons, the gov-

ernment disclosed thousands of pages of documents just

weeks before trial and he did not learn that Paneras had

given documents to the government until three days be-

fore trial. Therefore, he claims, he needed additional time

to procure both a handwriting expert and a computer

analyst to determine whether Paneras created the docu-

ments used to establish Mabrook’s guilt. Both of his ar-

guments are meritless.

Keeping in mind the circumstances surrounding the

case, we look to the amount of time for trial preparation,

the likelihood of prejudice, Mabrook’s diligence, the com-

plexity of the case, the government’s disclosure, the likeli-

hood that a continuance would have satisfied Mabrook’s

needs, and the inconvenience to the court. Avery, 208 F.3d

at 602. First, although Mabrook claims that he did not

receive all the documents until weeks before trial, he had

adequate time to prepare for trial. Also, there was little

likelihood for prejudice because the government stipulated

that the handwriting on the documents in question was

Paneras’s and not Mabrook’s. Furthermore, although the

district court denied Mabrook’s motion to continue, it

offered to address the issue again during trial if circum-

stances required it. However, Mabrook never renewed

his request or raised the subject again. As to Mabrook’s

diligence, the government disclosed Paneras’s coopera-

tion more than a year before trial. Also, this was not a

complex case. Additionally, the government produced

all documents to which Mabrook was entitled three weeks

prior to trial. Furthermore, there was little likelihood

that a continuance would have satisfied Mabrook’s needs;

the need for a handwriting expert was eliminated by the

government’s stipulation and the need for a computer

6 No. 02-1433

analyst would have likely revealed that Paneras was

capable of producing the false documents, a fact the jury

already knew. Finally, the court would have been greatly

inconvenienced by a continuance; witnesses had made

travel arrangements to testify and the court had cleared

its docket for a two-week trial. Therefore, the district

court did not abuse its discretion in denying Mabrook’s

motion for a continuance because its decision was nei-

ther arbitrary nor prejudicial.

Next, Mabrook argues that two of the jury instruc-

tions were given in error. First, Mabrook argues that the

district court gave a conscious avoidance, or “ostrich”

instruction, without evidence to support it and in contradic-

tion to the government’s theory of the case. We review the

district court’s decision to give the instruction for an abuse

of discretion. United States v. Wilson, 134 F.3d 855, 868

(7th Cir. 1998). An ostrich instruction is proper when “a

defendant claims a lack of guilty knowledge and there

are facts and evidence that support an inference of de-

liberate ignorance.” United States v. Walker, 25 F.3d 540,

546 (7th Cir. 1994) (quotation omitted). The fact that

the government argued both that Mabrook created the

false documents and that Paneras created them and Ma-

brook should have known they were false is permissible.

The prosecution may argue both that Mabrook had actual

knowledge and consciously avoided knowledge without

depriving him of a fair trial. United States v. Carrillo,

269 F.3d 761, 770 (7th Cir. 2001).

Mabrook used false purchase orders indicating large

shipments to two swimming pool supply companies to

induce investments. He also used false financial state-

ments showing the company’s net worth to be ten times

its actual value. Clearly, the evidence presented at trial

was more than sufficient to show that Mabrook either

created the false purchase orders and financial statements

or took deliberate steps to avoid full or exact knowledge

No. 02-1433 7

of their falsity. See United States v. Giovannetti, 919

F.2d 1223, 1228 (7th Cir. 1990). First, Mabrook knew or

should have known that the financial statements that he

used to induce his friends to invest were false because

he had to sign the tax returns reporting Global Chem-

ical’s true financial worth. Also, Mabrook was aware

that Global Chemical had never produced 50,000 cases

of Oxydyne as the purchase orders claimed. In truth the

evidence revealed that only 1,000 cases of Oxydyne were

produced. Therefore, the ostrich instruction was proper.

Mabrook also claims that the district court erroneously

instructed the jury that his good faith was irrelevant.

Mabrook claims that because fraud requires specific in-

tent to defraud, an intent to repay is evidence of good

faith. According to Mabrook, although he meant to defraud

his victims, he also intended eventually to repay them,

negating any intent to defraud. Not only is this argument

circular, it is contrary to this court’s precedent. In order

to establish good faith, Mabrook must prove that he ac-

tually believed the information that he sent to his in-

vestors, not that he believed that he would eventually

pay them back. In fact, an instruction informing the jury

that a defendant’s honest belief that he will ultimately

be able to perform what he has promised is not in itself

a defense to the crimes charged has been held to be prop-

er. See United States v. Dunn, 961 F.2d 648, 650 (7th

Cir. 1992) (citing United States v. Alexander, 743 F.2d

472, 478 (7th Cir. 1984)). Mabrook’s good-faith belief that

Global Chemical would eventually be successful is not

relevant because that belief did not negate the falsity of

his representations to his investors. Dunn, 961 F.2d at

651. Therefore, the district court did not abuse its discre-

tion in giving the instruction.

