noting that the American Law Institute has recommended that Congress “make[ ] clear what the present law merely implies: the right of removal applies only to the action as framed by the pleading that commences the action. Counterclaims, cross-claims, and third-party claims cannot be the basis for removal [under § 1441(a) ]”
How later courts described this case
- noting that the American Law Institute has recommended that Congress “make[ ] clear what the present law merely implies: the right of removal applies only to the action as framed by the pleading that commences the action. Counterclaims, cross-claims, and third-party claims cannot be the basis for removal [under § 1441(a) ]”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
Case: 14-31169 Document: 00513182104 Page: 1 Date Filed: 09/04/2015
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
No. 14-31169 September 4, 2015
Lyle W. Cayce
KALE FLAGG, Clerk
Plaintiff - Appellant
v.
STRYKER CORPORATION; MEMOMETAL INCORPORATED, USA,
Defendants - Appellees
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Louisiana
Before DAVIS, ELROD, and HAYNES, Circuit Judges.
HAYNES, Circuit Judge:
In this case, which was removed from state court, Kale Flagg (“Flagg”)
appeals the dismissal of his complaint against Stryker Corporation (“Stryker”)
and Memometal Incorporated (“Memometal”) (collectively, the “Manufacturing
Defendants”), and five fictitious insurance companies. 1 We conclude that the
1 Although the fictitious insurance companies remain parties in this case, there is no
indication they were ever served or that they have appeared in any way. A judgment of
dismissal is final and appealable under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 even if it does not dispose of claims
made against a party that has neither been served nor appeared before the court. See Nagle
v. Lee, 807 F.2d 435, 437–38 (5th Cir. 1987) (finding a judgment dismissing a case against
only some of the defendants was final despite the fact that claims against “ABC Insurance
Company” had never been addressed); see also Landor v. Soc’y of The Roman Catholic Church
of The Diocese of Lafayette, No. 14-31097, 2015 WL 4114299, at *1 n.1 (5th Cir. July 9, 2015)
(unpublished) (finding the district court’s failure to mention fictitious insurance companies
Case: 14-31169 Document: 00513182104 Page: 2 Date Filed: 09/04/2015
No. 14-31169
district court lacked jurisdiction to decide this case and, therefore, without
regard to its merits, we VACATE the district court’s judgment and REMAND
this case to the district court to remand to state court.
I.
Although we do not review the merits of the decision below, some
background facts are helpful for understanding the jurisdictional
determination. Flagg had surgery on his foot, utilizing the services of Dr.
Denise Elliot, West Jefferson Medical Center, and the Foot and Ankle Center
(collectively, “Medical Defendants”) to implant a device manufactured by the
Manufacturing Defendants. 2 He contends that the actions of both sets of
defendants combined to cause him pain and necessitated further surgeries to
correct problems caused by the Medical Defendants’ alleged negligence and the
Manufacturing Defendants’ allegedly faulty device. Consistent with LA. REV.
STAT. ANN. § 40.1299.47(B)(1)(a)(i), Flagg filed a medical malpractice
complaint before a medical review panel. Despite the provisions in that statute
requiring review as a prerequisite to suit, one week later, Flagg sued the
Medical Defendants and the Manufacturing Defendants in Louisiana state
court.
Although all of the Medical Defendants and Flagg as plaintiff were
citizens of Louisiana, the Manufacturing Defendants removed the case on the
basis of diversity jurisdiction. The Manufacturing Defendants alleged that
they were citizens of other states and that the Medical Defendants were
in its judgment did not prevent that judgment from being final and appealable); Fed. Sav. &
Loan Ins. Corp. v. Tullos-Pierremont, 894 F.2d 1469, 1471–74 (5th Cir. 1990) (following Nagle
and collecting cases following this principle). We therefore do not mention these defendants
again.
There is some lack of clarity as to whether Stryker or Memometal or both
2
manufactured the device in question. As it does not affect the outcome here, we will treat
them both as the manufacturers for the sake of simplicity.
