James Ronald Gorman v. State

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-02-00175-CR

James Ronald Gorman, Appellant

v.

The State of Texas, Appellee

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BURNET COUNTY, 33RD JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. 8492, HONORABLE CHARLES J. HEARN, JUDGE PRESIDING

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

Appellant James Ronald Gorman appeals his conviction for possession of cocaine in

an amount of four grams or more but less than 200 grams with intent to deliver. (1) The jury found

appellant guilty. In assessing punishment, the jury found that the allegations of the enhancement

paragraph of the indictment alleging a prior robbery conviction were true, and fixed appellant's

punishment at twenty years' imprisonment, and a fine of $2,500.

Points of Error

Appellant advances six points of error. The first three points relate to evidentiary

rulings. Appellant contends that the trial court (1) erred in admitting extraneous offenses, (2) erred

in admitting a probable cause affidavit for an arrest warrant, and (3) erred in admitting irrelevant,

bolstering and prejudicial matters. In the last three points, appellant (4) claims that the trial court

erred in denying a motion for an instructed verdict because the informant was "untrustworthy as a

matter of law," (5) challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the conviction, and (6) urges

error in the jury charge on punishment by inclusion of the enhancement paragraph of the indictment

therein. We will affirm the conviction.

Background

At the trial on January 2, 2002, Narcotic Agent/Sergeant Bruce Morgan of the 33rd

Judicial District Narcotics Enforcement Team testified as to his activities on the evening of

September 12, 1997, in Burnet County. On that evening, Morgan and a confidential informer, Adrian

Slough, planned a "buy-bust" or "sting" operation. Sgt. Morgan explained that it was difficult to lure

dealers out of Austin into Burnet County, a part of the 33rd Judicial District, unless the "deal" was

worth their while. As a case agent, Morgan authorized Adrian to set up a deal for the purchase of two

ounces of cocaine for $2,000. Morgan had worked with Adrian before and considered him "credible

as far as what they tell us." (2) According to Morgan, Adrian telephoned Jeff Spohn in Austin earlier

in the evening of September 12, 1997, in order to arrange for a sale of cocaine. Morgan did not know

Spohn or recognize Spohn's voice but Morgan placed his ear near the phone to hear the conversation.

Acting in accordance with Morgan's instructions, Adrian had Spohn agree to meet him about 9:00

p.m. in a rural area of Burnet County at a parking lot at Hollingsworth Corner, where there was a store

and gas station. Spohn stated that he would be with his "roommate" or his "roommate Gorman," that

they would have guns, and that the "police had better not be there."

Morgan testified that he searched Adrian and the car that Adrian would be driving to

determine that he had no cocaine on his person or in his vehicle. (3) Officer Manuel Duarte was

assigned to accompany Morgan to Hollingsworth Corner. Duarte testified that he did not search

Adrian or his vehicle or see anyone conduct such a search prior to leaving the Narcotics Enforcement

Team office in Marble Falls.

Morgan revealed that he and Duarte followed Adrian to Hollingsworth Corner. It was

after 9:00 p.m. The "suspects" had already arrived on the parking lot and "were outside their

vehicle"--a tan pickup truck which met the description earlier given by Spohn over the telephone.

The officers were in an interdiction vehicle, a "black Crown Vic." They drove past the store so as

not to attract attention. Morgan reported that Duarte stated he saw Adrian getting into the suspect's

truck. The officers turned around and approached the parking lot. Morgan saw Adrian raising the

trunk of Adrian's vehicle. This was the prearranged signal that Adrian had seen the cocaine and

would give the appearance that he was obtaining the purchase money. (4)

At Adrian's signal, Morgan drove the interdiction car onto the parking lot and placed

it "nose to nose" with the tan pickup truck. Morgan jumped out to arrest the truck passenger, later

identified as appellant Gorman. Duarte moved to arrest Spohn, the driver. Morgan stated that he

yelled that they were the "police" and the word "police" was on their vests. The officers had their

weapons drawn. Morgan got appellant Gorman out of the truck and on the ground, placed his weapon

in its holster, and pushed appellant to the ground a second time. At this point, appellant hit Morgan

twice, ran into the nearby woods and escaped into the night. Morgan was left holding appellant's shirt

and glasses.

