Opinion

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-10-00720-CV

SideCars, Inc., Appellant

v.

The Texas Department of Insurance; Mike Geeslin, Commissioner of Texas Department of

Insurance; Collateral Protection Insurance Agency, Inc.; and HUB International Financial,

Appellees

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 200TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. D-1-GN-10-000976, HONORABLE SUZANNE COVINGTON, JUDGE PRESIDING

MEMORANDUM OPINION

The issues presented in this appeal concern the legality of appellant SideCars, Inc.’s

“Collateral Protection Coverage” (CPC) program that it marketed, sold, and administered for “buy

here, pay here” car dealers.1 Facing competing motions for summary judgment, the trial court ruled

in favor of appellees the Texas Department of Insurance and Mike Geeslin, in his capacity as the

Texas Commissioner of Insurance, Collateral Protection Insurance Agency, Inc. (CPIA), and HUB

International Financial. The court concluded that the CPC program constituted the unauthorized

business of insurance and permanently enjoined SideCars from marketing, offering for sale, or

1

The “buy here, pay here” dealers typically sell and finance used cars to low-income

individuals unable to obtain financing from traditional sources. Because the customers “buy” the

car at the dealership and “pay” on their loan there, this type of dealer has become known as a “buy

here, pay here” dealer.

selling the CPC program. See Tex. Ins. Code §§ 101.101-.105. On appeal, SideCars challenges the

injunctive relief and summary judgment rulings in favor of the State and CPIA.2 For the reasons that

follow, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

BACKGROUND

The CPC Program

The documents and undisputed facts show that SideCars marketed, sold, and then

administered the CPC program for “buy here, pay here” car dealers. The car dealers offered the

program to buyers at the inception of a retail installment motor vehicle transaction. Under the

program, the car dealer provided the buyer with written notice that the buyer was required to obtain

physical damage insurance naming the dealer as loss payee or, alternatively, to make periodic

payments to the car dealer under the CPC program.3 The notice, entitled “Physical Damage

Insurance Requirement Notice,” included terms and conditions of the program. The buyer

was notified:

CREDITOR is only Covered. Our CPC contract provides single interest coverage

and does not directly protect your interest in the same way as your own insurance

would. Benefit payments made under our CPC contract will be made to CREDITOR

and will be credited to your loan balance or used to repair your vehicle at

CREDITOR’s discretion. In the event of a covered loss, our CPC contract will pay

the lesser of (1) the cost to repair or replace your auto, (2) the actual cash value of

your auto or (3) the Outstanding Net Balance of your loan on the date of loss . . . .

Also, a deductible (as shown below) applies to each loss.

2

On appeal, SideCars does not challenge the trial court’s rulings in favor of HUB

International Financial, and HUB International Financial has not participated in the appeal.

3

In the notice, “CPC” stands for “Creditor Placed Coverage.”

2

....

The rates for this coverage are not fixed or approved by the state board of insurance

and does not provide you any protection, . . . and furthermore such insurance protects

only the creditor and does not protect your equity in the vehicle described below.

The buyer then initialed either that the buyer had obtained the required insurance or that the buyer

“[had] not obtained required insurance on [his or her] own.” In the latter case, the buyer requested

the car dealer to insure its own interest under the CPC program:

I request CREDITOR to insure its own interest in my vehicle under their single

interest CPC contract and that I will be responsible to pay the cost to CREDITOR of

such coverage as documented below. I understand that I may purchase my own

required insurance at any time and coverage under the CPC contract will be

cancelled. I understand that this limited physical damage coverage does not

include liability coverage and that I have or will obtain liability insurance from

an agency or company of my choice.

The notice then set out the cost to the buyer of the program including the deductible that would apply

in the event of a covered loss and the payment schedule. The notice also stated that the buyer

“agree[d] that any refund of unearned premium shall be refunded to [buyer].”

Under the program, a participating car dealer would forward the fee paid by its buyers

for the cost of the program to SideCars who administered the program for the car dealer. SideCars

retained a portion of the fee for its administrative charge. A portion of the fee was used to purchase

stop-loss coverage,4 and the remainder of the fee was placed in a bank account of a Producer Owned

4

“Stop-loss coverage is an insurance product that allows self-funded plans to minimize the

chances of catastrophic loss by shifting some of the risk onto an insurance carrier.” American Nat’l

Ins. Co. v. Texas Dep’t of Ins., 364 S.W.3d 299, 301 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010), rev’d on other

grounds, __ S.W.3d __, No. 10-0374, 2012 WL 1759457, at *5–6 (Tex. May 18, 2012).