2
Case: 14-31169 Document: 00513182104 Page: 3 Date Filed: 09/04/2015
No. 14-31169
improperly joined such that their non-diverse citizenship could be discounted. 3
The district court implicitly agreed when it assumed jurisdiction over the case.
It dismissed the Medical Defendants due to prematurity of the case against
them and as improperly joined due to that prematurity. It ultimately resolved
the case against Flagg on the merits, granting the defendants’ motion to
dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).
Flagg appealed, but failed to challenge the district court’s jurisdiction.
Nonetheless, subject-matter jurisdiction cannot be waived, so we requested
supplemental briefing on this issue. We now conclude that the district court
should not have discounted the citizenship of the Medical Defendants and that
the court lacked diversity jurisdiction.
II.
Under the improper-joinder doctrine, a court should disregard the
citizenship of non-diverse defendants where “there is no reasonable basis for
predicting that the plaintiff might establish liability . . . against the in-state
defendant[s].” Badon v. R J R Nabisco Inc., 224 F.3d 382, 390 (5th Cir. 2000).
The Manufacturing Defendants argue that the case against the Medical
Defendants is premature in light of the still-pending medical review panel
proceeding and, therefore, there is “no reasonable basis” to predict liability
against the Medical Defendants. Flagg argues unconvincingly that his case
against the Medical Defendants is not a medical malpractice case at all. In the
district court, he argued that the case should be stayed until the medical
review panel is concluded, at which time it should be remanded.
We begin with an examination of the Louisiana Medical Malpractice Act
(“LMMA”). The LMMA governs claims for “any unintentional tort or breach of
contract” brought against a qualified “health care provider.” LA. REV. STAT.
3 That the requisite amount in controversy is met is not contested here.
3
Case: 14-31169 Document: 00513182104 Page: 4 Date Filed: 09/04/2015
No. 14-31169
ANN. §§ 40.1299.41, 40.1299.47. The Act requires a plaintiff to submit a claim
to a medical review panel before bringing suit. Id. § 40.1299.47(B)(1)(a)(i) (“No
action against a health care provider covered by this Part . . . may be
commenced in any court before the claimant’s proposed complaint has been
presented to a medical review panel established pursuant to this Section.”).
The Supreme Court of Louisiana has interpreted this provision to mean that a
malpractice complaint against a covered health care provider should be
dismissed without prejudice if it is filed “prior to submission of the complaint
to a medical review panel and [before] the panel has rendered its expert opinion
on the merits of the complaint, unless this requirement is waived by the
parties’ agreement.” Delcambre v. Blood Sys., Inc., 893 So. 2d 23, 27 (La. 2005);
see also Gele v. Binder, 904 So. 2d 836, 838 (La. Ct. App. 2005); Brister v. Sw.
La. Hosp. Ass’n, 624 So. 2d 970, 971–72 (La. Ct. App. 1993).
Medical review panels “consist of three health care providers who hold
unlimited licenses to practice their profession in Louisiana and one attorney.”
LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 40.1299.47(C). The attorney serves as an advisory
chairperson of the panel and has no voting power. Id. § 40:1299.47(C)(1)(b)(2).
The parties submit written evidence to the panel and, with the consent of two
members of the panel, may subpoena documentary evidence or deposition
testimony for submission. Id. § 40:1299.47(D). The panel may solicit its own
evidence, and the parties have the right to convene the panel for questioning
at an informal meeting before any report is issued. Id. § 40:1299.47(E)–(F).
The panel’s “sole duty” is “to express its expert opinion as to whether or not the
evidence supports the conclusion that the defendant or defendants acted or
failed to act within the appropriate standards of care,” by rendering one of
three “expert opinions”:
4
Case: 14-31169 Document: 00513182104 Page: 5 Date Filed: 09/04/2015
No. 14-31169
(1) The evidence supports the conclusion that the defendant or
defendants failed to comply with the appropriate standard of care
as charged in the complaint.
