finding no 16 ratification of officer’s alleged use of excessive force when a sheriff “accepted the officer’s use of force report, refused to turn over evidence until the lawsuit was filed, and defend[ed] the deputies’ actions”
How later courts described this case
- finding no 16 ratification of officer’s alleged use of excessive force when a sheriff “accepted the officer’s use of force report, refused to turn over evidence until the lawsuit was filed, and defend[ed] the deputies’ actions”
- rejecting ratification theory where sheriff accepted officer’s use of force report, refused to turn over evidence until suit was filed, and defended officer’s actions
- “The only evidence of ratification Medina identifies is that Ortiz accepted the officer’s use of force report, refused to turn over evidence until the lawsuit was filed, and defends the deputies’ actions in this case. None of these allegations show that Ortiz approved of the use of excessive force or the denial of medical care.” (citation omitted)
- “The only evidence of ratification Medina identi- fies is that Ortiz accepted the officer’s use of force report, refused to turn over evidence until the lawsuit was filed, and defends the deputies’ actions in this case. None of these allegations show that Ortiz ap- proved of the use of excessive force or the denial of medical care.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
Case: 14-51347 Document: 00513166713 Page: 1 Date Filed: 08/24/2015
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
No. 14-51347 United States Court of Appeals
Summary Calendar Fifth Circuit
FILED
August 24, 2015
JASON LEE MEDINA, Lyle W. Cayce
Clerk
Plaintiff - Appellant
v.
AMADEO ORTIZ, Bexar County Sheriff, In His Official Capacity; DEPUTY
ANDRES BRAVO, In His Official and Individual Capacity; DEPUTY NERI,
In His Official and Individual Capacity,
Defendants - Appellees
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Texas
USDC No. 5:12-CV-1230
Before DAVIS, CLEMENT, and COSTA, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Jason Medina filed this civil rights lawsuit against a sheriff and two
deputies alleging excessive force and denial of medical care. The Defendants
obtained summary judgment on all claims except those for excessive force
brought against the deputies. Medina filed an interlocutory appeal of that
* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
Case: 14-51347 Document: 00513166713 Page: 2 Date Filed: 08/24/2015
No. 14-51347
ruling, which we dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. When Medina failed to
notify the district court about the dismissal of the appeal or otherwise pursue
the case for five months, the magistrate judge dismissed the remaining claims
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b) for failure to prosecute. Finding
that Medina waived his challenge to the Rule 41(b) ruling and no error in the
earlier summary judgment ruling, we affirm.
I
The alleged constitutional violations stem from an incident that took
place in the booking area of the Bexar County Adult Detention Center on
January 19, 2011. Medina alleges that a fight broke out among several
inmates. Sheriff deputies intervened and Medina was forced to the ground so
that he could be handcuffed. According to Medina, he did not resist and was
instead lying face down with his hands behind his back and his legs shackled.
Medina further states that, while trying to handcuff him, deputies Andrew
Bravo and Juan Neri kneed him in the right shoulder, twisted his left arm, and
kicked him in the head. Deputy Bravo then pulled Medina off the ground and
slammed him against a wall. Medina was escorted to the jail infirmary where
a technician x-rayed his shoulder and allegedly told him he would be taken to
the hospital to treat a broken shoulder and other injuries. But Medina claims
he was taken back to his cell, and despite filing several grievances about the
incident and his medical needs over the following weeks, he was not taken to
the hospital for four months. Medina eventually was taken to the hospital
where doctors diagnosed him with a shoulder blade fracture, head swelling,
and possible nerve damage. Medina also contends that he suffered severe
mental distress as a result of the incident.
Medina filed this Section 1983 lawsuit naming deputies Bravo and Neri
in their individual and official capacities. He also brought official capacity
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No. 14-51347
claims against the sheriff of Bexar County, Amadeo Ortiz, for failing to train
or supervise the officers and for the subsequent denial of medical care.
The Defendants moved for summary judgment on all claims. Bravo and
Neri asserted qualified immunity as to the excessive force claims, and also
denied any involvement in Medina’s subsequent medical care that could give
rise to an Eighth Amendment violation. As to the official capacity claims, the
Defendants argued that Medina failed to provide any evidence that a policy or
custom led to the alleged constitutional violations. The district court granted
summary judgment on all the official capacity claims and all claims for
violation of the Eighth Amendment. But the district court found that fact
issues existed on the excessive force claims against Bravo and Neri, such as
whether and to what extent Medina resisted being handcuffed. This order was
entered on March 4, 2014.
This seemingly routine Section 1983 action then took a number of
unusual, and for Medina unfortunate, turns. On April 1, 2014, Medina’s
counsel appealed the district court’s dismissal of the official capacity and
Eighth Amendment claims. The district court had not authorized this
interlocutory appeal, nor had either deputy appealed the denial of qualified
immunity.
