The opinion
Reversed and Rendered and Opinion filed June 27, 2013.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
NO. 14-12-00847-CV
THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS M.D. ANDERSON CANCER CENTER,
Appellant
V.
VICKI M. KING, Appellee
On Appeal from the 215th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 2009-29122
OPINION
In the primary question in this interlocutory appeal, we determine whether a
state university’s cancer-treatment center waived sovereign immunity to a patient’s
claims that she was injured by allegedly falling from a hospital bed after the nurse
monitoring her care raised the upper side rails on the patient’s bed, but did not
raise the lower side rails. We conclude that these allegations should not be
characterized as a complaint about the use of tangible personal property for which
immunity is waived, but as a complaint about the exercise of medical judgment.
Although the patient presented affidavit testimony about her beliefs and
conclusions in an attempt to raise a fact issue, we conclude that the trial court erred
in considering this evidence over the cancer-treatment center’s objections. We
therefore reverse the trial court’s denial of the cancer-treatment center’s plea to the
jurisdiction, and we render judgment dismissing the patient’s claims with
prejudice.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Appellee Vicki M. King allegedly sustained a broken arm and a torn rotator
cuff at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (“MDA”) while she
was undergoing chemotherapy. She alleged that MDA is a governmental entity,
and that its sovereign immunity from her personal-injury claim has been waived
under the Texas Tort Claims Act because her injury was caused by a condition or
use of tangible personal property.1 MDA denies that it has waived immunity, and
over the course of this litigation, has pressed this argument through an original and
three supplemental pleas to the jurisdiction and a motion for no-evidence summary
judgment.
In an earlier appeal, MDA challenged the trial court’s denial of its original
and first two supplemental pleas to the jurisdiction and its motion for summary
judgment. See Univ. of Tex. M.D. Anderson Cancer Ctr. v. King, 329 S.W.3d 876
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, pet. denied). We affirmed the trial court’s
denial of summary judgment, but reversed the trial court’s denial of MDA’s pleas
1
Although the terms often are used interchangeably, “sovereign immunity” applies to the
state and its agencies, and “governmental immunity” is available to political subdivisions.
Harris County v. Sykes, 136 S.W.3d 635, 638 (Tex. 2004).
2
to the jurisdiction and rendered judgment dismissing all of King’s claims except
her allegation that MDA caused her injuries through the improper use of a hospital
bed. Id. at 878. Because King failed to allege sufficient facts to determine
whether the trial court could properly exercise jurisdiction over this claim, we
remanded the case to allow King the opportunity to amend her pleadings. Id.
On remand, King alleged that MDA failed to use the side rails of her
hospital bed and failed to use all required restraints and mechanisms to prevent her
from falling. MDA then filed a third supplemental plea to the jurisdiction and
produced evidence challenging King’s jurisdictional allegations. Among other
things, MDA produced affidavits and deposition excerpts from Mercedita
Dimaculangan and Grace Dumlao, two registered nurses who observed King while
she was receiving chemotherapy on the day she allegedly was injured. It is
undisputed that King’s hospital bed had four side rails, and that the two upper
rails—that is, the rails that were to the sides of King’s head and upper arms—were
raised, while the two lower rails—that is, the rails near King’s legs—were not
raised. MDA also produced uncontroverted evidence that King’s call light was
within her reach; the brakes on the bed were locked; King had no history of falling;
and no one had ordered King restrained.
MDA produced evidence that Dimaculangan left King unsupervised after
King had been given medication that left her in a deep sleep. Ten minutes after
Dimaculangan left the room, a patient across the hall from King called for a nurse
and reported that King’s breathing made “crackling sounds” or sounded as if she
were choking. Dimaculangan found that King was still asleep in her bed with the
upper rails raised, but she was cold, sweating, and pale. The nurse called the
supervising physician and awakened King, who complained that she was unable to
raise her right arm. After the supervising physician assessed her for neurological
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injury, King was transported to an emergency center.