(2) The evidence does not support the conclusion that the
defendant or defendants failed to meet the applicable standard of
care as charged in the complaint.
(3) That there is a material issue of fact, not requiring expert
opinion, bearing on liability for consideration by the court.
Id. § 40:1299.47(G).
The LMMA also contains some provisions meant to regulate the
timeliness of the process. First, an attorney chairman for the medical review
panel is supposed to be appointed within one year from the date on which a
request for review is filed. Id. § 40:1299.47(A)(2)(c). If this does not happen
within nine months of the initial filing, the board charged with overseeing this
process is supposed to “send notice to the parties by certified or registered mail
that the claim will be dismissed in ninety days unless an attorney chairman is
appointed within one year from the date the request for review of the claim
was filed.” Id. Following that notice, if an attorney chairperson is not
appointed and noticed within that first year, the claim is dismissed and the
parties are deemed to have waived the use of the medical review panel.
Id. After an attorney chairman is selected, an opinion should be rendered
within one year, or else “suit may be instituted”; “[h]owever, either party may
petition a court of competent jurisdiction for an order extending the twelve
month period . . . for good cause shown.” Id. § 40:1299.47(B)(1)(b). If the
parties obtain an extension and no opinion is rendered within that time, “the
medical review panel established to review the claimant’s complaint shall be
dissolved.” Id. Finally, “[t]he filing of a request for a medical review panel
shall suspend the time within which suit must be filed until ninety days after
the claim has been dismissed” or the panel has been dissolved. Id.
§ § 40:1299.47(A)(2)(c), (B)(3).
5
Case: 14-31169 Document: 00513182104 Page: 6 Date Filed: 09/04/2015
No. 14-31169
We have not previously addressed the interaction of the LMMA with
diversity jurisdiction. In the past, district courts have diverged in their views.
Some of those courts have found that the LMMA requires the presentation or
exhaustion of administrative remedies before an LMMA claim is ripe to be
heard in federal court. These cases dismiss non-diverse defendants as
improperly joined and allow plaintiffs’ claims against diverse defendants to
proceed in federal court. See, e.g., Silvestrini v. Intuitive Surgical, Inc., No. 11-
2704, 2012 WL 380283, at *5 (E.D. La. Feb. 6, 2012) (collecting cases for the
proposition that federal courts “have denied remand when a plaintiff has failed
to present malpractice claims against a non-diverse defendant to a medical
review panel because the courts have found that such non-diverse defendants
were improperly joined”). 4
Not all federal district courts have followed this logic. Some courts have
reasoned that just because a claim is procedurally premature under Louisiana
law does not mean “there is no reasonable basis for predicting that plaintiffs
might establish liability . . . against the in-state defendants.” Badon, 224 F.3d
at 393 (emphasis added) (stating the standard for improper joinder); Erdey v.
Am. Honda Co., 96 F.R.D. 593, 596–97 (M.D. La. 1983) (“The court therefore
concludes that the original petition, although premature, nevertheless stated
a cause of action against the medical defendants. Thus they were not
fraudulently joined . . . .”). On this side of the issue, many courts found no
improper joinder of non-diverse defendants when a plaintiff’s claims were
4 See also Jones v. Centocor, Inc., No. 07-5681, 2007 WL 4119054, at *1 (E.D. La. Nov.
15, 2007) (concluding that the defendant doctor was improperly joined because the plaintiff
did not file a complaint under the LMMA before filing suit, because since “the exhaustion of
these administrative procedures is a prerequisite to maintaining suit . . . there is currently
no reasonable basis to predict whether or not [the plaintiff] has a viable action against [the
doctor]”); Richardson v. Advanced Cardiovascular Sys., Inc., 865 F. Supp. 1210, 1217–19
(E.D. La. 1994) (finding plaintiff’s malpractice complaint was premature under the LMMA
until her claim had been exhausted before the medical review panel).
