Dansby, Michael Edward Sr.

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS

OF TEXAS

NO. PD-0613-12

MICHAEL EDWARD DANSBY, SR., Appellant

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS

ON APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW

FROM THE FIFTH COURT OF APPEALS

KAUFMAN COUNTY

P RICE, J., delivered the opinion of the Court in which M EYERS, W OMACK ,

J OHNSON, C OCHRAN and A LCALA, JJ., joined. K EASLER, J., filed a dissenting opinion

in which K ELLER, P.J., and H ERVEY, J., joined.

OPINION

The appellant argued on direct appeal that his deferred adjudication community

supervision was revoked unconstitutionally as a penalty for invoking his Fifth Amendment

privilege against self-incrimination by refusing to answer questions during the course of a

court-imposed sexual history polygraph examination about past sexual assault offenses. In

an unpublished opinion, the Dallas Court of Appeals declined to reach that issue, holding that

Dansby — 2

the appellant’s community supervision had been legitimately revoked on another basis—that

he failed to successfully complete the court-ordered sex offender treatment program that the

sexual history polygraph was designed to facilitate.1 We granted the appellant’s petition for

discretionary review to address the appellant’s contention that he was essentially discharged

from the treatment program because he refused to answer incriminating questions during the

course of the sexual history polygraph, and the court of appeals therefore improperly dodged

his constitutional claim. We will reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and remand

the cause for further consideration of the case not inconsistent with this opinion.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Although originally charged with aggravated sexual assault, on July 9, 2008, the

appellant pled guilty to the lesser offense of indecency with a child for molesting his

granddaughter. The trial court placed him on five years’ deferred adjudication community

supervision and ordered him to begin a sex offender treatment program and to submit to

polygraph examinations at the discretion of his community supervision officer. The

appellant agreed to these conditions and, over the course of the next year, faithfully attended

approximately fifty group therapy sessions and passed two “maintenance” polygraph

examinations designed to make sure that he was complying with the requirements of his

1

Dansby v. State, No. 05-10-00866-CR, 2012 WL 1150530 (Tex. App.—Dallas, delivered Apr.

9, 2012) (not designated for publication).

Dansby — 3

community supervision. He was also eventually required to submit to a sexual history

polygraph, and so, on April 6, 2009, he appeared at polygrapher Andy Sheppard’s office.

When it became clear during the preliminary conference with Sheppard that he would be

asked questions about extraneous prior sexual offenses he may have committed, however,

the appellant advised Sheppard that “his attorney told him not to say anything that might

result in a prosecution.” Sheppard believed he “was left no other option than to terminate

the interview.”

On August 18, 2009, the appellant was discharged from the sex offender treatment

program. The State subsequently filed a motion to proceed to adjudication, alleging two

grounds for revocation of his community supervision. First, the motion alleged that the

appellant “violate[d] condition (30) in that he refused to obtain a sexual history polygraph

as [r]equested by the Community Supervision Officer & Counselor.” Second, the motion

alleged that he “violate[d] condition (36) in that [he] failed to attend and successfully

complete the Sex Offender Treatment Program.”2 The trial court convened a hearing on the

State’s motion to proceed to adjudication on March 30, 2010.

2

Condition thirty-six required the appellant to begin an approved sex offender treatment

program within ten days of being placed on deferred adjudication probation, to pay the costs of the

program, abide by its rules, and “not leave the program [until] successful completion or unless you

have the permission of the court or your supervising officer.” Strictly speaking, the appellant did not

fail to attend the program as alleged in the motion to revoke. The evidence at the hearing on the

motion to revoke conclusively establishes that he attended every group and individual therapy session

without fail—at least until he was involuntarily discharged from it. Nor did he “leave the program”

of his own volition, as literally prohibited by the actual condition of community supervision.

