The opinion
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-06-00442-CV
American Family Life Assurance Company of Columbus, Appellant
v.
Texas Health Insurance Risk Pool, Appellee
FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 1 OF TRAVIS COUNTY,
NO. C-1-CV-06-000829, HONORABLE J. DAVID PHILLIPS, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
The American Family Life Assurance Company of Columbus (“AFLAC”) appeals
from the trial court’s judgment finding that AFLAC was subject to an interim assessment
by the Texas Health Insurance Risk Pool (the “Pool”) in June 2004. The question presented is
whether a transition provision in Senate Bill 4671 removing AFLAC’s exemption on its lines of
insurance and making it subject “to an assessment for a net loss for a fiscal year beginning on or after
January 1, 2004” subjects AFLAC to an interim assessment or only a regular assessment after the
end of the year when the amount of the Pool’s final net loss could be determined. We hold that the
trial court properly held that AFLAC is subject to an interim assessment, and we affirm the judgment
of the trial court.
1
See Act of May 28, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 840, §§ 1, 14(b), 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 2627,
2627-28, 2632 (effective June 20, 2003).
BACKGROUND
AFLAC is a provider of supplemental health insurance. The Texas Legislature
created the Texas Health Insurance Risk Pool in 1989 to provide otherwise uninsurable individuals
with access to health coverage.2 As a consequence of the passage of the Health Insurance Portability
and Accountability Act in 1996, which required Texas “to enact a mechanism to establish access
to health insurance coverage on an individual basis” or be preempted by federal law, the legislature
funded the Pool in 1997.3 To fund the Pool, the legislature authorized the State to assess
charges against health insurance companies. Pursuant to Subchapter F, Chapter 1506 of the Texas
Insurance Code, the legislature authorized the Pool to collect both interim and annual assessments
from health insurers to provide access to such coverage. See Tex. Ins. Code Ann. §§ 1506.251, .253
(West Supp. 2006).
As to interim assessments, the Pool may assess “advance interim assessments, as
reasonable and necessary for the pool’s organizational and interim operating expenses.” Id.
§ 1506.251(a). The Pool then credits the interim assessment as an offset against the year-end regular
assessment. Id. § 1506.251(b). An interim assessment is defined in the rules promulgated by the
Texas Department of Insurance as follows: “An assessment made for the purpose of funding
anticipated shortfall of revenues to cover organizational and interim operating expenses, including
claims, of the pool.” 28 Tex. Admin. Code § 3.4401(a)(3) (2004) (Tex. Dep’t of Ins., Assessments).
2
See Act of May 27, 1989, 71st Leg., R.S., ch. 1094, 1989 Tex. Gen. Laws 4477.
3
House Comm. on Ins., Bill Analysis, Tex. H.B. 710, 75th Leg., R.S. (1997).
2
As to regular assessments, the Pool computes the amount of the insurer’s annual
assessment and allows the Pool to “recover any net loss of the pool by assessing each health benefit
plan issuer an amount determined annually” based upon the insurer’s reports required by and filed
with the Pool. Tex. Ins. Code Ann. § 1506.253 (West Supp. 2006). The Department’s rules define
this annual assessment as “[a]n assessment made for the purpose of recouping any net losses of the
pool during the previous calendar year.” 28 Tex. Admin. Code § 3.4401(a)(4).
Thus, each year, insurers file with the Pool a Texas Health Insurance Risk Pool Health
Insurance Premiums Reporting Form on which the insurer reports the amount of premiums collected
on various lines of insurance during the previous calendar year. On the form, the insurer reports the
“net assessable health insurance premiums” collected for the prior year and the “total premium
exempt from assessment.” The Pool uses the information on the form to determine whether any
assessments should be levied against the insurer. In accordance with section 1506.251, which allows
for interim assessments, the Pool bases the interim assessment on the insurer’s reporting forms for
the prior year.4 Until the end of the year, then, when final calculations are completed, interim
assessments are based on estimated operating expenses and anticipated shortfall of revenues.
Because the interim assessment is based on an estimate of the year-end assessment, the insurance
code provides that the Pool shall credit the assessment as an offset against the annualized regular
assessment. Tex. Ins. Code Ann. § 1506.251(b).
4
Following the enactment of SB 467, the Pool used AFLAC’s 2003 reporting form to
determine its 2004 interim assessment. Although certain premiums reported for each category were
not assessed for 2003, they were assessed for 2004, and the amounts were determinable from the
form.
