The opinion
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-03-00106-CR
James Nunes, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 4 OF TRAVIS COUNTY
NO. 612793, HONORABLE MIKE DENTON, JUDGE PRESIDING
M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N
James Nunes appeals his conviction for the misdemeanor offense of assault. A jury
found him guilty and the court assessed punishment at a fine of $2000 and confinement for one year,
but suspended imposition of sentence and placed appellant on community supervision for a two-year
period. On appeal, by two points of error (1) appellant challenges the admissibility of hearsay
statements as excited utterances and the prosecutor's improper use of an offense report and victim
assault statement. For the following reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
On May 13, 2002, appellant and his wife, Roberta Nunes, had an argument that
escalated into a physical confrontation. The following facts are not in dispute. Between 5:30 and
6:00 p.m. on that day, Mrs. Nunes arrived at appellant's place of employment, Dell Computers. She
called appellant from the lobby. After approximately fifteen minutes, appellant came downstairs.
The couple argued about appellant's cellular telephone bill, which Mrs. Nunes believed evidenced
that appellant was having an affair. To avoid a confrontation in the office, the couple agreed to
continue the conversation at home.
Appellant and Roberta Nunes left in separate cars. She drove behind him, at times
aggressively and "right on [his] bumper." They continued to argue with one another on their cell
phones as they drove home. At home, as was their usual practice, appellant parked in the driveway
and Mrs. Nunes parked in the garage. With Mrs. Nunes yelling, they continued to argue. As
appellant began unlocking the door, Mrs. Nunes began to hit appellant on his back and head with her
fists. Appellant struck back, by his own testimony, three or four times. He tried to "swat" her away
and then grabbed her neck and pushed her away and over the arm of a nearby couch. By his own
testimony, appellant admitted that, as he tried to swat her off and she would not let go,
I finally just reached and grabbed her neck and tried to get her off of me, and then I
finally squeezed a little bit to get her away from me and I pushed her to get her off
of me. And she went backwards and she kind of fell backwards over the corner of
the couch and hit her head.
Roberta Nunes fell from the couch to the floor, hitting her head on a coffee table hard enough to
knock a chip out of the table and leaving a small piece of flesh on the table.
At 6:56 p.m., Mrs. Nunes called the 9-1-1 emergency operator, asking for assistance
and advising the operator that appellant had tried to kill her. Appellant also spoke to the operator,
asking for the police to be sent over and explaining that his wife was exaggerating.
Austin Police Officer Randy Garcia arrived at the Nunes home at 7:05. Through the
front door of the residence, he heard a woman crying and screaming hysterically. When Roberta
Nunes answered the door, he observed that she was "crying, hysterical, fearful, very emotional." She
immediately told Garcia that her husband had hit her and banged her head against a coffee table. She
had visible injuries. The officer testified that after a couple of minutes he calmed her down but that
when he began to ask her questions to determine what had transpired, Mrs. Nunes "was still crying
and . . . hysterical."
Officer Garcia testified that Roberta Nunes told him that she and her husband argued
over the telephone bill. She described to him the confrontation at appellant's office and the
continued argument by telephone as they drove home. She then told the officer that appellant
grabbed her by the neck "and started banging her head against the kitchen counter." After banging
her head against the kitchen counter several times, "she stated that Mr. Nunes punched her in the
face with a closed fist." She then "stated that Mr. Nunes grabbed her again and threw her down the
couch and she hit her head against the coffee table." She then ran to the telephone and called 9-1-1.
When Michael Wright, the district commander of Austin-Travis County EMS, arrived
approximately an hour after the incident, he saw that Roberta Nunes was visibly upset and tense, and
was gripping herself. He observed she had a bruise to her right cheekbone, a knot on her head inside
the hairline, and an abrasion or scratch on the left side of her face. She told him of pain in her neck,
the top of her head, and on the side of her face. Commander Wright testified: "She said that her
husband had grabbed her and thrown her down." Wright concluded that the injuries were not life
threatening so he sought to provide reassurance to her. Wright testified that, in addition to Roberta
Nunes's injuries, he observed other indications that she had been assaulted, including a piece of flesh
on the coffee table that appeared to come from the top of her head. As she was taken to the
ambulance, she continued to appear "visibly upset."