6
Case: 14-31169 Document: 00513182104 Page: 7 Date Filed: 09/04/2015
No. 14-31169
premature under LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 40.1299.47. See, e.g., Erdey, 96 F.R.D.
at 596–97; 5 see also Doe v. Cutter Biological, 774 F. Supp. 1001, 1004–05 (E.D.
La. 1991) (reasoning that “[t]he key inquiry to a claim of fraudulent joinder is
whether the plaintiff made the nondiverse party a defendant under a claim
theory that has substantive merit,” and holding the medical defendants
“mist[ook] procedure for substance” in arguing that medical defendants were
improperly joined because Louisiana law barred a state suit against them).
After our decisions in Melder v. Allstate Corp., 404 F.3d 328, 331–32 (5th
Cir. 2005) and Holder v. Abbott Laboratories, Co., 444 F.3d 383, 387–89 (5th
Cir. 2006), district courts began to conclude that LMMA defendants should be
treated as improperly joined when the review board has not yet issued its
opinion. See, e.g., Fontenot v. Johnson & Johnson, No. 10-162, 2010 WL
2541187, at *6–10 (W.D. La. Apr. 30, 2010), report and recommendation
adopted, No. 10-162, 2010 WL 2541178 (W.D. La. June 17, 2010). We conclude,
however, that these cases do not reach as broadly as the Manufacturing
Defendants contend.
In Melder v. Allstate Corp., we found plaintiffs bringing claims related
to insurance rate-making could not “seek judicial relief until after they ha[d]
exhausted their administrative remedies” with the Louisiana Insurance Rate
Commission (“LIRC”). 404 F.3d at 332. The plaintiffs sued LIRC, a non-
diverse defendant, but this court affirmed the district court’s dismissal of LIRC
as improperly joined. Id. at 330, 332. Since plaintiffs had comprehensive
administrative remedies to challenge rates before LIRC and LIRC closely
controlled and approved all insurance rates, this court enforced Louisiana’s
5 The Erdey court also noted that “[u]nder Louisiana procedure, where a dilatory
exception pleading prematurity is sustained, the suit is to be dismissed . . . and it is improper
to sustain such an exception in a malpractice case and order the proceedings stayed pending
presentation to a medical review panel.” 96 F.R.D. at 596.
7
Case: 14-31169 Document: 00513182104 Page: 8 Date Filed: 09/04/2015
No. 14-31169
requirement that plaintiffs exhaust administrative remedies before bringing
suit. 6 Id. at 330–32. We repeatedly emphasized the comprehensiveness of the
administrative scheme that, in that case, would actually result in an
adjudication of the plaintiffs’ claim. 7 In Holder v. Abbott Laboratories, Inc., we
found that a non-diverse defendant physician was properly dismissed as
improperly joined because the plaintiffs had not exhausted remedies under the
National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act. 444 F.3d at 387–89 (quoting 42 U.S.C.
§§ 300aa–33(5) & –33(11)(a)(1)). The plaintiffs conceded that they had not filed
a petition with the United States Court of Federal Claims, as the statute
explicitly required, before bringing suit in state or federal court. Id. at 388.
Again, that case involved a comprehensive (federal) statute that provided for
adjudication of the plaintiffs’ claim.
By contrast, the LMMA is not a comprehensive administrative scheme
designed to adjudicate a plaintiff’s malpractice claims. The net result of the
process is an expert opinion admissible in a subsequent lawsuit, but not a
6 Additionally, the record did not show that plaintiffs in Melder filed for administrative
remedies with LIRC at all, and the plaintiffs did not respond to the exhaustion issue in their
briefing, except to claim this court could not decide it. Id. at 332.
7 The dissenting opinion asserts that our finding of improper joinder in Melder should
dictate a finding of improper joinder in this case, which also involves a state administrative
scheme. The analogy ends there. Melder is inapposite because it involved “an adequate
administrative remedy for addressing [the plaintiffs’] grievances.” Melder, 404 F.3d at 332.