Dansby — 4

Three witnesses testified at the hearing. The State’s first witness was Sheppard, the

polygrapher. He testified that, mindful of a probationer’s Fifth Amendment privilege against

self-incrimination during a sexual history polygraph,

I avoid asking about any names, any specific identifiers of another victim, an

address where it may have occurred. Anything that would basically put me in

a position where I would have to contact a law enforcement agency or child

protective services to make a report. So, the effective way I do that is to ask

for the victim’s age, and the offender’s age at the time that the offense

occurred. Was the victim a male or a female? Was it a stranger or an

acquaintance? And, no more specific than that. And, then what did the

offender do to the victim and how many times. And, that gives us strictly a

chronological and a behavioral look at what the offender had done without

causing the offender to have to incriminate himself.

When Sheppard explained this to the appellant at the start of the polygraph examination on

April 6, 2009, the appellant “responded by telling [Sheppard that] his attorney told him not

to say anything that might result in a prosecution.” On cross-examination, Sheppard

confirmed that the purpose of the sexual history polygraph was to determine the “truth and

veracity” of the appellant’s statements about “[d]eviant sexual behavior, and sexual crimes”

against victims of offenses other than that for which he was placed on community

supervision. He also acknowledged that the appellant had answered all questions

straightforwardly and truthfully during the two maintenance polygraph examinations that

Sheppard administered to him.

The State next called Linda Young, the appellant’s sex offender therapist who

discharged him from the program. Young testified that certain psychological testing she

Dansby — 5

conducted on the appellant suggested to her that “truthfulness might [be] an issue” for him

and that he was mistrustful of other people, making it difficult for him “to be open and honest

in treatment.” He also displayed certain personality disorder traits that led her to suspect that

he might prove deceitful and attempt to deflect blame. The primary goal of sex offender

treatment, she maintained, is “not to have anymore [sic] victims.” To this end, she insisted,

the sexual history polygraph is necessary because

it’s critical to have that information because we can’t – unless we know this

person, and unless we know how they – unless we really know how they

respond, how they responded in the past because that’s our best producer, a

future behavior is past behavior at this point. So, we have to know these

things.

Although the appellant attended therapy sessions regularly and superficially acknowledged

responsibility for his offense, Young maintained that he never took “ownership” of it:

A No, that was a boundary for [the appellant]. He acknowledged the

offense and would [give] us some [underlying] beliefs that he said he had, and

that was about as far as we could go because, we didn’t have any history of

prior negligent behavior.

Q How many times did he actually say, I did this, in group?

A I don’t know. I can’t tell you, but he did.

Q Was it fifty times in group that he showed up every time and said,

I did this, it’s my fault?

A I doubt that, no. But, I mean, toward the end after – after, you know,

a certain amount of time he did acknowledge – he did verbally take

responsibility.

Q Now, did you ever get, at all, the next step of identifying his

Dansby — 6

[underlying] beliefs?

A Not totally. Like I said, before we can really do that we have to

know the person well. And, that never happened because, he didn’t allow

himself to be vulnerable enough to give us that kind of information.

Although Young would expect an offender of the appellant’s type to have “impure thoughts”

from time to time, the appellant never admitted to fantasizing or indulging in pornography

during group sessions. He was “guarded” in therapy and “had a hard time participating in

terms of his own deviance.” The appellant had himself been victimized as a child, and

early on that was an issue, and he felt like because of his own history that was

a big reason he offended, yes. Being – feeling victimized, feeling special,

feeling unique, all of those are thinking areas that they engage in. [The

appellant] engaged in quite regularly.

Q Does [the appellant] even understand that he is a risk?

A No, I don’t think so.

Q Does that concern you?

A Well, yes. It’s almost like a line they have to cross. They have to

fully understand that this is something – the sexual – deviance or sexual desire

is something that they’re probably not going to get better, it’s not going to go

away. And, so they have to learn to control it. And, that’s really hard for them

to acknowledge. They feel like they are cured, it’s never going to happen

again, that kind of thing.