At the hospital, Roberta Nunes was treated by Dr. Richard Gmitter, who is a board-certified emergency physician. He testified that Roberta Nunes complained of pain in her head and
throat and on her right hand. Her visible injuries included a contusion on the top of her head and
hematomas on her neck. He testified that she told him that her husband had assaulted her and pushed
her into furniture.
Dr. Steven Fyfe treated Roberta Nunes four days later. He described her injuries,
which included trauma to her larynx, multiple facial trauma with bruises around her face and left eye,
bruising and a contusion on her neck, and bruising on the inside of the voice box on the part known
as the arytenoid. Fyfe testified that the injuries were consistent with someone putting his hands
around her throat and applying force to the outside.
Roberta Nunes did not testify at the trial but appellant did testify. The jury found
appellant guilty of assault as alleged in the information.
DISCUSSION
Excited Utterance Exception
In his first point of error, appellant complains that the trial court erred in admitting
the hearsay statements of Roberta Nunes through the testimony of other witnesses. He argues that
the statements are inadmissible hearsay, fail to qualify as excited utterances under Texas Rule of
Evidence 803(2), and are violative of appellant's rights under the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth
Amendment of the Constitution. The State responds that the record supports the trial court's
admission of the testimony because Roberta Nunes was still under the stress and excitement of the
event when she made the statements. We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion
in admitting the statements.
The admissibility of an out-of-court statement under the exceptions to the general
hearsay exclusion rule is within the trial court's discretion. Lawton v. State , 913 S.W.2d 542, 553
(Tex. Crim. App. 1995). Absent a clear abuse of discretion, we may not reverse. Coffin v. State , 885
S.W.2d 140, 149 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). As long as the trial court's ruling was at least within the
"zone within which reasonable persons might disagree," we will not intercede. Cantu v. State , 842
S.W.2d 667, 682 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).
Hearsay is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at a trial
or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Tex. R. Evid. 801(d). For
hearsay to be admissible, it must fit into an exception provided by statute or rule. As one of these
exceptions, rule 803(2) provides that an excited utterance is "a statement relating to a startling event
or condition made while the declarant was under the stress of excitement caused by the event or
condition." Tex. R. Evid. 803(2); Salazar v. State , 38 S.W.3d 141, 154 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).
There is no single factor governing the admissibility of evidence under this exception. Rather, the
basis for the excited utterance exception is "a psychological one, namely, the fact that when a man
is in the instant grip of violent emotion, excitement or pain, he ordinarily loses the capacity for
reflection necessary to the fabrication of a falsehood and the 'truth will out.'" Evans v. State , 480
S.W.2d 387, 389 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972). (2)
In determining whether a hearsay statement is admissible as an excited utterance, the
trial court may consider the time elapsed and whether the statement was in response to a question.
Zuliani v. State , 97 S.W.3d 589, 595 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Salazar , 38 S.W.3d at 154 . But it is
not dispositive that the statement is in response to a question or that it was separated by a period of
time from the startling event; these are factors to consider in determining whether the statement is
admissible under this exception. Lawton , 913 S.W.2d at 553 ; Penry v. State , 903 S.W.2d 715, 750-51 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995).
The critical determination is "whether the declarant was still dominated by the
emotions, excitement, fear, or pain of the event" at the time of the statement. McFarland v. State ,
845 S.W.2d 824, 846 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). As a reviewing court, we must determine whether
the statement was made "under such circumstances as would reasonably show that it resulted from
impulse rather than reason and reflection." Zuliani , 97 S.W.3d at 596 (quoting Fowler v. State , 379
S.W.2d 345, 347 (Tex. Crim. App. 1964)). The facts of the Zuliani case are instructive. In Zuliani ,
twenty hours passed before the complainant made statements about a physical confrontation with
her companion. Because she failed to appear at work the day after the confrontation, her sister and
the police went to her house. The complainant was reluctant to speak with police and was
withdrawn and "real scared." Id. When her sister took hold of her hand and asked her what had
happened, she began to cry and then gave her version of the events that had transpired. At trial, the
sister repeated the victim's statements of what had happened. Despite the lapse of time and the fact
that some of the declarant's statements were in the form of responses to questions, the trial court
admitted the statements. In upholding the admission of the statements, the court of criminal appeals
concluded that neither of those two factors was dispositive: "The key is 'whether the declarant was
still dominated by the emotions, excitement, fear, or pain of the event.'" Id. (quoting Lawton , 913
S.W.2d at 553 ). The complainant's sister had testified that the complainant looked scared and
withdrawn. She had not been separated from the defendant since the assault. Others had intervened
only when she had whispered pleas for help to her brother-in-law over the telephone. Her injuries
had not been treated. The court of criminal appeals concluded that the combination of factors
supported the trial court's ruling that the statement was admissible as an excited utterance.