After the notice of appeal was filed, the parties consented to have the
magistrate judge hear the case at the trial level. The magistrate judge asked
the parties how the case should proceed during the pendency of the appeal, and
both took the position that the case should be stayed. The magistrate judge
agreed and entered an order staying the case on April 25, 2014, which stated
that:
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that within thirty (30) calendar
days of the Fifth Circuit’s issuance of its mandate at the
conclusion of plaintiff’s pending appeal, the parties must file a joint
or separate advisories to address any matters relating to the
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No. 14-51347
resolution of the case in this Court, to include indicating whether
the case in this Court should (a) remain administratively stayed
and closed (pending resolution of any petition for writ of certiorari);
(b) be scheduled for jury selection and trial (and if so, several dates
on which the parties are available for trial); or (c) be handled in
another way.
Not surprisingly given the interlocutory nature of the appeal, we
dismissed Medina’s appeal for lack of jurisdiction soon after it was filed. See
Medina v. Ortiz, No. 14-50302 (5th Cir. June 17, 2014) (“When an action
involves multiple claims, any decision that disposes of fewer than all the claims
does not terminate the litigation and is not appealable unless certified under
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b).”). The mandate was filed in the district
court on July 3, 2014.
For the next five months, no activity took place in the case. Then, on
December 1, 2014, the magistrate judge entered an order dismissing the
remaining excessive force claims under Rule 41(b) for want of prosecution,
specifically citing Medina’s failure to comply with the court’s April 25th order.
This resulted in entry of final judgment on all Medina’s claims.
Medina appeals that final judgment. However, Medina’s opening brief
does not mention the dismissal of his excessive force claims against Bravo and
Neri for want of prosecution. Instead, Medina’s opening brief argues that a
fact dispute exists on whether Bravo and Neri used excessive force against him,
and also challenges the granting of summary judgment on the official capacity
and Eighth Amendment claims. Only in his reply brief does Medina argue that
the district court should not have dismissed the excessive force claims under
Rule 41(b). The Defendants contend that Medina waived his right to appeal
the dismissal for want of prosecution of his excessive force claims against
Bravo and Neri, and that the district court properly granted summary
judgment on his other claims.
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No. 14-51347
II
We first address the excessive force claims against Bravo and Neri.
Medina argues that a material fact dispute exists on the excessive force claims.
But the district court agreed summary judgment was not warranted on those
claims, which were instead dismissed for want of prosecution under Rule 41(b).
We agree with the Defendants that Medina has waived his right to
appeal the dismissal of these excessive force claims for want of prosecution.
“[An] appellant cannot raise new issues in a reply brief; he can only respond to
arguments raised for the first time in the appellee’s brief.” Stephens v. C.I.T.
Group/Equip. Fin., Inc., 955 F.2d 1023, 1026 (5th Cir. 1992). The narrow
exceptions to this rule are rarely applied. See, e.g., United States v. Myers, 772
F.3d 213, 219 (5th Cir. 2014) (addressing a late raised issue because all parties
conceded the district court committed plain error, the issue was of
constitutional importance, and the error increased the defendant’s sentence by
at least three years); United States v. Rodriguez, 602 F.3d 346, 361 (5th Cir.
2010) (addressing a late raised issue because the issue “was addressed in the
[appellee’s] brief”); 1 Martinez v. Mukasey, 519 F.3d 532, 545–46 (5th Cir. 2008)
(addressing a late raised issue because it involved a question of statutory
construction); United States v. Bonilla-Mungia, 422 F.3d 316, 319 (5th Cir.
2005) (addressing an issue raised for the first time in supplemental briefing
because a party waived its waiver argument). Medina does not argue any
exceptions apply. And though we have concerns about the application of Rule
41(b), 2 this case does not present the unique circumstances that we have
1 Whereas the appellee in Rodriguez addressed the substantive issue in its opening
brief, in this case the Defendants asserted only that the Rule 41(b) issue had been waived.
Compare 602 F.3d at 361 (emphasizing the absence of prejudice to the appellee because it
had already briefed the otherwise late raised issue).
2 There was never an “express[] determin[ation] that lesser sanctions would not
prompt diligent prosecution” or identification of an “aggravating factor” as required by Rule
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No. 14-51347
recognized justify addressing a late raised issue. Medina therefore waived his
right to appeal the dismissal of his excessive force claims against Bravo and
Neri.
III
That leaves Medina’s challenge to the district court’s grant of summary
judgment, which we now have jurisdiction to review because the district court
entered a final judgment. See Borne v. A&P Boat Rentals No. 4, Inc., 755 F.2d
1131, 1133 (5th Cir. 1985).
Medina first argues that the Eighth Amendment claims against Bravo
and Neri should not have been dismissed because they were deliberately
indifferent to his need for medical care. But, as the district court found,
Medina failed to produce any evidence that either deputy was involved in his
medical care, or even knew about his medical condition or requests. Because
Medina cannot establish that Bravo and Neri knew about the relevant facts or
played any role in his medical care, he cannot show that they were deliberately
indifferent to any medical needs. See Lee v. Rushing, 530 F. App’x 315, 318
(5th Cir. 2013) (affirming dismissal because there were no allegations “that the
[defendant] personally participated in [the plaintiff’s] medical care”).