Officer Duarte searched the tan vehicle. Under the passenger seat, he found two

Marlboro cigarette flip-top boxes or packages. Upon examination, Duarte found inside each box a

plastic bag containing white powdery substance. A thorough search of the truck revealed no other

contraband. The officers learned appellant's name from Spohn, the driver and registered owner of

the pickup truck involved, or they possibly could have obtained appellant's name from Adrian. An

arrest warrant was issued for appellant, but, within a week of the incident, appellant surrendered to

authorities. Morgan had not seen Adrian for two or three years before trial and did not know his

"whereabouts."

A chain of custody of the cocaine was established. Dennis Ramsey, a criminalist with

the Texas Department of Public Safety, testified that a chemical analysis showed that the substance

found was 54.78 grams of cocaine. It was further shown that one identifiable fingerprint was found

on one of the plastic baggies of cocaine. It did not match either appellant's or Spohn's fingerprints

and remained unmatched.

Appellant did not testify or offer any evidence at the guilt/innocence stage of trial.

Extraneous Offenses

In his first point of error, appellant contends that the "trial court erred in admitting

extraneous offenses and bad acts of appellant at the guilt/innocence phase of the trial which violate

Rules 403 and 404(b), Texas Rules of Evidence."

As the point of error indicates and appellant's brief confirms, the point of error is

multifarious in nature, complaining generally of several different actions of the trial court. Normally,

multifarious points of error do not present anything for review. If it can be said that the current

appellate rules have abandoned any specific bar to multifarious issues or points, the formulation of

the first point of error still renders the error unclear. See 43A George E. Dix & George O. Dawson,

Texas Practice: Criminal Practice and Procedure § 43.406 (West 2d ed. 2001); cf. Heiselbetz v.

State , 906 S.W.2d 500, 512 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). Moreover, there has been no compliance with

our briefing rules. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(h). If there were express objections to the several matters

on the basis of Rules 403 and 404(b) as claimed, appellant has not directed our attention thereto and

we have not found any such objections. The record references that were given may have been to the

correct page number but to the wrong volume of the record. Some of the argument advanced

complains of the introduction of an affidavit over a hearsay objection, not to the offer of extraneous

offenses. The complaint is not properly before this Court.

The extraneous offenses to which appellant apparently has reference are resisting

arrest, assault on a public servant, and escape. Evidence of these offenses was same transactional

contextual evidence (5) and was clearly admissible. See Rogers v. State , 853 S.W.2d 29, 33-34 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1993); Mayes v. State , 816 S.W.2d 79 , 86 n.4 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). In fact, these same

transaction contextual offenses were admitted without objection during the trial.

Appellant does not contest this, but apparently claims that subsequently "charging

papers," "a police processing machines [sic]," "controlled substance submission form" and "other

documents" were admitted over objections that the documents should have referred only to the

charged offense but included the same transaction contextual offenses. Appellant does not direct our

attention to where these objections were made, except as to the submission form.

The improper submission of evidence, however, is not reversible error when the same

facts are introduced by other unobjected-to evidence either by the State or the defense and either

before or after the complained-of ruling. See Leday v. State , 983 S.W.2d 713, 718 (Tex. Crim. App.

1998); Ybarra v. State , 890 S.W.2d 98, 114-15 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 1994, pet. ref'd). The first

point of error is overruled.

Affidavit for Pretrial Arrest Warrant

In point of error two, appellant asserts that the "trial court committed error by

admitting the probable cause affidavit and admitting other hearsay over appellant's objections."

(Emphasis added). Here again, the point of error is multifarious in nature. Appellant's brief,

however, refers us only to State's exhibit number two, the probable cause affidavit for a warrant of

arrest. The short argument advanced in the brief directs our attention to the discussion under point

of error one as to the admission of extraneous offenses.

During its case-in-chief, the prosecutor offered State's exhibit number two, consisting

of "an arrest warrant affidavit" and a "complaint." Appellant objected, pointing out that probable

cause for appellant's arrest was an uncontested issue, that the exhibit contained hearsay and was

irrelevant and prejudicial. Appellant's objections were overruled. State's exhibit number two

containing two documents was admitted into evidence. (6)

The grand jury had found probable cause and indicted appellant. Pursuant to the

indictment, appellant was in court for a trial on the merits, accompanied by his attorney. There was

no issue as to probable cause for a pretrial arrest, as appellant's counsel tried to explain. The defense

had not "opened the door" or raised the issue. The trial court abused its discretion and erred in

admitting State's exhibit number two including hearsay. (7)

Normally, the recitals contained in an affidavit for an arrest warrant or a search warrant

are hearsay and are not admissible before the jury. Foster v. State , 779 S.W.2d 845, 857-58 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1989). Their admission into evidence over objection is error. See Torres v. State , 552

S.W.2d 821, 824 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). And this is particularly true when the hearsay testimony

is on the issue of probable cause and probable cause is not an issue in the case. Foster , 779 S.W.2d

at 858 ; Smith v. State , 574 S.W.2d 555, 557 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978); Haynes v. State , 567 S.W.2d

518, 520 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978).