Here, the trial court conducted a preliminary hearing on the defense motion to exclude
Roberta Nunes's hearsay statements. At the conclusion of the hearing, he overruled the motion to
exclude the statements and stated:
I will make this note for both parties, neither side has chosen to tell me exactly the
extent of what these statements are, in fact there were objections when witnesses
began to give me those statements; however, in reading the brief, it appears that
perhaps, and I don't know--well let me just say this, those statements that have to
do with the incident I will allow in, should--based upon what I've heard if the
argument is they have not met the burden I believe they have. On the other hand,
should the testimony stray from that I will certainly sustain an objection. And I really
don't know what the statements are, I'm just assuming they're quite a few things just
from having read the brief that I was just submitted. So the motion will be overruled
but I will entertain motions if necessary.
When appellant's counsel then requested a running objection "from that point forward to anything
that was derived from Roberta Nunes that was the subject of this particular hearing that we just
concluded," he did not pursue the objection to obtain a ruling. The court merely agreed to consider
the issues as they arose. To preserve error, an objection must be timely, specific, and pursued to an
adverse ruling. Martinez v. State , 98 S.W.3d 189, 193 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).
On appeal, appellant challenges the admission of specific statements of Roberta
Nunes as repeated by Officers Garcia, Wright, and Weiss. Unlike at trial, he does not challenge the
statements that were the subject of testimony by the two doctors. (3)
Here, the evidence supported the trial court's admission of the statements under the
excited utterance exception. Officer Garcia arrived within a few minutes of the altercation. That
Roberta Nunes was still dominated by the emotions, excitement, fear, and pain of the event is clear
from the moment the officer approached the front door. When Mrs. Nunes opened the door, she was
crying, fearful, and hysterical. As Officer Garcia observed her injuries, she told him that her husband
had assaulted her. Officer Garcia testified that he calmed her down after a couple of minutes and
began asking her questions, but that she was still crying and hysterical. She told Officer Kevin
Weiss, who arrived at the scene with Officer Garcia, "that her husband was trying to strangle her."
She was still emotional when EMS Commander Wright arrived an hour later. She was crying and
visibly upset when she told Wright that "he had grabbed her by the throat and thrown her."
That Roberta Nunes was still dominated by the emotions, excitement, fear, or pain
of the event is supported by the record. Moreover, except for Mrs. Nunes's characterization of her
husband's intent "to strangle her," appellant testified to each of the challenged statements when he
testified on his own behalf. The two doctors also testified as to her injuries and their cause. In
addition, Mrs. Nunes's medical records, entered into evidence without objection, contained notes
by medical personnel that she had a hematoma on the top of her head and bruises on her neck and
that Mrs. Nunes stated, "husband tried to strangle me" and "husband banged her head against tile
counter." When a court has overruled an objection to the admission of evidence, and that same
evidence is later admitted without objection, the right to complain about the admission of the
evidence on appeal is waived. Leday v. State , 983 S.W.2d 713, 717 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). We
hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting statements made by Mrs. Nunes to
the three officers. We overrule appellant's first point of error.
State's Offer of Inadmissible Evidence
In his second point of error, appellant complains that the trial court erred in denying
his motion for mistrial following the State's attempt to offer into evidence the police offense report
and evidence contained in the victim assault statement. Specifically, appellant urges that a mistrial
should be granted in the face of misconduct by the prosecutor seeking to place inadmissible evidence
before the jury.
We review the denial of a motion for mistrial under an abuse of discretion standard
and will uphold the decision so long as it falls within the zone of reasonable disagreement.