Q Now, what kind of reaction – what is the reaction of other offenders

in group to [the appellant]?

A They worked really hard at helping [the appellant] trying to help him

understand about the sexual history polygraph, the sexual history itself, they

gave him information from their own experiences and they are – they were

quite irritated with him at the end.

Dansby — 7

***

Q So, why are they irritated with [the appellant]?

A Well, they took the sexual history polygraph, they [have] done sexual

history, they have to talk about their horrible behavior, and they kind of figure

if they have to they want him to as well.

Asked why she believed the appellant remained a risk to re-offend, Young replied,

A Because, he hasn’t been in treatment very long and when he was in

treatment he didn’t comply with the requirement. So, he really didn’t get a lot

during that process.

Q So, did he successfully complete treatment as ordered by the court?

A No.

Q Was the not taking the polygraph [ . . . ] the only reason that he got

thrown out of sex offender treatment?

A No, it’s not at all. He couldn’t participate because he would of had

to disclose information, and he was unwilling to do that. So, he was guarded

and his participation was not on target in terms of his own issues, his attitude

stunk there at the end, and he just wasn’t getting anywhere.

Q Can you give the Judge an example of his bad attitude?

A He just would refuse to talk. We would ask him a question and he

would just sit there.

Young believed that the appellant’s reticence was disruptive of the group because “we

certainly spent a lot of time with him, that might have been spent elsewhere.”

On cross-examination, Young admitted that, in the last paragraph of a letter she had

written, on August 21, 2009, to inform the appellant’s community supervision officer, Kirk

Dansby — 8

Mann, that the appellant had been discharged from the sex offender treatment program, she

had indicated that the sexual history polygraph “is a necessary part of the treatment process.”

She acknowledged that her “particular brand” of sex offender therapy “cannot be

successfully implemented” if the appellant “will not disclose or discuss his alleged prior acts

of sexual conduct.” Nevertheless, she continued to deny that his refusal to submit to the

polygraph was the only reason he was discharged from the treatment program. Still, she

opined that she did not believe any treatment program could work that did not take past

sexual misconduct into account, “[b]ased on what I have seen over the last twenty years, as

far as, offenders and until they acknowledge who they are, and what they’ve done, and the

problems that they have, as far as being successful it’s pretty trivial.” On re-direct

examination, Young read aloud the balance of her letter to Mann, in which she identified

other factors in her decision to discharge the appellant:

[The appellant] spent much of his time in group “lying and conning.” When

confronted, he was highly insulted to think that anyone would believe he could

have done, what in fact, he did do. [His] group participation was minimal.

Occasionally, he will confront others, but provides very little information

regarding his own deviance. He is very guarded and most of his replies are

brief or he does not answer at all.

Such an offender, she confirmed, will not ordinarily “last very long in treatment.”

The trial court then questioned Young specifically about a progress report she had

prepared regarding the appellant’s treatment for the reporting period between March 30,

2009, and May 15, 2009, which included the date (April 6 th ) the appellant had refused to

Dansby — 9

answer questions during the sexual history polygraph examination:

THE COURT: I am looking at your comments and the attorneys well

know what is written there[,] they’ve reviewed all this. It appears to me that

you had a glimmer of hope. [The appellant] seems to understand that he is not

the victim, his journaling has improved dramatically and he is presenting the

correct – I think you meant thought process. You say he’s still manipulative

regarding his sexual history polygraph that – you left it at that. Just from the

tone, the tenor of that entry it seems you were hopeful?

THE WITNESS: There was a time, a brief time where it looked like he

was going to be okay. It looked like he was going to make it.

THE COURT: Tell me in your words, what happened from that entry

until the next one?

THE WITNESS: Well, I think that we kept pressing him for the

polygraph, he became more and more guarded, and participation just dropped

from there.