3
The Controversy
In 2003, the legislature removed the exemption for certain lines of insurance, making
AFLAC subject to the Pool’s assessments for the first time.5 SB 467 became effective immediately
upon signing, on June 20, 2003. The language at issue in the transition provision in section 14(b)
of SB 467 provides:
Section 13, Article 3.77, Insurance Code, as amended by this Act, applies only to an
assessment for a net loss for a fiscal year beginning on or after January 1, 2004.6
Because this provision references “only” an assessment for a “net loss,” AFLAC asserts that it was
not liable to the Pool for an interim assessment due in June 2004, as the net loss for the 2004 fiscal
year had yet to be determined and would not be determined until mid-2005.
On May 17, 2004, the Pool sent a Notice of Assessment to AFLAC stating that
AFLAC owed an interim assessment of $1,647,649, which was due on June 21, 2004.7 AFLAC did
not pay the advance interim assessment for 2004, contending that it was not subject to an interim
assessment for 2004 under SB 467. On May 19, 2005, the Pool sent a Notice of Assessment to
AFLAC levying a regular assessment as calculated pursuant to section 1506.253. This assessment
was based upon the premiums reported to the Pool by AFLAC in 2005 for the 2004 calendar year.
The regular assessment of AFLAC for the 2004 calendar year was $1,724,764—approximately
5
Act of May 28, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 840, § 1, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 2627, 2627-28.
6
Id. § 14(b), 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 2627, 2632.
7
See Tex. Ins. Code Ann. § 1506.254(a) (West Supp. 2006) (providing assessment due on
date specified by board that is not earlier than thirty days after the date written notice is transmitted).
4
$77,000 greater than the advance interim assessment. The parties agree that AFLAC lines are to be
assessed; they disagree only as to the start date of the implementation of the assessment.
Because a “net loss” can only be determined after the books are closed for a particular
fiscal year, here the year 2004, AFLAC contends it was not liable to the Pool for an interim
assessment due in June 2004, as the net loss for the 2004 fiscal year had yet to be determined.
AFLAC urges on appeal that the trial court erred in misconstruing the transition provision
and failed to give effect to the plain language of the bill. Thus, AFLAC contends that the provision
was intended to delay AFLAC’s initial assessment until the regular assessment for 2004 was
levied in June 2005.
The Pool responds that, as part of the statutory scheme, the transition provision
simply provided a start date for AFLAC to be subject to the assessment on the same footing as other
carriers for the fiscal years beginning on or after January 1, 2004. Thus, AFLAC was required to pay
an interim assessment as it became due—in June 2004—after AFLAC became subject to the
statutory scheme in January 2004.
The Lawsuit
On February 9, 2006, the Pool filed suit in Travis County Court of Law No. 1 seeking
to recover interest on the advance interim assessment that AFLAC did not pay. After a hearing on
the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment, the trial court granted the Pool’s motion, ruling
that AFLAC was liable to the Pool for an advance interim assessment for 2004. The parties agree
that the amount in dispute in this appeal is the amount of statutory interest incurred between the time
5
that the interim assessment was due and the time that AFLAC paid its regular assessment—or
$104,907.84. This appeal by AFLAC followed.
ANALYSIS
We must construe statutes as written and, if possible, ascertain legislative intent “first
and foremost” from the statute’s language. Lexington Ins. Co. v. Strayhorn, 209 S.W.3d 83, 85
(Tex. 2006); see also Morrison v. Chan, 699 S.W.2d 205, 208 (Tex. 1985). We must also consider
the statute as a whole rather than its isolated provisions. Helena Chem. Co. v. Wilkins, 47 S.W.3d
486, 493 (Tex. 2001); Fitzgerald v. Advanced Spine Fixation Sys., Inc., 996 S.W.2d 864, 866
(Tex. 1999); Morrison, 699 S.W.2d at 208. We should not give one provision a meaning out of
harmony or inconsistent with other provisions, although it might be susceptible to such a
construction standing alone. Texas Dep’t of Transp. v. Needham, 82 S.W.3d 314, 318 (Tex. 2002);
Barr v. Bernhard, 562 S.W.2d 844, 849 (Tex. 1978). Likewise, we presume that the legislature
intends a just and reasonable result and that an entire statute is to be effective. Tex. Gov’t Code
Ann. § 311.021(2) (West 2005).
Even when a statute is not ambiguous on its face, we may consider other factors
to determine the legislature’s intent, including the object sought to be obtained; the circumstances
of the statute’s enactment; the legislative history; the common law or former statutory provisions,
including laws on the same or similar subjects; the consequences of a particular construction;
administrative construction of the statute; and the title, preamble, and emergency provision.
Id. § 311.023 (West 2005); Ken Petroleum Corp. v. Questor Drilling Corp., 24 S.W.3d 344, 350
(Tex. 2000).