We must decide here whether the error in admitting the hearsay recitals in State's

exhibit number two was reversible error. For some time the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has

held that the question of reversal turns on the particular facts of each case. See Baxter v. State , 66

S.W.3d 494, 499 (Tex. App.--Austin 2001, pet. granted); see also Doggett v. State , 530 S.W.2d 552,

556-57 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975); Figueroa v. State , 473 S.W.2d 202, 204 (Tex. Crim. App. 1971).

The Rules of Appellate Procedure now provide the procedure for determining reversible error. See

Tex. R. App. P. 44.2. Other than constitutional error, any error may be disregarded unless it affects

the substantial rights of the defendant. Id . 44.2(b). The violation of a rule of evidence in the

admission of evidence is considered nonconstitutional error. See Johnson v. State , 967 S.W.2d 410,

417 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998); Tate v. State , 988 S.W.2d 887, 890 (Tex. App.--Austin 1999, pet.

ref'd). The substantial rights of a defendant are affected when the error has a substantial or injurious

effect or influence in determining the jury's verdict. King v. State , 953 S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1997). A criminal conviction should not be overturned for nonconstitutional error if the

appellate court, after examining the record as a whole, has fair assurance that the error did not

influence the jury or had slight effect. See Morales v. State , 32 S.W.3d 862, 867 (Tex. Crim. App.

2000); Llamas v. State , 12 S.W.3d 469, 471 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Baxter , 66 S.W.3d at 499 .

The affidavit in question was a three-page document by the affiant, Sgt. Morgan. It

was partly composed of first, second, and third hand hearsay received from September 12, 1997, the

date of the offense, to September 16, 1997, the date of the arrest warrant affidavit. (8) The affidavit was

not read to the jury or "published" at the time it was introduced into evidence. It is unclear if the

exhibit was ever made available to the jury.

The informant did not testify and appellant did not testify nor offer any evidence at the

guilt/innocence stage of the trial. The trial evidence is full of hearsay testimony elicited by both

parties, challenged and unchallenged. (9) The arrest warrant affidavit repeated part of the affiant

Morgan's trial testimony already before the jury. The nine-paragraph affidavit was more expansive

than the trial testimony as to Morgan's background, experience, and training in the field of narcotic

law enforcement. The affidavit also gave more detail as to Morgan's position on a private lot just

before the "bust" and as to Morgan's struggle with appellant before the escape. This information

would have been admissible if Morgan had been asked. There was, of course, hearsay throughout the

affidavit as is customary in such instruments, and which normally renders these instruments

inadmissible. Some of this hearsay found its way into the trial record independent of the affidavit as

unobjected-to hearsay testimony. There was other hearsay in the affidavit that was damaging to

appellant's case--such as Spohn, the owner of the pickup truck, telling Officer Duarte that all the

cocaine found belonged to appellant, and Duarte passing this information to Morgan before Morgan

executed the affidavit.

Appellant's counsel cross-examined the affiant Morgan about the information or lack

of information in the affidavit, in much the same manner as the affiant was cross-examined in Baxter ,

66 S.W.3d at 500 . While Morgan testified that he had searched the informant and his car prior to the

"bust," counsel was able to elicit from Morgan that he made no mention of any searches in the

detailed affidavit or in Morgan's police report. Counsel was able to couple this information with the

fact that the informant was "working off" a pending possession of cocaine case and could have had

cocaine in his possession at the time in question. As to Spohn's disclaimer of cocaine possession and

blame-switching statement, counsel was able to extract from Morgan his belief that Spohn had taken

part in the transaction, and that Spohn had in fact been convicted therefor. Counsel used the affidavit

to elicit testimony and admissions from Morgan that raised doubt about the truthfulness of Morgan's

version of events that was the backbone of the State's case. (10)

The prosecutor should not have offered State's exhibit number two and the trial court

erred in admitting the affidavit into evidence. It was, however, only appellant who used the State's

exhibit after its introduction during trial. Appellant's counsel skillfully made good use of the affidavit

during cross-examination. Neither party made mention of the affidavit in jury argument.

