Sherman Ray Jones v. State

Jones v. State

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-95-00488-CR

Sherman Ray Jones, Appellant

v.

The State of Texas, Appellee

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BASTROP COUNTY, 21ST JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. 7987, HONORABLE JOHN L. PLACKE, JUDGE PRESIDING

Appellant Sherman Ray Jones was convicted of possession of cocaine in the amount

of less than 28 grams. Controlled Substances Act, 71st Leg., R.S., ch. 678, sec. 1, § 481.115,

1989 Tex. Gen. Laws 2230 , 2936 ( Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 481.115 , since amended).

The jury assessed punishment, enhanced by two prior felony convictions, at life imprisonment.

On appeal, appellant contends that crucial evidence was obtained after police illegally attempted

to frisk him and should have been suppressed; he also contends that the evidence at trial was

legally insufficient to establish possession. We will affirm.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On June 10, 1993, at around 4:30 p.m., Department of Public Safety Officer

Rosanna Church came upon a vehicle stopped in the middle of a rural roadway in Elgin, Texas.

Because it was a traffic violation to be stopped in the middle of the road, Officer Church ordered

appellant, who was the driver and sole occupant of the vehicle, to pull it off the road. See Tex.

Transp. Code Ann. § 545.301 (West 1997). By coincidence, Officer Church was being

accompanied by civilian employees of the Department of Public Safety who were making a

recruiting video. As a result, most of the incident was recorded on videotape. (1)

Officer Church turned on her emergency lights, and appellant moved his car into

a driveway. After exiting his car, appellant was asked to empty his pockets, but refused. When

the officer attempted to frisk appellant, he fled. Church lost sight of appellant but found him

within ten minutes in the same general vicinity. When found, appellant was stuffing his pockets

back into his pants, leading Church to believe that he had thrown something out of them. A

search of the vicinity produced a recently dropped rolling paper containing a mixture of marijuana

and .25 grams of crack cocaine. Appellant was arrested and charged with possession of cocaine.

DISCUSSION

In his first point of error, appellant contends that the evidence presented at trial is

not legally sufficient to support his conviction because it does not provide an "affirmative link"

between himself and the contraband. In reviewing a legal sufficiency challenge, the court reviews

the record in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational trier of fact

could have found the elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia , 443

U.S. 307, 317 (1979); Blankenship v. State , 780 S.W.2d 198, 206-207 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989).

The "affirmative links" analysis is simply a shorthand expression used to identify

what must be proven in a prosecution for drug possession, namely, that the accused's connection

with the drug is more than fortuitous. Brown v. State , 911 S.W.2d 744, 747 (Tex. Crim. App.

1995). In the past, courts used the "affirmative links" analysis in conjunction with the

"outstanding reasonable hypothesis" construct, which required the elimination of reasonable

theories inconsistent with the defendant's guilt, in order to assess whether the State's burden of

proof had been met. Id. at 748 . However, the use of the "outstanding reasonable hypothesis"

approach was rejected in Geesa v. State , 820 S.W.2d 154, 161 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). While

this rejection has not significantly compromised the "affirmative links" analysis, the link need not

now be so strong as to eliminate every reasonable hypothesis that is inconsistent with the

defendant's guilt. Brown , 911 S.W.2d at 748 .

Appellant compares the evidence against him to the links found in Tatum v. State ,

836 S.W.2d 323, 325 (Tex. App.--Austin 1992, pet. ref'd), in which this Court reversed a

conviction for drug possession. Appellant suggests that the links between the drugs and himself

are no stronger in the present case than those that linked the defendant in Tatum to the contraband

discovered near him. The reasoning in Tatum , however, rested upon a combination of both an

"affirmative links" analysis and the "outstanding reasonable hypothesis" construct. (2) Id. at 324-325 . Our case is distinguishable from Tatum factually and by the legal standard that must be

applied.

In Tatum , this Court noted that "the State adduced no evidence affirmatively linking

Tatum to the syringe, other than his proximity to it." Id. at 325 . Our use of the "outstanding

reasonable hypothesis" approach meant that the case presented a "mere proximity" fact pattern,

because all other suggested links were eliminated by reasonable alternative theories. Id. at 326 .

For example, evidence that Tatum's fingerprints were found on a nearby jar that may have been

used in drug preparation was not considered an affirmative link because of the reasonable

alternative theory that the defendant may have used the jar for a legitimate purpose. Id .