3

Reinsurance Company (PORC) wholly owned by the car dealer.5 SideCars then administered the

bank account for the PORC, including paying covered claims under the CPC program from the

PORC’s bank account.

Litigation Commenced

SideCars filed this suit in March 2010 against the Department and the Commissioner.

SideCars sought declarations and injunctive relief concerning the legality of the CPC program.

SideCars also brought claims against two of its competitors, appellees CPIA and HUB International

Financial. The Department, the Commissioner, and the State of Texas (collectively, the State),

acting through the Office of the Attorney General, counterclaimed with an enforcement action

seeking to enjoin SideCars from engaging in the unauthorized business of insurance and for civil

penalties pursuant to the Insurance Code. See Tex. Ins. Code §§ 101.101–.105. It was undisputed

that SideCars did not hold a certificate of authority or license to engage in the business of insurance

in Texas.

The State and SideCars jointly made evidentiary stipulations and filed cross motions

for summary judgment based upon the stipulations. They stipulated to the authenticity and

admissibility of documents that form the CPC program and joined issue on whether the program

constituted the unauthorized business of insurance. CPIA and HUB International Financial also filed

summary judgment motions against SideCars. After a hearing, the trial court denied SideCars’

motion and granted the State’s motion for partial summary judgment and the motions of CPIA and

5

According to SideCars, it assisted the car dealers in setting up their PORC.

4

HUB International Financial. The trial court rendered partial summary judgment permanently

enjoining SideCars from marketing, offering for sale, or selling its CPC program and from engaging

in the unauthorized business of insurance. The summary judgment rulings and permanent injunction

were severed and made final and are the subject of this appeal.

ANALYSIS

SideCars raises three issues on appeal challenging the trial court’s rulings granting

summary judgment in favor of the State and CPIA and denying its competing motion for summary

judgment. In its first issue, SideCars contends that its “collateral protection insurance program” meets

all the requirements of section 307.051 of the finance code and “is not an insurance product sold to

car buyers.” See Tex. Fin. Code § 307.051.6 As such, SideCars contends in its third issue that the

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Section 307.051(a) defines collateral protection insurance as follows:

(a) Collateral protection insurance is insurance coverage that:

(1) is purchased by a creditor after the date of a credit agreement;

(2) provides monetary protection against loss of or damage to the

collateral or against liability arising out of the ownership or use of the

collateral; and

(3) is purchased according to the terms of a credit agreement as a result

of a debtor’s failure to provide evidence of insurance or failure to

obtain or maintain insurance covering the collateral, with the costs of

the collateral protection insurance, including interest and any other

charges incurred by the creditor in connection with the placement of

collateral protection insurance, payable by a debtor.

Tex. Fin. Code § 307.051(a). The term includes insurance coverage that protects “only the interest

of the creditor” or “both the interest of the creditor and some or all of the interest of a debtor.” Id.

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agency charged with the regulation of its program is the Office of Consumer Credit Commissioner

(OCCC) and not the Department.7 In its second issue, SideCars contends that car dealers under the

CPC program insure their own collateral risk under section 101.053(b)(6) of the Insurance Code and,

in so doing, cover their collateral risk with an authorized insurer as required by section 307.056 of

the Finance Code. See id. § 307.056; Tex. Ins. Code § 101.053(b)(6).

As to CPIA, SideCars argues that, if this Court reverses the summary judgment rulings

in favor of the State, it also must reverse the trial court’s rulings as to CPIA.8

Standard of Review

We review a trial court’s summary judgment rulings de novo. Valence Operating Co.

v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005). To prevail on a traditional motion for summary

judgment, the movant must show that there are no genuine issues of material fact and that it is entitled

to judgment as a matter of law. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c). When reviewing a summary judgment, we

must take evidence favorable to the nonmovant as true, indulge every reasonable inference in favor

of the nonmovant, and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant’s favor. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d at 661.

When the parties move for competing summary judgment on the same issues and the trial court grants

one motion and denies the other, as is the case here, we consider the summary judgment evidence

§ 307.051(b).

7

We deny SideCars’ motion to strike the OCCC’s amicus curiae brief that was received by

this Court. See Tex. R. App. P. 11.