The overwhelming focus of our opinion in Melder was on the comprehensiveness of the
administrative scheme at issue in that case. See 404 F.3d at 331–32. We closely analyzed
and relied on the “detailed procedure for petitioning” the regulatory authority regarding
alleged violations, the fact that the regulatory authority was empowered to issue a final
decision appealable to the state courts, and the fact that the regulatory authority was
“charged with responsibility for preventing, and [was] uniquely qualified to regulate [the
subject matter of the plaintiffs’ claims].” Id. This stands in stark contrast to the LMMA,
which involves a non-comprehensive medical review process that does not result in a binding
final decision. See LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 40.1299.47(G), (H). The dissenting opinion’s concern
that this distinction will lead to confusion is unfounded. We decide here only that the Melder
holding should not be extended to apply to a situation where the state scheme involves no
adjudicative function.
8
Case: 14-31169 Document: 00513182104 Page: 9 Date Filed: 09/04/2015
No. 14-31169
decision in and of itself. See LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 40.1299.47(G), (H) (noting
the “report of the expert opinion reached by the medical review panel shall be
admissible as evidence” in any subsequent lawsuit, but “shall not be
conclusive,” and that the panel has the “sole duty to express its expert opinion”
as to whether the applicable standards of care were met). Thus, a plaintiff who
obtains a positive opinion from the medical review board must still file suit and
have the claim adjudicated; it is the same for the defendants who have not
received anything akin to a final administrative decision and therefore are not
“finished,” subject only to appeal, once the review is complete. 8 In other words,
the medical review panel will not adjudicate Flagg’s claim at all; it will simply
provide evidentiary support for one side or the other. See LA. REV. STAT. ANN.
§ 40:1299.47(H).
Further, the completion of the process is not always a prerequisite to
filing suit. The parties can waive the medical review process in several ways.
Most simply, “[b]y agreement of all parties, the use of the medical review panel
may be waived.” Id. § 40.1299.47(B)(1)(c); see also Delcambre, 893 So. 2d at 27.
Parties may also bypass the panel review process if they have “validly agreed”
to submit the claims “to a lawfully binding arbitration procedure.” Id.
§ 40.1299.47(A)(1)(a). If the parties or the medical review panel fail to appoint
an attorney chairperson and notify the medical review board within one year
8 Rather than constituting a final but appealable administrative decision, the LMMA
apparently seeks to incentivize respect for the expert opinion rendered by the panel by
imposing costs on a party that receives a unanimous, unfavorable expert opinion and does
not subsequently win in court. If a claimant receives a unanimous expert opinion against
the malpractice claim and thereafter files suit, the claimant must post a cash or surety bond
for the costs of the medical review process, which the defendant health care provider receives
only if a subsequent suit concludes without finding the defendant liable. See LA. REV. STAT.
ANN. § 40.1299.47(I)(2)(c). If a defendant health care provider receives a unanimous decision
against it and does not otherwise pay the costs of the medical review process or settle with
the claimant before a malpractice suit is filed, the defendant has to post the same cash or
surety bond and pay a plaintiff the costs of the medical review process, unless the lawsuit
finds the defendant is not liable. Id. § 40.1299.47(I)(2)(d).
9
Case: 14-31169 Document: 00513182104 Page: 10 Date Filed: 09/04/2015
No. 14-31169
from when the claim was filed, they have waived the use of the panel. Id.
§ 40:1299.47(A)(2)(c). As we have noted, a lawsuit may proceed despite any
claim before a medical review panel if the panel fails to render a decision within
one year of the selection of the attorney chairperson, unless the parties receive
a court-ordered extension for good cause. Id. § 40:1299.47(B)(1)(b).
Additionally, a health care provider can circumvent the medical review process
by filing a lawsuit and challenging the claimant’s malpractice claim as
prescribed or for failure to state a claim under Louisiana law.