After examining the entire record beginning with the voir dire examination of the jury

panel, we conclude that there is little likelihood that the error had a substantial and injurious effect

or influence on the jury's verdict. In light of our review of the record, we have fair assurance that the

error did not influence the jury or had but slight effect. The second point of error is overruled.

Bolstering, Irrelevant, and Prejudicial Matters

In point of error three, appellant contends that the "trial court erred in admitting

irrelevant, bolstering, and prejudicial matters over appellant's objections." During the State's case-

in-chief, the prosecutor recalled Morgan. The officer testified that he personally had made two or

three undercover narcotic "buys," that informants working under his supervision had made purchases

of cocaine, and that all of these "buys" had been in the amounts of a gram, half a gram or a quarter

of a gram. (11) To this testimony, appellant responded, "Objection, Your Honor" or "Irrelevant.

Bolstering. Prejudicial."

For an issue to be preserved for review there must be a timely objection which

specifically states a legal basis for the objection. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A); Miranda v. State ,

813 S.W.2d 724, 728 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 1991, pet. ref'd). A general objection (lacking

specificity) is tantamount to no objection, see Kuczaj v. State , 848 S.W.2d 284, 287 (Tex. App.--Fort

Worth 1993, no pet.), unless the basis of the objection is apparent from the context. Eisenhauer v.

State , 754 S.W.2d 159, 161 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988); Beheler v. State , 3 S.W.3d 182, 187 (Tex.

App.--Fort Worth 1999, pet. ref'd); Frierson v. State , 839 S.W.2d 841, 852 (Tex. App.--Dallas

1992, pet. ref'd). Here, appellant's objections were general in nature. He did not tell the trial court

what he wanted and why he was entitled to a favorable ruling. See Lankston v. State , 827 S.W.2d

907, 909 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). Appellant has not preserved error for review. Id .

In his brief appellant still has not pointed out what unimpeached evidence was

bolstered by Morgan's testimony on recall. Moreover, virtually all relevant and admissible evidence

offered by the State to prove its case against an accused beyond a reasonable doubt will be prejudicial.

See Montgomery v. State , 810 S.W.2d 372, 378 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990); Henderson v. State , 906

S.W.2d 589, 598 (Tex. App.--El Paso 1995, pet. ref'd). It is only "unfair" prejudice that will result

in the exclusion of relevant evidence. See Montgomery , 810 S.W.2d at 378 ; United States v. Jamil ,

707 F.2d. 638, 644-45 (2d Cir. 1988) ("prejudice" does not constitute showing of "unfair prejudice").

Appellant did not object on the basis of Rule 403 of the Texas Rules of Evidence, nor has he briefed

the matter on appeal.

Appellant argues that to be admissible the evidence should be material and relevant.

We agree. See Tex. R. Evid. 401, 402. One of the elements of the offense that the State was required

to prove beyond a reasonable doubt was possession "with intent to deliver." Intent to deliver may be

inferred from the quantity of drugs possessed. Branco v. State , 599 S.W.2d 324, 325-26 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1979). The 54.78 grams of cocaine seized in the instant case compared to the amount of cocaine

usually purchased in undercover transactions was relevant to a material issue in the case. Tex. R.

Evid. 401; cf . Stewart v. State , 874 S.W.2d 752, 756 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, pet. ref'd)

(police officer's testimony as to narcotic trafficking was relevant even though charge was drug

possession). Appellant's trial objection of "irrelevant" was without merit.

Moreover, Morgan had testified as to the commission of the offense and his use of a

confidential informant. On cross-examination, appellant injected into the proceedings how Morgan

and the Narcotics Enforcement Team generally selected confidential informants, whether their

credibility or criminal records were checked, how they were compensated or paid, whether written

agreements were used, whether informants were searched before "buys," and how the informants were

generally utilized. Once a matter is injected into the proceedings, evidence to fully explain the matter

is relevant and admissible even though the evidence might not otherwise be admissible. Hughes v.

State , 850 S.W.2d 260, 263 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 1993, pet. ref'd) (citing Parr v. State , 557

S.W.2d 99, 102 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977)). This is referred to as the rule of optional completeness.

Tex. R. Evid. 107; Hood v. State , 828 S.W.2d 87, 89-90 (Tex. App.--Austin 1992, no pet.). This rule

furnishes another basis for the admission of Morgan's testimony. The third point of error is

overruled.