8

CPIA urges, among its arguments, that SideCars waived any argument as to the trial court’s

rulings in favor of CPIA. Because we affirm the trial court’s judgment in favor of the State, we need

not address CPIA’s additional arguments. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.

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presented by both sides, determine all questions presented, and if we determine that the trial court

erred, render the judgment the trial court should have rendered. Id.

SideCars’ issues primarily concern matters of statutory construction which we also

review de novo. See Texas Mun. Power Agency v. Public Util. Comm’n, 253 S.W.3d 184, 192 (Tex.

2007). Of primary concern is the express statutory language. See Galbraith Eng’g Consultants, Inc.

v. Pochucha, 290 S.W.3d 863, 867 (Tex. 2009). We apply the plain meaning of the text unless a

different meaning is supplied by legislative definition or is apparent from the context or the plain

meaning leads to absurd results. City of Rockwall v. Hughes, 246 S.W.3d 621, 625–26 (Tex. 2008).

We consider the entire act, not isolated portions. Railroad Comm’n v. Texas Citizens for a Safe

Future & Clean Water, 336 S.W.3d 619, 628 (Tex. 2011); 20801, Inc. v. Parker, 249 S.W.3d 392,

396 (Tex. 2008).

Regulation of Collateral Protection Insurance

We begin with SideCars’ third issue addressing whether “collateral protection

insurance” is subject to regulation by the Department. SideCars does not dispute that

collateral protection insurance is a type of insurance.9 See Tex. Ins. Code § 101.051(b) (listing

acts that “constitute the business of insurance in this state”); In re Texas Ass’n of Sch. Bds., Inc.,

169 S.W.3d 653, 658–59 (Tex. 2005) (definition of insurance discussed). But SideCars contends that

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SideCars also does not dispute that the CPC program is a form of insurance. In its brief

to this Court, it states that the program is a “self-funded collateral protection insurance product.”

In its reply brief, it states that “no one is arguing whether ‘insurance’ exists . . . . This case is about

who is covered.” Further, the program’s notice to the buyer at the inception of the retail installment

transaction uses the terms “insurance” and “premium” to describe the program, although the notice

also uses the terms “fee” and “CPC contract.”

7

this type of insurance is not regulated by the Department but solely by the OCCC pursuant to chapter

307 of the Finance Code. See Tex. Fin. Code §§ 307.001–.058. Section 14.108 of the Finance Code

provides that the OCCC has interpretative authority over chapter 307. See id. § 14.108. The OCCC

also has regulatory authority over certain aspects of insurance products offered in connection with

motor vehicle retail installment transactions. See id. §§ 348.201–.215.

The State contends, among its arguments, even if the CPC program is collateral

protection insurance as that term is defined in the Finance Code and subject to regulation by OCCC,

it also is subject to regulation by the Department. We agree. Section 31.002 of the Insurance Code

states that the Department “shall . . . regulate the business of insurance in this state” and “ensure that

this code and other laws regarding insurance and insurance companies are executed.” Tex. Ins. Code

§ 31.002(1), (3). Section 31.021 similarly states that “[t]he commissioner shall administer and

enforce this code, other insurance laws of this state, and other laws granting jurisdiction or applicable

to the department or the commissioner.” Id. § 31.021(a). These provisions authorize the Department

to administer and enforce the Insurance Code as well as “other insurance laws of this state.” Id.

§ 31.021(b)(1). Based upon the plain language of these sections, the provisions in chapter 307 of the

Finance Code addressing insurance are within the Department’s regulatory authority.

Further, the legislature in the Insurance Code authorizes the Department to regulate

“any form of motor vehicle insurance.” Id. art. 5.01. Article 5.01(b) states: “The Board shall have

the sole and exclusive power and authority, and it shall be its duty to determine, fix, prescribe, and

promulgate just, reasonable and adequate rates of premiums to be charged and collected by all

insurers writing any form of insurance on motor vehicles in this State.” Id. art. 5.01(b). “Motor

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vehicle or automobile insurance as referred to in this subchapter shall be taken and construed to mean

every form of insurance on any automobile . . . .” Id. art. 5.01(e). Collateral protection insurance on

an automobile falls within the plain meaning of the phrase “every form of insurance on any

automobile.” See id.

The legislature also describes acts that constitute the business of insurance in section

101.051(b), and excepts activities in section 101.053. Id. §§ 101.051, .053. Section 101.053

expressly excepts such activities as “the lawful transaction of surplus lines insurance under

Chapter 981 [of the Insurance Code]” and the “lawful transaction of reinsurance by insurers.”10 Id.