Id. § 40.1299.47(B)(2)(a)–(b) (noting defendants may claim “no right of action”
under Louisiana’s Code of Civil Procedure, Article 927(6), or as prescribed by
the statute of limitations for medical malpractice in LA. REV. STAT. ANN.
§ 9:5628). Thus, this procedure is quite different from the comprehensive
administrative adjudicatory schemes examined in our prior cases.
Far from demonstrating that there is “no reasonable basis” on which the
Medical Defendants could be held liable ultimately in this case, the
Manufacturing Defendants indirectly pointed the finger at the Medical
Defendants in their arguments about res ipsa loquitur. Indeed, based on the
Manufacturing Defendants’ arguments, the district court rejected Flagg’s
attempt to invoke “res ipsa loquitur,” observing that the doctrine is not
applicable “[w]hen reasonable hypotheses as to other causes of the plaintiff’s
injuries remain.” Flagg v. Elliot, No. 2:14-CV-852, 2014 WL 3715127, at *6
(E.D. La. June 16, 2014) (citation omitted).
This situation highlights another problem with concluding the Medical
Defendants are improperly joined in this case: it could lead to piecemeal
litigation and potentially inconsistent results. The Medical Defendants and
the Manufacturing Defendants are clearly properly joined parties in this case
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 20. All of these defendants are alleged
to have combined to cause a single harm to Flagg—pain and further surgeries.
10
Case: 14-31169 Document: 00513182104 Page: 11 Date Filed: 09/04/2015
No. 14-31169
The two groups are thus properly tried in the same lawsuit, as Flagg sought to
do.
III.
The LMMA scheme is not the kind of comprehensive administrative
scheme we have cited in allowing a district court to discount the citizenship of
non-diverse parties. We conclude that the fact that the medical review panel
apparently still has yet to issue its opinion 9 does not negate any “reasonable
basis for predicting that plaintiffs might establish liability . . . against the in-
state defendants.” Badon, 224 F.3d at 393. Thus, while the case against the
Medical Defendants may be premature, they are not “improperly joined” within
the meaning of the case law. 10 Accordingly, we VACATE the judgment of the
district court and REMAND the case to the federal district court to remand the
case to state court.
9 We note that the outside time deadlines set forth in the LMMA are approaching.
It has been twenty months since Flagg filed his complaint before the medical review panel,
meaning that the “prematurity” of his malpractice claims may soon disappear. The parties
have not provided any indication that an expert opinion has issued.
10The dissenting opinion disagrees with this conclusion and would instead institute
the “bright line rule” that “if the claim is not exhausted, that action is improperly joined.”
That rule, while bright line, is overbroad and unnecessarily conflates the requirement of
exhaustion with the rules for ascertaining improper joinder. We are not suggesting here that
parties may avoid exhausting their claims before filing them in federal court, as in the Title
VII context the dissenting opinion discusses. The question here is not whether parties must
exhaust claims under state law before filing them in federal court. Rather, we are tasked
with determining whether improper joinder arises with the presence of any party who
arguably must complete further procedures in a non-comprehensive, administrative state-
law scheme. The improper joinder analysis turns on whether there is a “reasonable basis for
predicting that plaintiffs might establish liability . . . against the in-state defendants.” Badon,
224 F.3d at 393. Nothing about the LMMA or the non-comprehensive, waivable medical
review process suggests that Flagg has “no possibility of recovery” against the Medical
Defendants.
11
Case: 14-31169 Document: 00513182104 Page: 12 Date Filed: 09/04/2015
No. 14-31169
W. EUGENE DAVIS, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
The majority holds that this case should be remanded to state court even
though the non-diverse party cannot be sued under the state statute creating
the cause of action. I disagree and dissent.