King responded to the jurisdictional plea with evidence that included
different excerpts from the same depositions. In these, Dimaculangan agreed that a
patient could fall out of bed if “a rail is not properly put up in place,” and for safety
reasons, the nurses ensure that patients with a known history of falling are secured.
She also agreed both that a “semiconscious” patient has a greater chance of falling
out of the bed, and that raising the two lower bed rails could prevent a patient from
falling. In addition, she agreed that patients could be injured by a hospital-bed rail
if an arm or leg became trapped or if patients “knock[ed] themselves” on the rail.
Dumlao attested that bed rails can keep a patient from falling out of bed, and that
the bed’s upper rails are always raised and extend to about the level of a patient’s
elbows, but that at MDA, the lower rails normally are not raised. She agreed that
MDA does not use straps to restrain patients. In addition to this evidence, King
also produced her affidavit, in which she attested to her beliefs about how she was
injured and to statements purportedly made to her by her treating physician.
The trial court overruled MDA’s evidentiary objections and denied its third
supplemental plea to the jurisdiction. MDA brought this interlocutory appeal.
II. ISSUES PRESENTED
In its first issue, MDA argues that the trial court erred in denying its plea to
the jurisdiction. In its second issue, MDA contends that the trial court erred in
overruling its objections to certain jurisdictional evidence. MDA asserts in its third
issue that the trial court erred in failing to dismiss King’s “sham allegations.”
III. GOVERNING LAW
The Texas Tort Claims Act provides a limited waiver of immunity for
certain claims against governmental units. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE
4
§§ 101.001–.109 (West 2011 & Supp. 2012). As relevant here, the waiver applies
to claims of “personal injury or death so caused by a condition or use of tangible
personal or real property if the governmental unit would, were it a private person,
be liable to the claimant according to Texas law.” Id. § 101.021(2) (West 2011).
Allegations of nonuse of property are insufficient to fall within this waiver
provision. City of N. Richland Hills v. Friend, 370 S.W.3d 369, 372 (Tex. 2012).
The Texas Supreme Court has held that in certain circumstances, however,
immunity is waived for claims in which the plaintiff alleges that injury or death
was caused by the property’s lack of an integral safety component. See, e.g.,
Robinson v. Cent. Tex. MHMR Ctr., 780 S.W.2d 169, 169, 171 (Tex. 1989) (where
patient drowned when employees of a mental-health center took him swimming
without providing him with a life preserver, immunity was waived because, given
patient’s epilepsy, the life preserver was a necessary safety component of his
swimming attire); Lowe v. Tex. Tech Univ., 540 S.W.2d 297, 300 (Tex. 1976)
(immunity waived where student athlete’s injured knee was reinjured when school
furnished him with a football uniform without a knee brace); Overton Mem’l Hosp.
v. McGuire, 518 S.W.2d 528, 528–29 (Tex. 1975) (per curiam) (immunity waived
where a patient receiving post-operative care was injured in a fall from a hospital
bed on which no safety rails had been installed).
A plea to the jurisdiction may be used to challenge the sufficiency of the
jurisdictional allegations in the pleadings or to controvert the jurisdictional facts
alleged. Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226–27
(Tex. 2004). If the pleadings or evidence affirmatively negate a jurisdictional fact,
then the court may grant the plea to the jurisdiction without allowing the plaintiff
an opportunity to amend the pleadings. City of Waco v. Lopez, 259 S.W.3d 147,
150 (Tex. 2008).
5
Whether the facts as alleged by the pleader affirmatively demonstrate that
the trial court has subject-matter jurisdiction is a question of law that we review de
novo. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226. In reviewing a challenge to the pleadings, we
construe the allegations liberally in the pleader’s favor and consider the pleader’s
intent. Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 446 (Tex.