6
Citing the traditional canon of statutory construction that every word of a statute must
be given effect, see Cameron v. Terrell & Garrett, Inc., 618 S.W.2d 535, 540 (Tex. 1981), AFLAC
focuses upon the words “only” and “for a net loss” in urging that it is exempt from any assessment
until a regular assessment is imposed in June 2005. AFLAC contends that the trial court failed to
give effect to the legislature’s decision to modify the word “assessment” with the limiting phrase “for
a net loss.” However, when we consider the meaning of these words in their context within the
statute as a whole, AFLAC’s interpretation finds no support.
Entitled “Assessments for Operation of Pool,” Subchapter F authorizes the Pool to
make assessments of insurance carriers to ensure the continued operation of the Pool. Tex. Ins.
Code Ann. §§ 1506.251-.258 (West Supp. 2006). Section 1506.251 makes clear that the authorized
assessments “includ[e] making advance interim assessments” as reasonable and necessary “for the
pool’s organizational and interim operating expenses.” Id. § 1506.251. The interim assessment is
then credited as “an offset against any regular assessment that is due after the end of the fiscal year.”
Id. Although the Pool then determines net loss for the preceding calendar year, see id. § 1506.252,
it is tasked with calculating the assessment according to a formula to cover the net loss. Rather
than constituting a separate assessment not contemplated by the transition provision, the interim
assessment is merely a funding mechanism, which is then credited against the final calculation
of net loss. Id. § 1506.251(b). That the Pool may determine the timing of the funding mechanism
is set forth in section 1506.254 entitled “Assessment Due Date; Interest” providing for interest
to be assessed when an assessment becomes delinquent: “An assessment is due on the date specified
by the [Pool] that is not earlier than the 30th day after the date written notice of the assessment
7
is transmitted to the health benefit plan issuer.” Id. § 1506.254. The subchapter then authorizes
the Pool to “recover or collect assessments” made and “provide the procedures, criteria, and
forms necessary to implement, collect, and deposit assessments under this subchapter.” Id.
§§ 1506.257, .258.
The Pool’s Notice of Assessment to AFLAC for the 2004 interim assessment advised
that a “total of $88,000,000 in new funds” would be collected on an interim basis. The Notice
stated: “This is the estimated assessment amount needed to maintain a positive cash balance to June
2005.” The interim assessment, then, covers the projected cash requirements for the Pool for the
year, and the regular assessment calculated at the end of the year operates as a “true-up” computation
or reconciliation. Because the interim assessment is credited as an offset against the regular
assessment, both are measured by the determination of net loss at the end of the fiscal year. Id.
§§ 1506.251(b), .253(a).
This dispute arose when SB 467 was enacted in 2003, adding into the
Pool’s assessable premium base lines of insurance that were formerly exempted. The bill, which
amended more than just the assessment powers of the Pool,8 was made effective “immediately.”
Act of May 28, 2003, 78th Leg., R.S., ch. 840, § 16, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 2627, 2632. Its
provisions concerning assessments by the Pool were subject to the transition provision. AFLAC thus
urges that by using the term “net loss” in the provision, the legislature intended to confine its
meaning to a regular assessment, that is, an assessment occurring after the fiscal year to which
8
The parties do not contend that any other changes are relevant here.
8
it applies, and that it cannot refer to an interim assessment, which is calculated in advance of a net
loss determination.
Whether the assessment is made on an interim basis that is credited as an offset
against a regular assessment after the end of the fiscal year or it is the regular assessment itself, both
assessments fund the Pool and are calculated and reconciled after the close of the fiscal year based
upon the Pool’s net loss for the fiscal year. Section 11(c) of SB 467 provides that “[a]ny net loss for
the year shall be recouped by assessments on insurers.” Id. § 11(c), 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 2627,
2631. The only assessments provided for by Subchapter F are interim and regular assessments, both
of which hinge on net-loss calculations. Thus, the language of the statute counsels against the
interpretation given it by AFLAC. Because any net loss is recouped by assessment, the only
assessments are interim and regular assessments, and both are based on net-loss calculations, it
follows that the language of the transition provision unambiguously operates to make AFLAC
subject to the Pool’s assessments according to the existing statutory scheme.
By its plain language, the provision does no more than immediately implement an
effective date for newly assessable lines and put AFLAC on the same footing as other carriers subject
to the existing statutory scheme. At most, the provision—effective immediately on June 20,
2003—made clear that AFLAC would not be subject to an assessment for any part of the year 2003;
rather, the provision specified a start date of January 1, 2004, advising that 2004 is the first year of
losses for which the Pool may recoup through an assessment on AFLAC’s lines of insurance.