In her last progress report regarding the appellant’s treatment, for the reporting period that

spanned June 30, 2009, to August 4, 2009, Young’s comments read as follows:

[The appellant] continues to resist complying with treatment–

participation is almost non-existent–he seems afraid he will be asked to

disclose information–he cannot continue to remain in group with this lack of

compliance–If he has not completed his polygraph confirming his sexual

autobiography as being accurate by August 15, 2009, he will be discharged

from this group. It is my concern that [the appellant] may be at risk to offend.

The appellant persisted in his refusal to submit to the sexual history polygraph examination

by the appointed date of August 15th , and three days later he was discharged.

After Young testified, the State rested, and the appellant called as his only witness his

community supervision officer, Mann. Mann initially agreed that the appellant was

Dansby — 10

discharged from the sex offender treatment program “because he failed to complete a sexual

history polygraph[,]” but he immediately denied, without elaboration, that this was “the only

reason[.]” He admitted that “several times” an offer was made to the appellant to withdraw

the motion to revoke his community supervision if the appellant would agree in exchange to

“get back into counseling, take a sexual history polygraph and make progress[,]” but the

appellant refused. Asked whether that offer would have stood without the necessity of the

polygraph, Mann replied, “No, sir, because the State requires it in all of the programs.”

In final arguments to the trial court, counsel for the appellant asserted that the State’s

entire case for proceeding to adjudication was “all about the polygraph exam,” and that to

revoke the appellant’s community supervision would amount to an unconstitutional penalty

on his invocation of the Fifth Amendment privilege to refrain from incriminating himself.

In response, the prosecutor argued:

And, as far as, the polygraph examination, I will concede to the defense that

if that is the only reason why we were here, that he was the stereotypical

probationer and he just got where he wouldn’t take those polygraphs, and we

wouldn’t even be here, if he was just saying, Fifth Amendment, I invoke it, but

beyond that he’s being great in participating in group and he’s identifying

being sexually attracted to little girls and being an excellent participant, we

wouldn’t be here. The bottom line is, that is one way he has failed of many.

It’s clear from Ms. Young that when we started back here in July, of 2008, we

had a sixty-two year old man with a persistent deviant interest in young female

children at adolescent and grade school age. With a desire to be well viewed,

and a propensity to lie. With antisocial and personality disorderations [sic].

Someone prong [sic] to playing the con man and the victim. Who distrusted

people and was unwilling to make disclosures. And, by August of 2009, what

do we have? A sixty-three year old man who has persistent deviance interest

in young children and fill in the rest. And, Ms. Young testified to you that the

Dansby — 11

effect of difference between the sixty-two year old Mike Dansby and the sixty-

three year old Mike Dansby is effectively zero. That all of those fifty sessions

of counseling yielded zip. That they barely progressed into the very first state

of acknowledging his offense and that he stands before you a troubling risk to

reoffend.

Without elaboration, the trial court then found that the appellant had violated both conditions

thirty and thirty-six of his deferred adjudication community supervision and entered a finding

of guilt on the indecency-with-a-child offense. A week later, after a punishment hearing, the

trial court refused to place the appellant on regular community supervision, sentencing him

instead to serve an eighteen-year sentence in the penitentiary.

In two points of error on appeal, the appellant argued that to revoke his deferred

adjudication community supervision and proceed to adjudicate his guilt for failing to answer

incriminating questions during the sexual history polygraph examination was tantamount to

penalizing him for asserting a valid Fifth Amendment privilege. The court of appeals held,

however, that adjudicating the appellant guilty based upon his violation of condition thirty-

six, the failure to successfully complete the sex offender treatment program, did not implicate

his Fifth Amendment privilege.3 Because it was able to identify a basis for revocation that

was supported by the record without implicating the appellant’s Fifth Amendment privilege,

the court of appeals declined to reach the question whether the trial court had validly

proceeded to adjudication based upon the appellant’s violation of condition thirty, the failure

3

Dansby, supra, at *5 (“Viewed in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling, we

conclude the trial court could have held a reasonable belief that appellant violated condition thirty-six

for reasons other than invoking his Fifth Amendment privilege.”).