1993). If the pleadings do not contain sufficient facts to affirmatively demonstrate
the trial court’s jurisdiction, the plaintiff should be afforded the opportunity to
amend unless the pleadings demonstrate incurable jurisdictional defects. Miranda,
133 S.W.3d at 226–27.
If a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the existence of jurisdictional facts,
courts must consider relevant evidence submitted by the parties. Id. at 227. The
standard of review for a jurisdictional plea based on evidence generally mirrors
that of a traditional summary judgment. Id. at 228. Under this standard, we credit
as true all evidence favoring the nonmovant and draw all reasonable inferences in
the nonmovant’s favor. Id. The movant must assert the absence of subject-matter
jurisdiction and present conclusive proof that the trial court lacks subject-matter
jurisdiction. Id. If the movant discharges this burden, the nonmovant must present
evidence sufficient to raise a genuine issue of material fact regarding jurisdiction,
or the plea will be sustained. Id. As with a traditional motion for summary
judgment, if the movant fails to present conclusive proof of facts negating subject-
matter jurisdiction, the burden does not shift to the nonmovant to establish the
existence of an issue of material fact. See id.
The issues presented in this case also include challenges to the trial court’s
evidentiary rulings. We review the trial court’s ruling on evidentiary objections for
abuse of discretion. See Serv. Corp. Int’l v. Guerra, 348 S.W.3d 221, 235 (Tex.
2011); Pipkin v. Kroger Tex., L.P., 383 S.W.3d 655, 667 (Tex. App.—Houston
6
[14th Dist.] 2012, pet. denied). A trial court abuses its discretion when it acts
without regard to any guiding rules or principles. Downer v. Aquamarine
Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241–42 (Tex. 1985). We will reverse an
evidentiary ruling only if it probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment.
Horizon/CMS Healthcare Corp. v. Auld, 34 S.W.3d 887, 906 (Tex. 2000).
IV. ANALYSIS
A. The Nature of King’s Allegations
King alleged that MDA “improperly used Ms. King’s hospital bed” by
(1) “failing to secure Ms. King with her hospital bed side rails”; and (2) failing to
set and secure all required fasteners, patient restraints, adjustment mechanisms, and
mechanical stops to prevent Ms. King from falling.” We construe the latter
allegation as a restatement of King’s complaint that MDA failed to raise the bed’s
lower side rails. This is because even after a remand to amend her pleadings, King
did not allege that MDA used any tangible personal property other than a hospital
bed. The jurisdictional evidence identifies the bed’s safety features, which consist
of (1) brake locks, (2) a call light for the patient’s use in summoning assistance,
(3) upper side rails, and (4) lower side rails. The undisputed evidence established
that the bed’s brakes were locked, the call light was within King’s reach, and the
upper side rails were raised. Thus, in alleging that MDA failed “to set and secure
all required fasteners, patient restraints, adjustment mechanisms, and mechanical
stops to prevent [her] from falling,” King could have intended to complain that
MDA failed to use the bed’s remaining safety feature—that is, the lower side
rails—or to complain that health-care providers failed to use some other equipment
or to order King restrained. Because we must construe the pleadings in the
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pleader’s favor2 and immunity is not waived for complaints about the nonuse of
tangible property3 or the exercise of medical judgment,4 we construe King’s second
allegation as a restatement of her complaint that MDA should have raised the
lower side rails of her bed.5
B. The Hospital-Bed Side-Rail Cases
In arguing that the failure to raise two of the bed’s four side rails constitutes
the use of tangible personal property for which immunity is waived, King relies on
cases in which courts have held that immunity is waived where the injury allegedly
was caused by the property’s lack of an integral safety component. In particular,
she relies on three cases dealing with the use or nonuse of a hospital bed’s side
rails.
In Overton Memorial Hospital v. McGuire, hospital personnel placed a
patient who was receiving post-operative care in a hospital bed that was not
equipped with side rails. Overton, 518 S.W.2d at 528. The court “assume[d] that
the Hospital had a duty to install bed rails and was negligent in not doing so.” Id.
at 529 (emphasis added). The court concluded that if the hospital was negligent,
then it could not rely on immunity as a means to avoid liability. Id. In Hampton v.