In the present case, the fact pattern includes more than "mere proximity." In

addition to presenting proximity evidence that appellant had been in the small brushy area in

which the cocaine was found, Officer Church testified that she had observed appellant stuffing his

pockets back into his pants after the chase. The condition of the contraband indicated that it had

been dropped on the ground recently. Marijuana residue and rolling papers were found in the car

appellant was driving, and the crack cocaine discovered was mixed with marijuana and wrapped

in similar rolling papers. The car in which the marijuana residue and rolling papers were found

was insured in appellant's name. Officer Church believed that appellant was under the influence

of either drugs or alcohol and that appellant's nervous behavior and flight indicated a

consciousness of guilt. The jury also was able to view much of this evidence by means of the

videotaped recording of the incident.

Appellant further suggests that the court in Herndon v. State , 787 S.W.2d 408, 409

(Tex. Crim. App. 1990), used the "affirmative links" analysis, without resorting to an

"outstanding reasonable hypothesis" test, to reverse a conviction with a similar fact pattern.

There, the links were "mere presence" at the scene of the offense with possible knowledge of

some illegal activity. Id. at 410 . As discussed above, however, the fact pattern in the present

case contains more than "mere presence" and possible knowledge of illegal activity. Accordingly,

we do not consider Herndon controlling.

In a legal sufficiency review, this Court does not act as a super-jury to reweigh the

force of the evidence. Urbano v. State , 837 S.W.2d 114, 115 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). With the

rejection of the "outstanding reasonable hypothesis" construct, we no longer eliminate evidentiary

links that might be otherwise explainable by reasonable alternative theories. We simply require

that the links, taken together, be sufficient to rationally support the finding of the jury. Because

we conclude that the jury viewing the evidence in this case could reasonably have concluded that

appellant possessed the drugs in question, we overrule point of error one.

In point of error two, appellant contends that, because the evidence used to convict

him was obtained only as a result of an illegal frisk, the trial court erred in overruling his motion

to suppress. See Comer v. State , 754 S.W.2d 656, 658-59 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). In a

suppression hearing, the trial judge is the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the

weight to be given their testimony. Romero v. State , 800 S.W.2d 539, 543 (Tex. Crim. App.

1990). The decision of the trial court is to be reversed only upon a showing of an abuse of

discretion, i.e., if the decision is unsupported by the record. Upton v. State , 853 S.W.2d 548,

552 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).

Officer Church testified that she originally detained appellant because he had

committed the traffic violation of stopping a car in the middle of the road. See Tex. Rev. Civ.

Stat. Ann. art. 6701d, § 93 (West 1977). An officer's observation of a traffic offense gives the

officer a reasonable basis for stopping the vehicle and detaining the driver. Anderson v. State ,

701 S.W.2d 868, 873 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985), cert. denied , 479 U.S. 870 (1986). A frisk,

however, is not permitted solely because the detention was justified. Maryland v. Buie , 494 U.S.

325, 334 (1990). Moreover, evidence obtained as a result of police misconduct may require

suppression. Comer , 754 S.W.2d at 658-59 . Therefore, the question for determination here is

whether the evidence supports the finding that the attempted frisk was justified.

Courts have looked to the totality of the circumstances to determine if frisks

conducted for the safety of a police officer were reasonable. See United States v. Micheletti, 13

F.3d 838, 844 (5th Cir. 1994); Brown v. State , 830 S.W.2d 171, 175 (Tex. App.--Dallas 1992,

pet. ref'd). The factors surrounding a "stop and frisk," taken as a whole, may justify an officer's

actions even where one factor alone might not suffice to create reasonable suspicion. Davis v.

State, 829 S.W.2d 218, 220 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). In Davis , the court stated that the fact that

the suspect was wearing a trench coat on a warm day may not have been enough alone to create

a reasonable suspicion for the detention and subsequent frisk. Id. However, taken in context with

the specific dispatch that the officers received and the subject's attempt to flee at the sight of the

officers, the Court of Criminal Appeals found both the stop and initial frisk reasonable. (3) Id. at

220, 221 .

Church testified that she decided to frisk appellant for her own safety and

protection. Police are not required to subject themselves to unnecessary risks such as those

imposed by the ease of access of a weapon. Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1, 23 (1968). Nonetheless,

the officer's interest in protecting herself is still restricted by an individual's Fourth Amendment

right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures. Id. at 20 . An officer may frisk a

detainee only if a reasonably prudent person in the same circumstances would be warranted in

believing that her safety was in danger. Id. at 27 . This reasonableness standard is satisfied by

specific and articulable facts that, if taken with rational inferences, reasonably warrant the

intrusion. Id. at 21 ; Davis v. State , 576 S.W.2d 378, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979).