Dansby — 12

to submit to the sexual history polygraph.4 We granted the appellant’s petition for

discretionary review in order to evaluate his contention that the court of appeals erred in

concluding that the evidence supporting a violation of condition thirty-six constitutes a basis

for adjudication that is genuinely independent of any unconstitutional infringement upon his

Fifth Amendment privilege. We conclude that the court of appeals did err and will remand

the cause for that court to address the merits of the appellant’s Fifth Amendment arguments.

THE FIFTH AMENDMENT PRIVILEGE

Under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, no person “shall be

compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself[.]”5 It is well settled that the

Fifth Amendment insulates probationers from compelled self-incrimination.6 Supreme Court

decisions have “made clear” that a state may “not constitutionally carry out a threat to revoke

probation for the legitimate exercise of the Fifth Amendment privilege.”7 Thus, while a

probationer may be compelled “to appear and give testimony about matters relevant to his

probationary status[,]” he cannot be “required . . . to choose between making incriminating

4

Id.

5

U.S. C ONST. amend. V.

6

Minnesota v. Murphy, 465 U.S. 420, 426 (1984); Chapman v. State, 115 S.W.3d 1, 5-6 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2003).

7

Murphy, supra, at 438.

Dansby — 13

statements and jeopardizing his conditional liberty by remaining silent.” 8 It bears emphasis

“that a State may validly insist on answers to even incriminating questions and hence sensibly

administer its probation system, as long as it recognizes that the required answers may not

be used in a criminal proceeding and thus eliminate the threat of incrimination.” 9 But the

appellant in this case was offered no such use immunity. The State cannot reasonably have

believed that it could penalize him for invoking his Fifth Amendment privilege by revoking

his conditional liberty solely on the basis of his refusal to answer questions that would tend

to incriminate him during the course of the sexual history polygraph process—or, for that

matter, during required sex offender group therapy sessions.10

The court of appeals avoided the constitutional issue, however, relying on this Court’s

many holdings that “[t]he State is obligated to prove only one of the violations alleged in the

motion to revoke or proceed to judgment in order to authorize the trial court to revoke

8

Id. at 436.

9

Id. at 436 n.7; Chapman, supra, at 7 n.28.

10

Murphy, supra, at 438-39; Hoffman v. United States, 341 U.S. 479, 486 (1951) (the Fifth

Amendment privilege is to be “accorded liberal construction in favor of the right it was intended to

secure[,]” and “not only extends to answers that would in themselves support a conviction . . . but

likewise embraces those which would furnish a link in the chain of evidence needed to prosecute”).

The privilege applies unless “it is perfectly clear . . . that the answer cannot possibly tend to

incriminate the witness.” Grayson v. State, 684 S.W.2d 691, 696 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). As Judge

Cochran has recently observed, “[t]hat is a high hurdle to jump.” Ex parte Dangelo, 376 S.W.3d 776,

782 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (Cochran, J., concurring).

Dansby — 14

community supervision or to proceed to judgment.”11 But this principle cannot operate to

excuse the court of appeals from addressing the appellant’s asserted Fifth Amendment issue

if the one ground for revocation that it found to be supported by the evidence is equally

infected with constitutional infirmity as the ground for revocation for which it abjured

reliance. The question presently before us boils down to simply this: Was the appellant’s

discharge from the sex offender treatment program a product of his invocation of a Fifth

Amendment privilege?12 We hold that the court of appeals erred to conclude that it was not.