Motion For Instructed Verdict

In his fourth point of error, appellant asserts that the "trial court committed error by

failing to grant the appellant's motion for instructed verdict (no affirmative link between the cocaine

and the appellant), in light of the overwhelming evidence that the confidential informant was

untrustworthy as a matter of law."

When the State rested its case at the guilt/innocence stage of the trial, appellant filed

two motions for an instructed verdict of "not guilty." One was based on the claim that the evidence

was insufficient to show appellant's "intent to deliver," and the other claimed that the State failed to

prove appellant's possession of the cocaine. Both motions were denied. Neither of these motions

were based on the untrustworthiness of a non-testifying informant as now raised on appeal. If there

was a third motion, appellant has not called it to our attention nor have we found such a motion in

the record. A complaint on appeal must correspond to the trial motion or objection. See Sterling v.

State , 800 S.W.2d 513, 521 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). A trial motion or objection stating one legal

basis may not be used on appeal to support a different legal theory. See Rezac v. State , 782 S.W.2d

869, 870 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990); Shelvin v. State , 884 S.W.2d 874, 877 (Tex. App.--Austin 1994,

pet. ref'd). A ruling on a motion for instructed verdict is actually a challenge to the sufficiency of the

evidence to support the conviction. Madden v. State , 799 S.W.2d 683, 686 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990).

Since there is no motion or ruling based on the informant's trustworthiness, nothing is presented for

review. Appellant's general challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence is discussed elsewhere in this

opinion.

Appellant's contention is rather novel--that is, a defendant may be acquitted if the

evidence shows that a non-testifying informant in a narcotic case was untrustworthy as a matter of

law. Appellant has not cited any authority and we have found none. The State has not briefed this

particular contention or theory. Appellant's theory is not to be confused with the provisions of article

38.141 of the Code of Criminal Procedure requiring that the testimony of an informant must be

corroborated. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.141 (West Supp. 2003); Cantelon v. State , 85

S.W.3d 457 (Tex. App.--Austin 2002, no pet.); see also Young v. State , No. 01-01-01235-CR, 2002

Tex. App. LEXIS 8087 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] November 14, 2002). For the reasons stated,

appellant's fourth point of error is overruled.

Legal Sufficiency of Evidence

In his fifth point of error, appellant challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence to

support his conviction. He urges that he is entitled to an acquittal. The standard for reviewing the

legal sufficiency of the evidence is whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorably to the

jury's verdict, any rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable doubt all the essential

elements of the offense charged. Jackson v. Virginia , 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); Lane v. State , 993

S.W.2d 504 , 507 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); Skillern v. State , 890 S.W.2d 849, 879 (Tex. App.--Austin

1994, pet. ref'd). The standard of review is the same in both direct and circumstantial evidence cases.

King v. State , 895 S.W.2d 701, 703 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). It is important to remember that all the

evidence that the jury was permitted to consider properly or improperly must be taken into account

in determining the legal sufficiency of the evidence. See Garcia v. State , 919 S.W.2d 370, 378 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1994); Johnson v. State , 871 S.W.2d 183, 186 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). The jury is the

exclusive judge of the facts proved, the credibility of the witnesses, and of the weight to be given their

testimony. Adelman v. State , 828 S.W.2d 418, 421 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). The reviewing court

does not realign, disregard, or weigh the evidence. Rodriguez v. State , 939 S.W.2d 211, 218 (Tex.

App.--Austin 1997, no pet.).

The indictment charged in pertinent part that appellant, on or about September 12,

1997, "did then and there intentionally and knowingly possess, with intent to deliver a controlled

substance, namely, cocaine, in an amount of four (4) grams or more but less than 200 grams." To

establish unlawful possession of a controlled substance, the State must prove first that the defendant

exercised actual care, custody, control or management (12) over the contraband, and second, that he was

conscious of his connection with it and knew what it was. King , 895 S.W.2d at 703 . Here, of course,

proof must also be made of "intent to deliver" as alleged in the indictment. This proof is usually

made by circumstantial evidence. Gabriel v. State , 842 S.W.2d 328, 331 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1992)

aff'd , 900 S.W.2d 721 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995); United States v. Meneses-Davila , 580 F.2d. 888, 897

(5th Cir. 1978) (possession of large amount of contraband); see also Rhodes v. State , 913 S.W.2d 242,

251 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 1995), aff'd , 945 S.W.2d 115 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).