As the majority opinion reflects, Mr. Flagg brought suit in state court
against both the manufacturer of a toe implant and the medical providers who
performed the implant. The manufacturing defendants were diverse, while the
medical provider defendants were not diverse. Flagg sued the manufacturers
for products liability and the medical provider defendants for malpractice.
Under Louisiana Revised Statute § 40:1299.47 (LMMA), which provides
a cause of action against health care providers for malpractice, a patient cannot
sue that provider until his case is presented to an administrative panel. 1
Louisiana courts consistently support the plain language of the LMMA and
hold no suit is available on plaintiff’s claim until it is exhausted by the medical
review panel. 2
The primary question here is whether a plaintiff’s unexhausted claim
against a non-diverse defendant should be disregarded as improperly joined
for purposes of determining diversity jurisdiction. The majority refused to
dismiss this suit against the medical providers and retain the action against
the manufacturing defendants.
Smallwood v. Illinois Central Railroad Co. formulated the standard for
improper joinder. Improper joinder applies when a plaintiff is unable to
maintain a cause of action against the non-diverse party. 3 If there is no
1 The Louisiana Medical Malpractice Act states that a medical review panel must
review malpractice claims otherwise “no action” is available in “any court.” La. Rev. Stat. §
40:1299.47 (2015).
2 See, e.g., Spradlin v. Acadia-St. Landry Med. Found., 758 So. 2d 116, 119 (La. 2000)
(noting requirement of pre-suit review panel).
3 385 F.3d 568, 573 (5th Cir. 2004).
12
Case: 14-31169 Document: 00513182104 Page: 13 Date Filed: 09/04/2015
No. 14-31169
possibility of recovery against the non-diverse party, the plaintiff cannot
maintain an action against it. 4
In Melder v. Allstate, 404 F.3d 328 (5th Cir. 2005), and Holder v. Abbott
Labs, 444 F.3d 383 (5th Cir. 2006), we held that plaintiffs’ unexhausted claims
under statutes other than the LMMA had no possibility of recovery, and
therefore, they were improperly joined. Furthermore we dismissed the suits
against defendants who were the subject of unexhausted claims. 5 Melder and
Holder also demonstrate that determination of whether a cause of action exists
is made at the time of removal. 6 Following our decisions in Melder and Holder,
all of the federal district courts in Louisiana presented with the question
applied a bright line rule to medical malpractice suits: if the claim is not
exhausted, that action is improperly joined and the medical provider is
dismissed and disregarded for purposes of diversity jurisdiction. 7
The majority takes the position that these cases are distinguishable
because the administrative bodies in Melder and Holder were authorized to
resolve the disputes presented by litigants, whereas the LMMA panel hears
evidence and arguments and then issues an opinion on whether malpractice
occurred. The LMMA opinion, while not binding, is admissible at a later trial
as highly probative evidence. 8
The majority does not explain why this distinction is significant for
determining whether a plaintiff can bring suit under the LMMA. We did not
4 Id.
5 Melder, 404 F.3d at 331-32; Holder, 444 F.3d at 388-89.
6 See Melder, 404 F.3d at 331-32; Holder, 444 F.3d at 388-89; accord Grupo Dataflux
v. Atlas Global Grp., 541 U.S. 567, 570 (2004).
7 See, e.g., Pardo v. Medtronic, Inc., 2010 WL 4340821 (E.D. La. Oct. 26, 2010);
Fontenot v. Johnson & Johnson, 2010 WL 2541187 (W.D. La. Apr. 30, 2010); Ellis v. Ethicon,
Inc., 2010 WL 1251640 (M.D. La. Feb. 19, 2010).