ANALYSIS

As he does here, the appellant contended on direct appeal that, “had he taken the

sexual history polygraph, he would still be in the treatment program[,]” and that “his ultimate

violation of condition thirty-six was derived from his not wanting to incriminate himself.” 13

The court of appeal rejected this contention, not only because of Young’s and Mann’s

specific testimony that the appellant’s failure to submit to the sexual history polygraph was

“not the only reason” for his discharge, but also because “the information sought in

counseling addressed more than just subjects that might have caused appellant to incriminate

11

George E. Dix & John M. Schmolesky, 43A T EXAS P RACTICE: C RIMINAL P RACTICE AND

P ROCEDURE § 48:57, at 436 & n.1 (3rd ed. 2011) (citing, “e.g.,” Jones v. State, 571 S.W.2d 191, 193-94

(Tex. Crim. App. 1978); Gobell v. State, 528 S.W.2d 223, 224 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975); Ross v. State,

523 S.W.2d 402, 404 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975)).

12

The question of whether that invocation is legitimate is not before us at this juncture.

13

Dansby, supra, at *5.

Dansby — 15

himself for other crimes.”14 But, in our view, neither the fact that there were other relevant

factors contributing to Young’s ultimate decision to discharge the appellant, nor the fact that

appellant’s reticence in group therapy sessions may not have been wholly attributable to a

reasonable fear of incriminating himself, necessarily establishes that his discharge from the

sex offender treatment program occurred independently of his invocation of the Fifth

Amendment privilege. When an appellate record admits of so strong an inference as this one

does that the probationer’s unwillingness to incriminate himself was the deciding factor in

discharging him from the sex offender treatment program, we cannot permit the court of

appeals to avoid addressing the constitutional issue.

The trial court found that the appellant violated both conditions thirty and thirty-six

of the appellant’s conditions of community supervision. Because a trial court is authorized

to revoke community supervision and proceed to adjudication so long as the State has

established at least one of the violations it has alleged,15 the court of appeals limited its

review to condition thirty-six, that the appellant must successfully complete the sex offender

treatment program, and it thereby avoided the Fifth Amendment issue. But this approach can

work only if the violation upon which the reviewing court relies to uphold the trial court’s

ruling is itself unquestionably free of constitutional taint. Before the State may take

14

Id.

15

See note 11, ante.

Dansby — 16

advantage of the rule that a revocation may stand on appeal so long as the evidence supports

a finding that at least one of the conditions of community supervision was violated, it must

demonstrate from the record that the one violation upon which it relies on appeal is

supportable independent of whatever constitutional taint arguably inheres in the other. If,

but for the appellant’s invocation of his Fifth Amendment privilege, he would not have been

discharged from the sex offender treatment program (condition thirty-six), then his discharge

from the program cannot constitute an independent basis for revocation that serves to obviate

the reviewing court’s obligation to address the constitutionality of revoking him for refusing

to submit to incriminating questioning during the sexual history polygraph (condition thirty).

The record must show that, even without refusing to answer what he took to be incriminating

questions, the appellant actually would have been discharged from the sex offender treatment

program. Here, the record does not.

Both Young and Mann insisted that there were “other reasons” for discharging the

appellant. But the existence of other factors that were relevant to inform Young’s decision

is not determinative if the appellant’s failure to answer incriminating questions during the

polygraph process (or, for that matter, group therapy sessions) was her motivating reason for

discharging him. If the other reasons did not, by themselves, cause Young to discharge the

appellant from the treatment program, then the fact of his discharge cannot insulate the

appellant’s revocation from Fifth Amendment scrutiny. Neither Young nor Mann indicated

that the “other reasons” supporting Young’s decision to discharge the appellant would have

Dansby — 17

actually caused her to discharge him regardless of whether he also refused to implicate

himself in prior offenses, either during the polygraph or in therapy; indeed, the record

strongly suggests otherwise. Mann acknowledged that, had the appellant only agreed to

return to treatment and take the sexual history polygraph, the motion to revoke would have

been dismissed. And the ultimatum that is clearly reflected in Young’s progress report of

June 30th to August 4th of 2009—that the appellant submit to the sexual history polygraph or

else be summarily discharged—indicates that the appellant’s steadfast refusal to confess to

the commission of earlier sex offenses was by far the single most important instance of non-

compliance, the sine qua non, that informed her decision to expel him from the treatment

program.