Mere presence at the scene is not sufficient to establish unlawful possession of a

controlled substance, but evidence which affirmatively links a defendant to the controlled substance

will suffice to prove that he possessed it knowingly. McGoldrick v. State , 682 S.W.2d 573, 578-79

(Tex. Crim. App. 1985); Collins v. State , 901 S.W.2d 503, 505 (Tex. App.--Waco 1994, pet. ref'd).

Affirmative links may be established by facts and circumstances that indicate the knowledge of and

control over the contraband. See Grant v. State , 989 S.W.2d 428, 433 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th

Dist.] 1999, no pet.).

The control over the contraband need not be exclusive, but can be jointly exercised

by more than one person. McGoldrick , 682 S.W.2d at 578 . When the contraband is not found on the

accused's person, and the accused is not in exclusive control of the premises, place, or car in which

the contraband is found, the prosecution must show additional links between the contraband and the

accused. Smith v. State , 56 S.W.3d 739, 747 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. ref'd);

Puente v. State , 888 S.W.2d 521, 526 (Tex. App.--San Antonio 1994, no pet.); Villegas v. State , 871

S.W.2d 894, 896 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, pet. ref'd).

"Affirmative links" is a shorthand expression to identify what must be proven in a

prosecution for the possession of contraband. Brown v. State , 911 S.W.2d 744, 747 (Tex. Crim. App.

1995). The State must point to specific facts and circumstances surrounding the defendant's

possession--other than mere presence of drugs--which raise a reasonable inference of the accused's

knowledge and control of the contraband. Harris v. State , 994 S.W.2d 927, 933 (Tex. App.--Waco

1999, pet. ref'd); Fields v. State , 932 S.W.2d 97, 103 (Tex. App.--Tyler 1996, pet. ref'd). The

affirmative links between the accused and the contraband must establish that the accused's connection

with the contraband was more than just "fortuitous." Brown , 913 S.W.2d at 747 .

Courts have identified numerous factors that constitute affirmative links. See , e.g. ,

Washington v. State , 902 S.W.2d 649, 652 (Tex. App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1995, pet. ref'd);

Gilbert v. State , 874 S.W.2d 290 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, no pet); Whitworth v. State ,

808 S.W.2d 566, 569 (Tex. App.--Austin 1991, pet. ref'd). The number of factors present is not as

important as the "logical force" or the degree to which the factors alone, or in combination, tend to

affirmatively link the accused to the contraband. Whitworth , 808 S.W.2d at 569 . Each case must be

reviewed on its own facts for evidence of affirmative links. Id . The affirmative links ordinarily

emerge from an orchestration of several facts and the logical force they have in combination. See

Rivera v. State , 59 S.W.3d 268, 272 (Tex. App.--Texarkana 2001, pet. ref'd).

The scene in the instant case was a parking lot of a rural store that was closed. The

officers had information from Spohn that "Gorman" would be with him at the time of the "buy."

Appellant was there as a passenger in Spohn's truck. It was an enclosed area and appellant was in

close proximity to where the contraband was found under the passenger seat. He had easy access to

the contraband. When asked to leave the passenger seat, appellant did, but then struggled with Sgt.

Morgan and assaulted him, and escaped by flight into the night. The amount of cocaine found was

over 54 grams, far more than the normal undercover "buys" of cocaine in which Sgt. Morgan had

participated. Spohn told the officers that the cocaine belonged to appellant. We find that the

evidence is sufficient to allow a rational trier of fact to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that

appellant possessed the cocaine with intent to deliver.

We need not rest our disposition of this point of error on this conclusion alone. Under

our law, a party may be criminally responsible for the offense charged. See Tex. Penal Code Ann.

§ 9.02 (West 1994). Appellant was indicted as a primary actor, not as a party. If evidence is

produced during the course of a trial, however, which would warrant a charge on the law of parties,

the trial court may charge the jury on that issue, even in the absence of an allegation in the indictment

charging the accused as a party. Swope v. State , 805 S.W.2d 442, 444 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991); Pitts

v. State , 569 S.W.2d 898, 900 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978). Here, the trial court concluded the evidence

was sufficient and charged on the law of parties under section 7.02(a)(2) of the Penal Code. Tex.

Penal Code Ann. § 7.02 (a)(2) (West 1994). There was no objection to the court's charge. Appellant

raises no complaint on appeal about the jury charge.