§ 101.053(b)(1), (2). The legislature, however, did not include the transaction of collateral protection

insurance in the enumerated excepted activities. Had the legislature intended to except this type of

insurance transaction from conduct that constitutes the business of insurance, it could have easily said

so. See Cameron v. Terrell & Garrett, Inc., 618 S.W.2d 535, 540 (Tex. 1981) (“It is a rule of

statutory construction that every word of a statute must be presumed to have been used for a purpose

. . . [and] we believe every word excluded from a statute must also be presumed to have been

excluded for a purpose.”).

Provisions in the Finance Code, including those in chapter 307, consistently show that

the legislature intended for the Department to regulate collateral protection insurance. For example,

section 307.056, titled “Choice of Carrier,” states:

10

SideCars does not contend that the CPC program is surplus lines insurance or reinsurance.

9

Collateral protection insurance may be placed with an insurer that is authorized to

write insurance in this state or an eligible surplus line insurer selected by the creditor.

The insurance shall be evidenced by an individual policy or a certificate of insurance.

Tex. Fin. Code § 307.056. By requiring “collateral protection insurance to be placed with an insurer

that is authorized to write insurance in this state or an eligible surplus line insurer,” the plain language

of this section acknowledges and confirms the Department’s regulatory authority over collateral

protection insurance. See Tex. Ins. Code §§ 801.051 (certificate of authority); 981.001–.222 (surplus

lines insurance).

Sections 307.055 and 307.058 likewise recognize the Department’s regulatory

authority over collateral protection insurance. See Tex. Fin. Code §§ 307.055, .058. Addressing the

refund of unearned premiums, section 307.055 references the Department’s automobile rules and

rating manual for collateral:

On the date the collateral protection insurance is canceled or expires, the amount of

unearned premiums, as computed by the Texas Automobile Rules and Rating Manual

for collateral to which that manual applies and pro rata for all other types of collateral,

shall be refunded to the creditor.

Id. § 307.055(a). SideCars argues that, under the CPC program, the amount of unearned premiums

was computed pro rata, but section 307.055(a) expressly limits the computation of unearned

premiums pro rata for “types of collateral” that are not subject to the Department’s manual, such as

real property. Section 307.058 also provides that chapter 307 “does not impair or alter other

requirements of this code or other law that may apply to a credit transaction.” Id. § 307.058. This

10

section makes clear that the legislature did not intend to affect the requirements of other applicable

laws—such as the Insurance Code—to a credit transaction subject to chapter 307 of the Finance Code.

Although not in chapter 307, section 348.207(b) provides further support that the

legislature intended for the Department to regulate collateral protection insurance. See id.

§ 348.207(b). This section addresses the situation in which a retail buyer fails to obtain or maintain

coverage that is required by a retail installment contract. It expressly provides that “substitute

insurance . . . must be written at lawful rates in accordance with the Insurance Code by a company

authorized to do business in this state.” Id. Subchapter C of chapter 348 allows a holder of a retail

installment transaction to request or require the buyer to purchase different types of insurance,

including property insurance, credit life insurance, and credit health and accident insurance. See id.

§§ 348.201–.202.

Viewing chapter 307 of the Finance Code in its entirety and in context with other

provisions of the Finance and Insurance Codes, we conclude that collateral protection insurance is

subject to regulation by the Department as a matter of law. See Parker, 249 S.W.3d at 396; Hughes,

246 S.W.3d at 625–26. We overrule SideCars’ third issue.

Applicability of Section 101.053(b)(6)

In its second issue, SideCars contends that the CPC program is excepted under section

101.053(b)(6) of the Insurance Code, and that, as such, the car dealers cover their collateral risk with

an authorized insurer as required by section 307.056 of the Finance Code. See Tex. Fin. Code

§ 307.056; Tex. Ins. Code § 101.053(b)(6). As previously stated, section 307.056 provides in part

that “[c]ollateral protection insurance may be placed with an insurer that is authorized to write

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insurance in this state.” Section 101.053(b)(6) of the Insurance Code provides that section

101.051—the section defining conduct that constitutes the business of insurance—does not apply to

“an activity in this state by or on the sole behalf of a nonadmitted captive insurance company that

insures solely . . . the risks of the company’s parent or affiliated companies.” SideCars contends that

it was administering the car dealers’ “self-funded collateral protection insurance” on the “sole behalf”

of the car dealers’ “non-admitted captive insurance compan[ies]” and that this arrangement was

authorized by section 307.056 of the Finance Code. To support its position that its program was

self-funded, SideCars characterizes the payments by car buyers under the CPC program as

reimbursements to the car dealers and the only promise made by the car dealers in exchange for the

reimbursements to be “if [a buyer] fails to buy ‘their own insurance’ that the creditor will not default

them on the finance contract if they cover the cost of the dealer’s collateral protection coverage.”