Finally, the district court did not abuse its discretion in

denying Mabrook’s motion for a mistrial based on alleged

prosecutorial misconduct. When determining whether pros-

8 No. 02-1433

ecutorial misconduct warrants a mistrial, we first con-

sider the remarks in isolation to determine whether they

were improper. United States v. Butler, 71 F.3d 243, 254

(7th Cir. 1995). If we decide that the remarks were im-

proper, we then look at them in context to determine

if Mabrook was denied his right to a fair trial. Id. In

that regard we examine (1) the nature and seriousness

of the statements, (2) whether the defendant’s conduct

invited the statements, (3) whether the district court ad-

equately instructed the jury, (4) whether the defendant

had the opportunity to counter the statements, and (5) the

weight of the evidence against the defendant. Id.; United

States v. Johnson-Dix, 54 F.3d 1295, 1305 (7th Cir. 1995).

Mabrook claims that the government improperly com-

mented on his failure to file tax returns. He also takes issue

with the government’s reference to his taking unfair ad-

vantage of one of his victims.2 The government counters

2

In its rebuttal summation, the prosecution told the jury:

And what I find most disturbing is not only has Dr.

Rahim been defrauded $600,000, he basically was de-

frauded right in front of your eyes. He doesn’t know what

you know. Mr. Shobat [defense counsel] made that clear.

He doesn’t know there’s no Leslie’s order. He doesn’t

know his money went to pay back prior investors. He

doesn’t know his money was rolled over. He still thinks

it is because the defendant has maintained that it was to

him.

So Mr. Shobat gets up and cross-examines him and

makes him into the character witness. That’s one of the

most disgusting things that you’re going to see in a court-

room, ladies and gentlemen. That’s taking a victim and

using him twice. Now I have your money, and you still

believe me, I’m going to use you again.

(Transcript of Proceedings, Volume 6 at 795.)

No. 02-1433 9

that Mabrook put his tax returns at issue and any com-

mentary with regard to the witness was in response to

defense tactics rather than to defense counsel himself.

Looking at the prosecutor’s comments both in isolation

and in context of the trial, we find that the district court

did not abuse its discretion in denying the mistrial. First,

neither statement was so serious or inflammatory as to

sway the jury to convict. Furthermore, Mabrook put his

tax returns in issue in his closing argument. The district

court gave a limiting instruction to the jury to disregard

the statements about the tax returns and a general in-

struction to cure any comments about defense counsel’s

tactics. Finally, the weight of the evidence was against

Mabrook. Therefore, we conclude that the district court

did not abuse its discretion in denying Mabrook’s motion

for a mistrial.

B. The District Court Properly Enhanced the Sentence

Mabrook’s final argument is that at sentencing, the

district court improperly imposed an enhancement under

U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3 for abusing his position of trust. We re-

view the district court’s application of the enhancement

de novo and review the finding that Mabrook occupied

such a position under the clearly erroneous standard.

United States v. Bhagavan, 116 F.3d 189, 192 (7th Cir.

1997).

A formal position of trust is not necessary under § 3B1.3.

United States v. Davuluri, 239 F.3d 902, 908 (7th Cir.

2001). Instead, a court should look beyond labels and cat-

egories that characterize the relationship and focus on the

nature of the defendant’s relationship to the victim and

the level of responsibility he was given. Id. Therefore,

the enhancement is proper when a defendant occupied

a position of trust and his abuse of that position facil-

itated his crime. Id. at 909.

10 No. 02-1433

In this case, the enhancement was proper. First, the

district court’s finding that Mabrook occupied a position

of trust was not clearly erroneous. Mabrook relied on at

least one close and long-term friend, Dr. Rahim, to invest

in his fraudulent scheme. Therefore, with respect to Dr.

Rahim, Mabrook was not engaged in an arms-length

transaction; rather he used his friendship to convince Dr.

Rahim that the investment was safe and profitable. See

United States v. Burke, 125 F.3d 401, 406 (7th Cir. 1997)

(“What is relevant is whether Burke relied on the relation-

ships he previously had established with those three vic-

tims to further his fraudulent securities scheme.”). Further-

more, Mabrook occupied a position of trust because he

made use of the corporate form, thereby assuming a

fiduciary duty with respect to his investors. See United

States v. Tiojanco, 286 F.3d 1019, 1021 (7th Cir. 2002).

Accordingly, the district court did not err in finding that

Mabrook occupied a position of trust. United States v.

Strang, 80 F.3d 1214, 1219-20 (7th Cir. 1996). Additionally,

Mabrook’s position facilitated his crimes. As the owner

of Global Chemical, Mabrook was in a unique position

to lure investors and conceal the fraud. Mabrook used

purchase orders which he knew, or should have known, to

be false along with financial statements which he knew

inflated the company’s worth to attract his friends and

associates. Because these actions facilitated the commis-

sion of the fraud and concealed the true nature of the

company’s stability, the enhancement was appropriate.

Bhagavan, 116 F.3d at 194.

III. CONCLUSION

The district judge did not abuse his discretion in making

his trial rulings. Therefore, Mabrook was not denied his

right to a fair trial. Furthermore, the district court’s

application of the abuse of position of trust enhancement

No. 02-1433 11

at sentencing was proper. Accordingly, we AFFIRM Ma-

brook’s conviction and sentence.

A true Copy:

Teste:

________________________________

Clerk of the United States Court of

Appeals for the Seventh Circuit

USCA-97-C-006—8-15-02