Without reiterating all the evidence, the instant record shows that Jeff Spohn made an

agreement with Adrian, the informant, to sell two ounces of cocaine for $2000 at Hollingsworth

Corner. Spohn arrived at the appointed time and location accompanied by appellant whom he had

indicated would be with him. He met with the informant and was in the driver's side of the pickup

truck when arrested. The affirmative links showed that Spohn was the driver of the truck and one of

its registered owners. The cocaine was found inside the truck, an enclosed area. The amount of

cocaine was 54.78 grams, a little less than the two ounces requested by the informant. The evidence

is sufficient to show that appellant, knowing Spohn's unlawful intent was present to aid or attempt

to aid Spohn in the sale of the cocaine. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 7.02 (a)(2) (West 1994). The

jury's verdict at the guilt/innocence stage of the trial was a general one, and the evidence was

sufficient to support that verdict on either the theory that appellant was the primary actor or acted with

Spohn as a party. The fifth point of error is overruled. (13)

Jury Charge Error or Variance?

In his sixth point of error, appellant contends that the "trial court committed error by

including enhancement paragraph in punishment charge (fatal variance between allegations and

evidence)." Appellant does not direct us to any portion of the record where this contention was

presented to the trial court. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(h). Moreover, appellant has not preserved this

jury charge error for review. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. arts. 36.14, 36.15 (West Supp. 2003).

Appellant makes no mention of the standard of review for jury charge error. See Tex. Code Crim.

Proc. Ann. art. 36.19 (West 1981); Almanza v. State , 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984,

op. on reh'g ), nor does appellant brief the issue of jury charge error. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1.

Nothing is presented for review regarding a jury charge error.

Apparently, what appellant is trying to urge is a claimed variance between the allegata

and probata regarding the enhancement paragraph of the indictment alleging a prior robbery

conviction. Appellant argues that the indictment alleged the prior conviction occurred on "November

20, 1990" while the proof showed the conviction occurred on November 2, 1990." Appellant

contends this eighteen-day variance is fatal. Appellant does not tell us that he unsuccessfully

presented this contention to the trial court in a motion for an instructed verdict at the penalty stage

of the trial. Being rebuffed, appellant used the variance in his jury argument to convince the jury to

disregard the prior conviction in assessing punishment. He did not succeed.

The purpose of the enhancement allegations is to provide the accused with a notice of

the prior conviction to be relied upon and to avoid surprise. Human v. State , 749 S.W.2d 832, 836

(Tex. Crim. App. 1988); Cole v. State , 611 S.W.2d 79, 82 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981). Allegations of

prior convictions for enhancement of punishment purposes need not be stated with the same

particularity of the original or primary offense. See Watson v. State , 605 S.W.2d 877, 883 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1979); Zimmerlee v. State , 777 S.W.2d 791, 792 (Tex. App.--Beaumont 1989, no pet.). A mere

variance between the allegations and the proof will not render evidence insufficient to sustain the

conviction. Human , 747 S.W.2d at 836. The variance between the indictment's allegations and proof

must be material and prejudicial. See Hall v. State , 619 S.W.2d 156, 157 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980);

Plessinger v. State , 536 S.W.2d 380, 381 (Tex. Crim. App. 1976). To be material, the variance must

be such as to surprise or mislead the party to his prejudice. Freda v. State , 704 S.W.2d 412 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1986); Zimmerlee , 777 S.W.2d at 792 . In variance law, the burden of demonstrating

surprise or prejudice rests upon the defendant. Santana v. State , 59 S.W.3d 187, 194 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2001); Human , 749 S.W.2d at 837 . A defendant's rights under the Fifth Amendment to the

United States Constitution are not implicated. Santana , 59 S.W.3d at 194-95 .

In Valenti v. State , 49 S.W.3d 594, 598 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 2001, no pet.), the

court held that the variance was immaterial where the indictment alleged the prior conviction occurred

on "August 25" and the proof showed "August 15" of the same year, and the defendant was neither

surprised nor misled by the variance. Valenti is strikingly similar to the instant case. See also

Thompson v. State , 563 S.W.2d 247, 251 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978); 43 George E. Dix & Robert O.

Dawson, Texas Practice: Criminal Practice and Procedure § 31.153 (West 2d ed. 2001).

In Plessinger , 536 S.W.2d at 381 , the indictment alleged the prior conviction was

styled "State of Texas" against Plessinger while the proof showed the prior conviction was styled

"State of Arizona" against Plessinger. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals held that the defendant

was neither surprised nor misled to his prejudice by the difference between the style of the prior

conviction alleged and proved.

In Baity v. State , 455 S.W.2d 305, 310 (Tex. Crim. App 1970), the variance was that

the indictment alleged a prior conviction for enhancement as having occurred on "February 1, 1961"

and the typed in blank on the formal sentence form reflected the year as "19561." The court held that

there was no fatal variance between the dates as the error was obviously typographical.