University of Texas—M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 6 S.W.3d 627, 631 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.), the First Court of Appeals addressed
another post-operative patient’s fall from a hospital bed. In that case, the patient
2
See Tex. Ass’n of Bus., 852 S.W.2d at 446.
3
See Friend, 370 S.W.3d at 372.
4
See King, 329 S.W.3d at 880 & n.3 (citing Arnold v. Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. at
Dall., 279 S.W.3d 464, 469 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, no pet.)).
5
The trial court apparently reached the same conclusion, and specifically stated in the
order denying the plea to the jurisdiction that King “did not allege a new ‘non-hospital’ bed
allegation.”
8
was placed in a bed that was equipped with side rails to prevent him from falling,
and with an alarm to alert the nursing staff if he fell or attempted to leave the bed;
however, the plaintiffs alleged that none of this equipment was used. Id. at 629.
The defendant in that case challenged the sufficiency of the plaintiffs’
jurisdictional pleadings, and the trial court granted the plea to the jurisdiction. Id.
at 628. The appellate court reversed, stating, “We find no significant difference in
this case and those in which governmental units provided personal property lacking
some integral safety component.” Id. at 631. Finally, in Titus Regional Medical
Center v. Roach, No. 06-11-00022-CV, 2011 WL 2517198 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana June 24, 2011, pet. denied), the Sixth Court of Appeals considered facts
nearly identical to those in Hampton—that is, a post-operative patient was placed
in a bed in which the hospital staff failed to raise any of the bed’s side rails. Id.,
2011 WL 2517198, at *1. Like the Hampton court, the Roach court equated the
hospital personnel’s failure to raise any of the side rails on a post-operative
patient’s hospital bed with the use of tangible personal property lacking an integral
safety component. Id., 2011 WL 2517198, at *4. The court accordingly held that
the hospital’s immunity was waived.
Unlike the present case, there is no indication in Overton, Hampton, or
Roach that the records in those cases contained jurisdictional evidence establishing
that a health-care provider assessed the risks to the patient and determined that it
was appropriate to raise some rails and not others. To the contrary, Hampton and
Roach concerned only challenges to the sufficiency of the plaintiffs’ pleadings, not
a challenge to the jurisdictional evidence. See Hampton, 6 S.W.3d at 630; Roach,
2011 WL 2517198, at *1. And although Overton dealt with a summary judgment,
the court described the record as “sketchy” and did not detail the evidence.
Overton, 518 S.W.2d at 529. Significantly, the authoring court in each of these
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three cases indicated that no rails were used at all.
King asserts that MDA’s failure to use two of the bed’s four side rails or to
use other unspecified methods of restraint is analogous to the use of property
lacking an integral safety component as described in Overton, Hampton, and
Roach. But this is not a case in which rails were absent or were not used at all.
Because multiple side rails were installed and could be independently raised or
lowered, it was possible for MDA’s medical staff to exercise medical judgment in
determining which ones were appropriate to use in a given case. Moreover, the
jurisdictional evidence shows that MDA’s nursing staff did exercise medical
judgment in deciding not to raise the two lower side rails of King’s bed.
C. The Jurisdictional Evidence
The evidence established that King was being treated on an outpatient basis,
and in the initial assessment of King on the day of the alleged incident, she was
described as alert, oriented, and ambulatory. Dimaculangan then implemented
MDA’s “Safety Measures.” According to MDA’s policies, “‘Safety Measures’
refers to room orientation, provision of the nurse call light, bed brakes locked[,]
side rails up (as appropriate) and patient instructions to call for assistance with
movement as required.” Dimaculangan attested that she made sure that the upper
side rails on King’s bed were raised and secured, but she did not raise the lower
side rails. She stated that she always raises the upper side rails, both for safety
reasons and because the bed’s controls are located on the upper side rails.
Dimaculangan testified that in deciding to leave King’s lower side rails
down, the factors she considered were that (1) King was ambulatory, (2) she
denied any history of falling, and (3) she was receiving chemotherapy and might
need to go to the bathroom. The nurse concluded that by leaving the lower rails
down, King would be able to get out of bed without the problem of lowering or
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holding down the lower side rails. Dimaculangan testified that she “didn’t see any
need for a restraint” and that King didn’t “need to be fastened” to the bed.