Even if we assume that the SideCars’ dealers were properly utilizing nonadmitted

captive insurance companies under the CPC program, however, the summary judgment evidence

shows that section 101.053(b)(6) would not apply as a matter of law. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c).

The plain language of subsection (b)(6) requires that the activity insure “solely” the risks of the

affiliated company. Although SideCars argues that the CPC program only insured the risks of the car

dealers,11 the plain language of the written notice provided to the car buyers contradicts this position.

11

SideCars argues, for example, that the dealers did not have to submit a claim under the

CPC program in the event of a covered loss and that the buyer had no recourse in that event. In its

reply brief, SideCars describes its dealers’ options in the event of a covered loss as follows:

Under the CPC program the buyer continues to assume the financial risk associated

with the damage to or destruction of his financed automobile . . . . A creditor could

finance a car, receive payments over the course of the loan, and prior to the loan

12

See Dynegy Midstream Servs. v. Apache Corp., 294 S.W.3d 164, 168 (Tex. 2009) (courts give

contract terms plain meaning).

Regardless of how the buyers’ payments under the CPC program are characterized,

the notice set out the car buyers’ agreement to fund the CPC program by paying periodic

fees—described in the notice and even by SideCars at times as “premiums”—to the dealers during

the course of the financing transaction.12 The buyer also was responsible for a deductible in the event

of a covered loss. In exchange, the notice stated that, in the event of a covered loss, the CPC program

“will pay the lesser of (1) the cost to repair or replace [the buyer’s] auto, (2) the actual cash value of

[the buyer’s] auto, or (3) the Outstanding Net Balance of [the buyer’s] loan on the date of loss.”

Based upon the plain language of these provisions, the CPC program did not insure “solely” the risks

of the car dealers. See, e.g., In re Texas Ass’n of Sch. Bds., Inc., 169 S.W.3d at 658–59 (discussing

definition of insurance).

The fact that the CPC program purported to insure only the car dealers is not

dispositive. See Texas Ass’n of Qualified Drivers v. State, 361 S.W.2d 580, 581–82 (Tex. Civ.

App.—Austin 1962, no writ) (citation omitted) (“Whether or not a contract is one of insurance is to

be determined by its purpose, effect, contents, and import, and not necessarily by the terminology

used, and even though it contains declarations to the contrary.”); Ware v. Heath, 237 S.W.2d 362, 363

payoff, the car could be damaged. The creditor need not file a claim at all if the

payoff from its self funded reserves would be greater than the amount of the loan

remaining. The dealer/creditor could simply elect to not file a claim and face the

consequences of the buyer going into default and stopping payment on the note.

12

For example, SideCars states in its reply brief: “The monthly premium pays an

administration fee and established a claims account.”

13

(Tex. Civ. App.—Fort Worth 1951, no writ) (citation omitted) (insurance contract defined as “‘an

undertaking by one party to protect the other party from loss arising from named risks, for the

consideration and upon the terms and under the conditions recited’” and not “essential that loss,

damage, or expense indemnified against necessarily be paid to the contractee [and] may constitute

insurance if it be for his benefit and a contract on which he, in case of a breach thereof, may assert

a cause of action”).

Based upon plain language of the notice provided to the car buyers under the CPC

program, we conclude that section 101.053(b)(6) is inapplicable to the CPC program as a matter of

law. See Apache Corp., 294 S.W.3d at 168. We overrule SideCars’ second issue.13

CONCLUSION

We conclude that the trial court did not err in its summary judgment rulings and affirm

the trial court’s judgment.14

13

Because SideCars’ second and third issues are dispositive, we need not reach its first issue

of whether the CPC program is “collateral protection insurance” as that term is defined in the

Finance Code. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.

14

Pending before this Court is the State’s motion for leave to extend time to file attached

sur-reply brief. We grant the motion for leave.

14

__________________________________________

Melissa Goodwin, Justice

Before Justices Puryear, Rose and Goodwin

Affirmed

Filed: May 30, 2013

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