Appellant had notice of the prior conviction by virtue of the indictment. By means of

discovery, appellant received a copy of the prior judgment and sentence reflecting the correct date.

Appellant does not claim that the prior conviction was not his conviction. Appellant has not

demonstrated that he was surprised or misled to his prejudice by the variance. The eighteen-day

variance was not material and did not render the evidence insufficient as to the prior conviction

alleged. Appellant's reliance upon Head v. State , 419 S.W.2d 375 (Tex. Crim. App. 1967) is

misplaced. For all the reasons stated, the sixth point of error is overruled.

The judgment is affirmed.

__________________________________________

John F. Onion, Jr., Justice

Before Justices Kidd, B. A. Smith and Onion *

Affirmed

Filed: January 16, 2003

Do Not Publish

* Before John F. Onion, Jr., Presiding Judge (retired), Court of Criminal Appeals, sitting by

assignment. See Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 74.003 (b) (West 1998).

1. See Act of May 29, 1993, 73rd Leg., R.S., ch. 900, § 2.02, 1993 Tex. Gen. Laws 3586 ,

3705-06 (Tex. Health & Safety Code § 481.112(a), (d), since amended, Tex. Health & Safety Code

§ 481.112(a), (d) (West Supp. 2003)).

2. The record reflects that Adrian had a written agreement with the Narcotics Enforcement

Team in August 1997 to make ten cases within sixty days to "work off" a pending offense of

possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. A similar agreement had been entered in July 1997

for Adrian to "work off" a pending burglary offense.

3. Morgan could not remember the make or model of the car searched. The August 1997

agreement between Adrian and the Narcotics Enforcement Team provided that Adrian would be

furnished a Mercury Marquis automobile to use.

4. Morgan related that it had not been planned for money to be exchanged, and Adrian had

not been given any money.

5. Such evidence imports to the trier of fact information essential to understanding the context

and circumstances of events which, although legal separate offenses from the charged offense, are

blended and interwoven. Mayes v. State , 816 S.W.2d 79 , 86 n.4 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). As such,

it is admissible, not for the purpose of showing character conformity, but to illustrate the nature of

the crime alleged. Camacho v. State , 864 S.W.2d 524, 532 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).

6. An affidavit for an arrest warrant is called a "complaint" if it charges the commission of

an offense. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 15.04 (West 1977); 40 George E. Dix & Robert O.

Dawson, Texas Practice: Criminal Practice and Procedure § 8.21 (West 2d ed. 2001). Just why

there were two instruments is not clear. The "complaint" was the type normally used. The separate

affidavit for an arrest warrant was a lengthy and detailed account of the offense.

7. A "hearsay" objection is sufficiently specific to preserve error for review. See Tex. R. App.

P. 33.1(a)(1)(A); Lankston v. State, 827 S.W.2d 907, 910 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992); see also Cofield

v. State , 891 S.W.2d 952, 954 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) .

8. The "complaint" on the fourth page of State's exhibit number two is not referred to in the

briefs. We do not find it mentioned in the interrogation of the witnesses.

9. Unobjected-to hearsay testimony has probative value like substantive evidence and may

be assessed and weighed by the jury with other evidence admitted at trial. Fernandez v. State , 805

S.W.2d 451 , 455 n.3 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991); Chambers v. State , 711 S.W.2d 246 , 247 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1986); Peters v. State , 997 S.W.2d 377, 382-83 (Tex. App.--Beaumont 1999, no pet.).

10. We have taken into account a defendant's right to meet, destroy, or explain improperly

admitted evidence. See Leday v. State , 983 S.W.2d 713, 719 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998); Thomas v.

State , 572 S.W.2d 507, 512 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978); Baxter v. State , 66 S.W.3d 494 , 500 n.3 (Tex.

App.--Austin 2001, pet. granted).

11. There was no testimony as to the value of the cocaine purchased or the amount of money

that was exchanged.

12. Section 481.002 (38) of the Health and Safety Code defines "possession" to mean "actual

care, custody, control, or management." See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 481.002 (38) (West

Supp. 2003); see also Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 1.07 (39) (West 1994) (same definition).

13. Appellant does not present a point of error challenging the factual sufficiency of the

evidence. In his brief in point of error five, appellant merely contrasts the standard of review in legal

sufficiency cases with that of factual sufficiency cases.