8 See McGlothlin v. Christus St. Patrick Hosp., 65 So. 3d 1218, 1226-27 (La. 2011).
13
Case: 14-31169 Document: 00513182104 Page: 14 Date Filed: 09/04/2015
No. 14-31169
condition our holding in Melder and Holder on such a consideration; and, we
have never considered such a distinction relevant under Title VII. 9
Under Title VII, an employee asserting a claim of employment
discrimination against an employer must file a charge with the EEOC. 10 The
EEOC then must be given an opportunity to investigate the charge and, if
reasonable cause exists, mediate the dispute. 11 Employees cannot sue until
this process is exhausted and the EEOC issues a right-to-sue letter. 12
The EEOC has no authority to resolve disputes by rendering a binding
decision. 13 Instead it can only determine whether reasonable cause exists and
conciliate the dispute, issue a right to sue letter, or file suit itself. 14 But even
though the EEOC has no authority to resolve disputes, our courts require
employees to exhaust their claim. 15 Critically, a plaintiff suing without
exhaustion of the claim with the EEOC suffers dismissal of his suit as required
by Title VII. 16
I cannot endorse a rule that enforces the requirement imposed by a
federal statute requiring dismissal of an unexhausted claim, yet refuse to
enforce the same requirement in a state statute.
9 Under Title VII, the EEOC “exercises no adjudicatory authority.” Federal Judicial
Center, Major Issues in the Federal Law of Employment Discrimination 89 (5th ed. 2012).
10 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5 (2015).
11 Id.
12 A civil action on a Title VII claim may brought only “after the giving of [right-to-
sue] notice.” Id.
13 See supra, note 9.
14 “The only powers of the EEOC are to investigate charges, determine whether there
is reasonable cause to support them, [or] attempt to reach a settlement through conciliation.”
Id.
15 “Title VII requires employees to exhaust their administrative remedies.” McClain
v. Lufkin Indus., 519 F.3d 264, 273 (5th Cir. 2008).
16 Courts consistently dismiss these unexhausted claims. See, e.g., Atkins v.
Kempthorne, 353 Fed. App’x 934 (5th Cir. 2009); Richter v. Advance Auto Parts, 686 F.3d 847
(8th Cir. 2012); Vasquez-Rivera v. Figueroa, 759 F.3d 44 (1st Cir. 2014); Hildebrand v.
Allegheny Cty., 757 F.3d 99 (3d Cir. 2014).
14
Case: 14-31169 Document: 00513182104 Page: 15 Date Filed: 09/04/2015
No. 14-31169
The majority also distinguishes Melder and Holder arguing that those
administrative bodies acted under a much more comprehensive scheme. In my
view, this difference is insignificant for our purposes. The sole issue is whether
a plaintiff can demonstrate that he has a viable action against a non-diverse
defendant at the time the action is removed. We should have a bright line rule:
when the statute creating a cause of action requires exhaustion with an
administrative agency before suit can be filed, a plaintiff cannot maintain an
action in court on the unexhausted claim. Such an action should be dismissed,
and the defendants disregarded for diversity jurisdiction purposes. 17
Under the majority’s rule, courts would be required to evaluate the
comprehensiveness of the administrative scheme in each new statute along
with the adjudicative authority of the administrative body. District courts
would be required to determine on which side of the line the administrative
scheme falls. This is not a sensible approach. To the contrary, we should
respect the judgement of the state on how it chooses to structure its
administrative scheme. So long as the state determines that no suit may be
filed on a cause of action until exhaustion, we should follow that directive.
Finally, the majority’s concern based on judicial efficiency considerations
for splitting the products liability and medical malpractice cases is overblown.
If the district court in this case dismisses the non-diverse medical provider
parties as improperly joined, nothing prevents it from staying the products
action pending the medical review panel’s opinion. Then, if the plaintiff decides
to forgo his malpractice claim, the district court can resolve the products case.
However, if the plaintiff joins the malpractice case with the pending products
case, then the district court will remand the entire case for a single trial.
17 See Melder, 404 F.3d at 331-32; Holder, 444 F.3d at 388-89; accord McClain, 519
F.3d at 273.
15
Case: 14-31169 Document: 00513182104 Page: 16 Date Filed: 09/04/2015
No. 14-31169
For these reasons, I respectfully dissent.
16