Moreover, it is undisputed that no restraints had been ordered. Dimaculangan
additionally agreed that the bed’s rails can injure a patient if part of the patient’s
body strikes the rail or one of the patient’s limbs becomes trapped. Thus, after
assessing the patient, Dimaculangan raised the two upper side rails, left the two
lower side rails down, and checked the “Safety Measures” box on MDA’s form,
thereby indicating that she had secured “side rails up (as appropriate).”6
Dimaculangan also agreed that “[i]f there are factors that indicate that the
hospital[-]bed side rails are necessary and need to be used and they are not
used, . . . this is a misuse of the hospital bed”; however, it is undisputed that two
rails were used, and no witness testified that all four rails must be used in every
case. To the contrary, MDA’s policy that side rails must be raised “as appropriate”
indicates that it is not always necessary to use all four side rails. Dimaculangan’s
testimony that “factors” are considered in assessing the need for bed rails does not
support King’s position that the presence of four raised bed rails is an integral
safety component of the bed. Instead, it is evidence that nurses exercise their
judgment in assessing the extent to which it is necessary to raise side rails.
D. The Exercise of Medical Judgment
Health-care providers must make judgments about the “protection of
individual patients and the patient populations in their facilities based on the
mental and physical care the patients require.” Diversicare Gen. Partner, Inc. v.
Rubio, 185 S.W.3d 842, 850 (Tex. 2005). In light of the jurisdictional evidence,
the crux of King’s complaint appears to be that Dimaculangan used poor medical
judgment in assessing King’s risk of falling or in balancing the risk of falling
6
Emphasis added.
11
against the risk of entrapment, and thus, in determining that the safety measures
“appropriate” for King’s protection including raising the upper two side rails and
leaving the two lower side rails down. See Tex. W. Oaks Hosp., LP v. Williams,
371 S.W.3d 171, 182 n.5 (Tex. 2012) (reiterating that providing a safe environment
at a health-care facility is a matter of professional health-care judgment). See also
Dall. Cnty. Mental Health & Mental Retardation v. Bossley, 968 S.W.2d 339, 343
(Tex. 1998) (explaining that although plaintiffs complained in their pleadings
about the use and condition of property, the “real substance” of their complaint
was that the defendant failed to restrain the patient; thus, immunity was not
waived); D.P. v. Wrangell Gen. Hosp., 5 P.3d 225, 229 n.17 (Alaska 2000)
(characterizing the determination of “the appropriate level of physical restraints” as
a “specialized medical decision”) (cited with approval in Tex. W. Oaks Hosp., 371
S.W.3d at 182 n.5, and in Diversicare Gen. Partner, Inc., 185 S.W.3d at 852).
Here, the exercise of medical judgment in deciding whether to raise the
hospital bed’s rails along half of the bed’s length instead of its entire length is
analogous to the exercise of medical judgment in deciding to administer a
medication in a short-lasting oral form instead of a long-lasting injectable form.
See Kerrville State Hosp. v. Clark, 923 S.W.2d 582, 584 (Tex. 1996). In Clark, a
patient became violent when unmedicated and had a history of failing to take his
medication; nevertheless, hospital personnel dispensed his antipsychotic
medication in an oral form that produced effects for a relatively short time. The
patient murdered his estranged wife within a week after his release from the
hospital, and the victim’s parents sued, arguing that health-care providers should
have given the patient an antipsychotic drug in an injectable form that remained
effective for up to a month. Id. at 583–84 & n.3. The court concluded that the
plaintiffs’ true complaint was not about the use of the less-effective oral
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medication to control the patient’s behavior, but about the nonuse of the more-
effective, longer-lasting injectable drug. See id. at 585.