Medina next contends that a fact dispute precluded summary judgment
on the official capacity claims against the sheriff’s office. See Hafer v. Melo,
502 U.S. 21, 25 (1992) (holding that a suit against a public official in his official
capacity is really a suit against the entity the official represents). Medina
argues that the excessive force was caused by Sheriff Ortiz’s failure to train or
41(b). E.g., Raymond v. Univ. of Houston, 275 F. App’x 448, 449–50 (5th Cir. 2008) (listing
the few circumstances that justify a Rule 41(b) dismissal with prejudice). Even the ground
apparently ruled on—the five month period of inactivity—may not amount to the “clear
record of delay” needed to dismiss a case under Rule 41(b). See McNeal v. Papasan, 842 F.2d
787, 791 (5th Cir. 1988) (holding that “a few months” of inactivity is insufficient to justify
dismissal).
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No. 14-51347
supervise his deputies, and that the subsequent denial of medical care resulted
from a custom of denying care to inmates who filed grievances. Medina
alternatively argues that Ortiz ratified the constitutional violations.
A municipality cannot be held liable under Section 1983 without proof
that an official policy or custom caused the constitutional violation and was
adopted with deliberate indifference. Sanders–Burns v. City of Plano, 594 F.3d
366, 380–81 (5th Cir.2010). This generally requires the plaintiff to identify an
official policy adopted by the municipality or a pattern of similar constitutional
violations that indicates the existence of an informal custom or practice. Valle
v. City of Houston, 613 F.3d 536, 542, 547 (5th Cir. 2010). A single incident
can give rise to municipal liability only if the municipal actor who committed
the constitutional violation “is a final policymaker.” Id. at 542.
Medina points to testimony that he characterizes as showing that Bexar
County had a policy, custom, or practice that led to the excessive force. First,
Medina identifies statements in the deputies’ affidavits that their actions were
consistent with their training, and he thus infers that the deputies’ use of
excessive force resulted from their training. But the deputies’ account of
events—which differs from Medina’s—clearly does not describe excessive force,
so their affidavits cannot be read to concede that they were trained to violate
the Constitution. Second, Medina points to statements in his own affidavit
that a pattern of excessive force violations took place under Sheriff Ortiz. But
that affidavit is conclusory and fails to provide any details about these
supposed incidents. It thus does not create a fact issue on the existence of a
policy or custom. Turner v. Baylor Richardson Med. Ctr., 476 F.3d 337, 343
(5th Cir. 2007) (“[A] party cannot defeat summary judgment with conclusory
allegations, unsubstantiated assertions, or ‘only a scintilla of evidence.’”
(quoting Little v. Liquid Air Corp., 37 F.3d 1069, 1075 (5th Cir. 1994)). The
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No. 14-51347
district court therefore correctly held that no evidence shows Bexar County
had a policy or custom causing the deputies’ allegedly excessive force.
The same is true with respect to the Eighth Amendment claim for the
subsequent denial of medical care. Medina relies entirely on evidence that
Ortiz controlled his confinement and that he filed grievances complaining
about the incident and his pain. But nowhere does Medina identify a pattern
of similar occurrences, and therefore he cannot establish a policy or custom of
constitutional violations. See Burge v. St. Tammany Parish, 336 F.3d 363, 370
(5th Cir. 2003) (holding that “isolated acts” generally cannot establish the
existence of a custom or practice). And the “single incident exception” does not
apply because no evidence suggests Ortiz himself was involved in the decision
to deny Medina medical care. See Valle, 613 F.3d at 542 (holding the exception
may apply if the violation results directly from a final policymaker’s decision).
Finally, Medina’s ratification theory fails. Ratification exists when a
policymaker “approve[s] a subordinate’s decision and the basis for it.” City of
St. Louis v. Praprotnik, 485 U.S. 112, 127 (1988). The only evidence of
ratification Medina identifies is that Ortiz accepted the officer’s use of force
report, refused to turn over evidence until the lawsuit was filed, and defends
the deputies’ actions in this case. None of these allegations show that Ortiz
approved of the use of excessive force or the denial of medical care. Peterson v.
City of Fort Worth, 588 F.3d 838, 848 (5th Cir. 2009) (refusing to find
ratification based on “a policymaker who defends conduct that is later shown
to be unlawful”).
***
Medina cleared what is typically the biggest hurdle in a civil rights case:
he got past summary judgment on his excessive force claims against Bravo and
Neri. That should have entitled him to a trial. Three decisions his counsel
made prevented that trial from happening. First, counsel filed an interlocutory
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No. 14-51347
appeal over which we plainly had no jurisdiction. Second, counsel neglected to
notify the magistrate judge of the dismissal of the appeal or otherwise pursue
the litigation once it was back in the trial court. Third, counsel failed to
challenge on appeal the dismissal for lack of prosecution. It is unfortunate
when a party suffers because of his counsel’s mistakes. But the decisions made
by Medina’s counsel have placed this appeal in a posture in which the
potentially meritorious challenge to the Rule 41(b) ruling was waived and the
arguments that were timely asserted are unavailing. The judgment is
AFFIRMED.
9