AFLAC’s argument focuses entirely on reading a single provision in isolation. See
Fitzgerald, 996 S.W.2d at 866. Because the provision does not contain a reference to an interim
9
assessment, AFLAC contends that the legislature intended that AFLAC only be subject to the regular
assessment. Although AFLAC became subject to the assessment in January 2004, they argue they
should not have to contribute to the Pool’s cash flow until the second year of the statute’s
applicability. But, when analyzing the words used by the Legislature, we are instructed to look at
the entire statute and not its words in isolation. Id. Considering the statute as a whole, there is no
indication that the legislature intended for AFLAC to be exempt from coverage under the statute for
a two-year period.
Even though AFLAC urges that the provision’s plain language requires its
interpretation, AFLAC further contends that it and others who were newly subjected to the
assessments were entitled to budget and plan for the new cost to be imposed on the companies by
the assessment. Because section 14(b) is an uncodified transition provision having effect for only
a temporary period of time, and not a codified provision of the insurance code, AFLAC contends that
the Pool overlooks the purpose of such a provision and that its intended effect is to allow for a
change during the transition period of essentially two years. Hence, AFLAC argues that such a
construction does not limit or prohibit interim assessments against AFLAC in future years in
accordance with the existing statutory scheme. Once the transition period was complete and the
legislative changes brought about by SB 467 were fully implemented, the uncodified transition
provision of SB 467 would no longer have any bearing on the Pool’s ability to assess its members
from that point forward.
A “transition provision” includes any temporary provision providing for a special
situation during the transition period between the time of the existing law and the establishment
10
or implementation of a new law. Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.031 historical & statutory notes
(West 2005) [Act of Feb. 21, 1989, 71st Leg., R.S., ch. 1, § 1, 1989 Tex. Gen. Laws 1, 1]. While
it is a rule of statutory construction that every word of a statute must be presumed to have been used
for a purpose and we must give effect to every word and phrase if it is reasonable to do so,
we nevertheless construe words in their context and in harmony with the whole of the statute. That
a transition provision allows for the orderly implementation of legislation does not operate to give
its words weight out of keeping with the entirety of the statute. To the contrary, the provision “does
not affect the prior operation of the statute” or any “obligation or liability” incurred under it.
Id. § 311.031(a).
Apart from the tenet that we give meaning to every word, AFLAC cites no authority,
and we have found none in which greater weight is given to a transition provision than the text of
the statute as a whole. Rather, we must be faithful to the statutory scheme, take the whole statute
as we find it, and “give it as great an internal symmetry and consistency as its words permit.” United
States v. Olympic Radio & Television, Inc., 349 U.S. 232, 236 (1955). If doubt or uncertainty exists
as to the meaning or application of a statute’s provisions, we look to the act in its entirety and
harmonize its provisions in accordance with legislative intent and purpose:
It is always an unsafe way of construing a statute or contract to divide it by a process
of etymological dissection, and to separate words and then apply to each, thus
separated from its context, some particular definition given by lexicographers and
then to reconstruct the instrument upon the basis of these definitions.
2A Norman J. Singer, Sutherland Statutory Construction § 46.05 (6th ed. 2000) (footnote omitted).
11
If it were the intention of the legislature to distinguish between the two types of
Subchapter F assessments, it knew how to do so.9 To ascribe greater meaning to the provision at
issue than a start date consonant with the existing statute accomplishes a broader change than the
language may carry and imputes an intent other than to ensure the continuity of the Pool’s funding
during this period of transition. In the absence of additional words or phrases well known to
the legislature, we may not undo the mechanism of funding crafted by the legislature and
implemented by the Pool in the existing statute. If the provision was intended to do more, we can
only suppose it would say more. Had the legislature intended a process by which newly assessable
lines were exempt from a levy for two years after the statute’s effective date, such purpose could
have been easily expressed.
CONCLUSION
We overrule AFLAC’s issues and affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment
in favor of the Pool.
9
Indeed, when the legislature reinstated the exemption in 2005 for the lines of insurance
added to the assessment base by SB 467, it included a transition statement making the change
applicable to “an assessment under Subchapter F,” thus making clear that the provision included both
interim and regular assessments. Tex. Ins. Code Ann. § 1506.253 historical & statutory notes
(West Supp. 2006) [Act of May 29, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 824, § 11(e), 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws
2824, 2829]. The Act’s effective date was January 1, 2006. AFLAC contends that this change
shows that the legislature knew how to include both assessments, failed to do so in SB 467, and that
this therefore supports its interpretation. Because AFLAC began its challenge to the interim
assessment in June 2004 and SB 809 was filed in February 2005, this language is consistent as well
with a legislative intent to clarify any change and to avoid the type of dispute raised by this litigation.
12
__________________________________________
Jan P. Patterson, Justice
Before Chief Justice Law, Justices Patterson and Pemberton
Affirmed
Filed: April 3, 2007
13