In explaining this result, the court pointed out that health-care providers in
state facilities use tangible personal property virtually every time they treat a
patient. Id. at 585–86. But “if there is a waiver in all cases where some item of
personal property is either used or not used, there is virtually an unrestricted
waiver of immunity.” Id. at 586 (quoting Lowe, 540 S.W.2d at 302). As Clark
illustrates, such an unrestricted waiver of immunity is not consistent with the
legislature’s intent in enacting the Texas Tort Claims Act, or with the Texas
Supreme Court’s guidance in interpreting it.
As in Clark, the essence of King’s complaint is that MDA’s safety measures
simply didn’t go far enough. But a complaint that the state actor should have
chosen a more effective treatment or protection—that “more should have been
done”—is not a complaint about the use of property. See Clark, 923 S.W.2d at 585
(pointing out that in Lowe, the court held that immunity was waived because a
school failed to provide an injured student athlete with any knee brace at all, and
explaining that it did not hold that immunity would have been waived simply by a
showing “that another type of knee brace would have better protected him”). See
also Friend, 370 S.W.3d at 373 (explaining that plaintiffs may not use artful
pleadings to enlarge the integral safety-component doctrine). If immunity were
waived in cases such as the one before us, then there would be no immunity for
claims in which the use or nonuse of particular side rails was determined through
the exercise of a health-care provider’s medical judgment.7
7
The experience of other states offers support for the position that the assessment of a
given patient’s risk of falling or of entrapment can require the exercise of medical judgment.
See, e.g., Butler v. Caldwell Mem’l Hosp., 90 Idaho 434, 440, 412 P.2d 593, 595 (1966) (“There
was no evidence that any failure to raise the rail along the lower half of the bed would create an
13
In light of the jurisdictional evidence showing that Dimaculangan exercised
medical judgment in deciding that it was appropriate to leave the lower side rails of
King’s bed down, we conclude that King’s complaint concerning the failure to
raise those rails is a complaint about the health-care decisions of MDA’s nursing
staff rather than about the use of tangible personal property.
E. King’s Affidavit
We have concluded that a complaint about the failure to raise certain rails is
not a complaint about the use of tangible personal property under the facts
presented here, and that conclusion disposes of all of the allegations in King’s
petition that she was injured by falling because the lower rails were not raised;
however, King made statements in her affidavit in which she appears to complain
that she was injured by the one of the upper rails that was raised. In addition, some
statements in her appellate brief could be construed as an argument that the trial
court properly denied the plea to the jurisdiction because her affidavit included
unreasonable risk of harm to plaintiff. . . . The doctor testified that the room and the bed in
which she was placed were appropriate and sufficient for her care . . . .”); Sturgis Bank & Trust
Co. v. Hillsdale Cmty. Health Ctr., 268 Mich. App. 484, 498, 708 N.W.2d 453, 461 (Mich. Ct.
App. 2005) (“[A] nursing background and nursing experience are at least somewhat necessary to
render a risk assessment and to make a determination regarding which safety or monitoring
precautions to utilize when faced with a patient who is at risk of falling.”); Bell v. W. Harrison
Cnty. Dist., 523 So.2d 1031, 1033 (Miss. 1988) (“A nurse’s decision as to whether or not bed
rails should be utilized entails a degree of knowledge concerning the subject patient’s condition,
medication, history, etc.”); Fox v. White Plains Med. Ctr., 125 A.D.2d 538, 538, 509 N.Y.S.2d
614, 615 (N.Y. App. Div. 1986) (where plaintiffs complained of the absence of side rails on the
patient’s bed, “the essence of the plaintiffs’ allegations . . . is that an improper assessment of the
patient’s condition and the degree of supervision required, particularly with regard to his ability
to ambulate post-operatively, led to the subject injuries”); Mossman v. Albany Med. Ctr. Hosp.,
34 A.D.2d 263, 264, 311 N.Y.S.2d 131, 132–33 (N.Y. App. Div. 1970) (explaining that a
hospital is not negligent in failing “to erect bed rails in the absence of a professional medical
direction to that effect, since the decision to use that equipment is medical in nature,” but is
negligent if it fails to do so “after the medical judgment has been exercised and an order made
for their use”). See also Bryant v. Oakpointe Villa Nursing Ctr., Inc., 471 Mich. 411, 427, 684
N.W.2d 864, 873–74 (2004) (“[T]he assessment of whether a bed rail creates a risk of
entrapment for a patient requires knowledge of that patient’s medical history and behavior.”).