Montgomery v. State , 810 S.W.2d 372, 391 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (op. on reh'g). The mere offer
of inadmissible evidence by the State is not reversible error when the trial court sustains the
objection and the evidence is not admitted. Error from improper testimony--or here, an improper
offer--can be cured or rendered harmless by an instruction to disregard, as the court did here. Wood
v. State , 18 S.W.3d 642, 648 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Martinez v. State , 17 S.W.3d 677, 689 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2000); Hernandez v. State , 805 S.W.2d 409, 413-14 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). We must
presume that the jury followed the court's instructions to disregard: "Only offensive or flagrant error
warrants reversal when there has been an instruction to disregard . . . ." Wesbrook v. State , 29
S.W.3d 103, 116 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). A mistrial is a remedy reserved for highly prejudicial and
incurable errors. Wood , 18 S.W.3d at 648 .
In this case, as defense counsel was questioning Officer Garcia about aspects of his
testimony that were omitted from his offense report, the prosecutor interrupted: "Your Honor, we
could admit the offense report." The trial court correctly declined the offer: "Thank you for
suggesting; however, he's examining the witness." Appellant's counsel did not object. At the
beginning of her redirect examination, the prosecutor then asked to introduce the offense report on
the ground that it was admissible under rule of evidence 107, the rule of optional completeness. Tex.
R. Evid. 107. Outside the jury's presence, defense counsel complained that "[s]he chose to do it
right in front of the jury" and asked "that the jury be instructed to disregard statements made by
counsel and that the jury be instructed that counsel's statements were clearly inappropriate." The
trial court correctly observed that offense reports are generally excluded on grounds of hearsay and
then instructed the jury to disregard the prosecutor's offer and her statements made in offering the
"clearly inadmissible" document. See Sauceda v. State , No. 612-02, slip op. at 14-15, 2003 Tex.
Crim. App. LEXIS 308 , at *19-*21 (Sept. 10, 2003) (en banc) (discussing rule of optional
completeness).
The prosecutor then began her redirect examination of Officer Garcia. She asked the
officer what the complainant told him was the reason her husband had given her for strangling her.
When the officer indicated that he did not understand the question, the prosecutor asked whether the
officer needed to refer to the offense report or the victim assault statement. Defense counsel
objected and a discussion between counsel ensued at the bench. Immediately thereafter, the
prosecutor elicited from the officer that the victim wrote why her husband was going to kill her "in
her statement." The prosecutor then stated: "You can't say what she wrote down, I thought you took
those notes, I apologize." The prosecutor then inquired whether the victim's injuries were consistent
"with her story of events."
Defense counsel objected that the discussion of the victim assault statement
buttressed the State's theory of the case with "another plainly inadmissible document." He again
moved for a mistrial. The court sustained the objection, overruled the motion, and promptly granted
defense counsel's motion to instruct the jury to disregard the prosecutor's inadmissible offer.
We are unable to conclude that the State's offer of the offense report, the existence
of which was made known to the jury by appellant, constituted error requiring mistrial. See, e.g. ,
Fuller v. State , 501 S.W.2d 112, 114 (Tex. Crim. App. 1973); Byrd v. State , 491 S.W.2d 440, 441
(Tex. Crim. App. 1973); Handley v. State , 480 S.W.2d 738, 740 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972). Likewise,
reference to the victim's statement, while not commendable practice, does not give rise to the remedy
of a mistrial. We overrule appellant's second point of error.
CONCLUSION
Having overruled appellant's points of error, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
__________________________________________
Jan P. Patterson, Justice
Before Chief Justice Law, Justices B. A. Smith and Patterson
Affirmed
Filed: December 4, 2003
Do Not Publish
1. Appellant waived his third point of error at oral argument.
2. The general principle underlying admission of an excited utterance is based on the
experience that, "under certain external circumstances of physical shock, a stress of nervous
excitement may be produced which stills the reflective faculties and removes their control, so that
the utterance which then occurs is a spontaneous and sincere response to the actual sensations and
perceptions already produced by the external shock." 6 John Henry Wigmore, Evidence § 1747, p.
135 (3d ed. 1940). Such an utterance "may be taken as particularly trustworthy" or at least lacks the
usual ground of untrustworthiness. Id.
3. Statements made for purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment describe "medical history,
or past or present symptoms, pain, or sensations, or the inception or general character or the cause
or external source thereof insofar as reasonably pertinent to diagnosis or treatment." Tex. R. Evid.
803(4); Moore v. State , 82 S.W.3d 399, 404 (Tex. App.--Austin 2002, pet. ref'd).