The court of criminal appeals has suggested a number of factors that can be helpful

in determining when a frisk may be invalid. See Worthy v. State , 805 S.W.2d 435, 438-439 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1991); Lippert v. State , 664 S.W.2d 712, 721 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). These

include: no furtive gestures toward the pocket, subject not shown to be committing a criminal

offense, subject does not seem to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol, no attempt to resist

detention, and the officer knew nothing of any prior record of the subject. Worthy , 805 S.W.2d

at 438-439 ; Lippert , 664 S.W.2d at 721 .

In the present case, none of these factors tending to show an invalid search is

present. Officer Church testified that appellant was moving his hands in and out and around his

pockets. He was stopped for committing a traffic violation. Appellant had an open can of beer

with him, and the officer testified she believed appellant to be under the influence of drugs or

alcohol. Appellant appeared nervous and avoided answering questions about the contents of his

pockets. Finally, Officer Church had previously arrested appellant for possession of drugs and

was aware of his convictions for burglary and sexual assault of a child.

In response, appellant asserts that the videotape of the incident contradicts portions

of Officer Church's version of the events leading up to her attempted frisk of appellant. Because

the videotape was not introduced into evidence at the suppression hearing, however, we may not

consider it in determining whether the trial court erred in overruling appellant's motion to

suppress: "[I]n determining whether a trial court's decision [on a motion to suppress] is

supported by the record, we generally consider only evidence adduced at the suppression hearing

because the ruling was based on it rather than evidence introduced later." Rachal v. State , 917

S.W.2d 799, 809 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); accord Hardesty v. State , 667 S.W.2d 130 , 135 n.6

(Tex. Crim. App. 1984). There is nothing in the present case that takes it out of the general rule.

We conclude that, even if certain factors alone might not have been sufficient to

support the attempted frisk of appellant, the factors in this case, taken as a whole, support a

finding of reasonableness. Compare Montano v. State , 843 S.W.2d 579, 582 (Tex. Crim. App.

1992) (holding that nervously looking around in an airport not sufficient to justify frisk). In

consideration of the whole of Officer Church's observations, we cannot say that the trial court

abused its discretion by denying appellant's motion to suppress. We overrule point of error two.

CONCLUSION

Having overruled both points of error, we affirm the judgment of conviction.

J. Woodfin Jones, Justice

Before Justices Powers, Aboussie and Jones

Affirmed

Filed: December 5, 1996

Do Not Publish

1. The videotape was admitted into evidence during the trial on the merits, but was not

offered into evidence at the hearing on appellant's motion to suppress.

2. The rejection of the "outstanding reasonable hypothesis" in Geesa was applied with

"limited prospectivity" to Geesa and all cases tried thereafter. Geesa , 820 S.W.2d at 165 .

The trial in Tatum occurred nearly five months before the Geesa decision. Tatum , 836

S.W.2d at 325 .

3. The court found that the proper scope of the initial frisk was exceeded, however,

when the officers opened a matchbox found in the subject's pocket because it was not

reasonable to believe that the matchbox contained a weapon. Davis , 829 S.W.2d at 221 .

easonableness standard is satisfied by

specific and articulable facts that, if taken with rational inferences, reasonably warrant the

intrusion. Id. at 21; Davis v. State , 576 S.W.2d 378, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979).

The court of criminal appeals has suggested a number of factors that can be helpful

in determining when a frisk may be invalid. See Worthy v. State , 805 S.W.2d 435, 438-439 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1991); Lippert v. State , 664 S.W.2d 712, 721 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). These

include: no furtive gestures toward the pocket, subject not shown to be committing a criminal

offense, subject does not seem to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol, no attempt to resist

detention, and the officer knew nothing of any prior record of the subject. Worthy , 805 S.W.2d

at 438-439 ; Lippert , 664 S.W.2d at 721 .

In the present case, none of these factors tending to show an invalid search is

present. Officer Church testified that appellant was moving his hands in and out and around his

pockets. He was stopped for committing a traffic violation. Appellant had an open can of beer

with him, and the officer testified she believed appellant to be under the influence of drugs or

alcohol. Appellant appeared nervous and avoided answering questions about the contents of his

pockets. Finally, Officer Church had previously arrested appellant for possession of drugs and

was aware of