That the appellant was as reticent to incriminate himself during group therapy

meetings (notwithstanding the peer pressure) as he was during the sexual history polygraph

process cannot justify his expulsion from the treatment program apart from his claim of Fifth

Amendment privilege. Without immunity, he simply may not be forced to confess to

criminal behavior in any context, whether during a polygraph examination or during group

therapy. It is true, as the court of appeals pointed out, that there were other, non-

incriminating disclosures that the appellant refused to make during the group therapy

sessions—for example, he refused to admit to fantasizing and indulging in pornography.16

16

Dansby, supra, at *5.

Dansby — 18

But Young never suggested that these particular non-disclosures were essential to her

decision to discharge him, and they do not rebut the strong inference from the record that it

was specifically the appellant’s intransigence with respect to admitting to prior criminal

offenses that actually provoked her action. In the absence of testimony that Young would

have discharged the appellant for these deficiencies alone, quite apart from his failure also

to incriminate himself, the State has not established that his discharge presented a sufficient

basis to proceed to adjudication that was wholly independent of his claim of Fifth

Amendment privilege.17 Under these circumstances, the court of appeals erred to believe it

17

The dissent opens with the assertion that we are simply acting on our “belief” that Young

discharged the appellant “solely because” of his invocation of his Fifth Amendment privilege.

Dissenting Opinion at 1. The balance of the dissent accuses us of indulging in inappropriate fact-

finding, encroaching upon the trial judge’s prerogative to resolve issues of historical fact and

credibility as he sees fit based upon the evidence. We reject these assertions. We do not doubt the

credibility of Young and Mann, nor do we ignore their testimony that, as a matter of historical fact,

“other reasons” contributed to the decision to discharge the appellant from the treatment program,

causing him to violate condition thirty-six of deferred adjudication community supervision. We hold,

instead, that those facts alone are not definitive. Neither Young nor Mann was asked, and the record

does not otherwise establish, whether—as a matter of historical fact —those other reasons would have

caused Young to discharge the appellant from the program even had he submitted to the sexual history

polygraph. It is this question of historical fact that determines whether revoking the appellant’s

community supervision was accomplished independently of his invocation of the Fifth Amendment

privilege. In the absence of an answer to this definitive question on the record, the trial court may not,

in the name of “discretion,” speculate that Young would have discharged the appellant from the

treatment program for the “other reasons” she mentioned, even if he had taken the polygraph. What

we hold today is that, as beneficiary of the appellate rule that, upon proof of the violation of any one

condition of probation, an appellate court may affirm a revocation order, the State bears the burden

of producing a record that demonstrates an absence of constitutional infirmity in the one condition

upon which it would rely. We do not purport to find as a matter of historical fact that, but for the

appellant’s failure to take the sexual history polygraph, Young would not have discharged him from

the sex offender treatment program. Rather, we hold as a matter of law that the State has failed to

satisfy its burden to show otherwise.

Dansby — 19

could eschew the constitutional issue on direct appeal.

CONCLUSION

Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and remand the cause

for further appellate consideration consistent with this opinion.18

DELIVERED: May 8, 2013

PUBLISH

18

The State has devoted a substantial portion of its brief in reply to the appellant’s petition for

discretionary review to the argument that, by failing to object to any of the conditions of deferred

adjudication community supervision at the time they were imposed, or at any reasonable time

thereafter, the appellant has forfeited, or should be estopped from asserting, his Fifth Amendment

privilege on appeal. The court of appeals did not have to address this argument on original submission,

however, and neither shall we reach it for the first time on discretionary review, leaving it to the court

of appeals to resolve, if necessary, on remand.