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evidence that she was injured by a raised rail (as opposed to a lowered rail), and
that this evidence created a question of fact as to whether she was injured by
MDA’s use of tangible personal property. It appears to be her position that even if
we hold that a complaint about the failure to raise a rail is a complaint about the
nonuse of property, a complaint about a raised rail is a complaint about the use of
property, and thus, the assertions in her affidavit are sufficient to support the trial
court’s denial of MDA’s plea to the jurisdiction. We therefore briefly address this
evidence.
King made the following statements in her affidavit that are relevant to this
issue:
I believe I fell from the hospital bed or was dropped while the
nurses were attempting to pick me up and reposition me in the
hospital bed.
I also believe my arm was trapped inside the hospital bed rail as
the nurses attempted to reposition me in my hospital bed. My arm
was severely bruised from the hospital bed rail.
MDA objected that these statements were speculative, inconsistent, conclusory,
and were not based on personal knowledge. MDA further objected that King was
not qualified to express an expert opinion about the cause of the bruising to her
arm. The trial court overruled these objections, and MDA challenges that ruling on
appeal.
We agree that the trial court erred in overruling MDA’s objections.
Affidavits must be made on personal knowledge and affirmatively show that the
affiant is competent to testify to the stated matters. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(f). “An
affiant’s belief about the facts is legally insufficient” and does not raise a question
of fact. Kerlin v. Arias, 274 S.W.3d 666, 668 (Tex. 2008). Moreover, the affidavit
testimony of an interested witness must be “clear, positive and direct, otherwise
15
credible and free from contradictions and inconsistencies,” and capable of being
readily controverted. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c). King’s statements are
inconsistent and admittedly were made on belief and not based on her personal
knowledge. She also failed to show that she is competent to offer an opinion
identifying the cause of injuries sustained while she allegedly was unconscious.
See In re Higby, No. 01-11-00946-CV, 2012 WL 6625028, at *8 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 20, 2012, orig. proceeding) (“For expert testimony to be
admissible, the proponent of the testimony must establish that the expert is
qualified and that his testimony is relevant and based upon a reliable foundation.”).
Because there is no other evidence that King was injured by a hospital-bed rail, we
conclude that the erroneous ruling probably caused the rendition of an improper
judgment. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1(a)(1).
We sustain the portion of MDA’s second issue pertaining to these
statements. Because the jurisdictional evidence conclusively established that
King’s claims do not fall within the waiver of immunity under the Texas Tort
Claims Act, and King failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact, we also
sustain MDA’s first issue. Given our disposition of these matters, it is unnecessary
to address MDA’s remaining issues and arguments. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.
V. CONCLUSION
We conclude that the allegations in King’s petition are properly
characterized as a complaint that MDA erred in assessing her risks of falling or
entrapment, and accordingly failed to do all it should have done to protect her from
falling from her hospital bed. Because this should not be considered as a
complaint about the use of tangible personal property for which MDA’s immunity
is waived, but should instead be treated as a complaint about the exercise of
medical judgment for which immunity is not waived, the trial court erred in
16
denying MDA’s plea to the jurisdiction as to the allegations in her live pleading.
We further hold that the trial court erred in overruling MDA’s objections to King’s
testimony concerning her beliefs about how she was injured or about the cause of
bruising to her arm. Thus, that evidence does not afford an alternative basis on
which to affirm the trial court’s denial of MDA’s plea to the jurisdiction.
We accordingly reverse the trial court’s order and render judgment
dismissing King’s suit with prejudice.
/s/ Tracy Christopher
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Christopher, Jamison, and Donovan.
17