“[W]e hold that, having waived immunity from suit in the Whistleblower Act, the State may not now claim immunity from a suit brought to enforce a settlement agreement reached to dispose of a claim brought under that Act.”
How later courts described this case
- “[W]e hold that, having waived immunity from suit in the Whistleblower Act, the State may not now claim immunity from a suit brought to enforce a settlement agreement reached to dispose of a claim brought under that Act.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-14-00186-CV
Travis County, Texas; and Sheriff Greg Hamilton, in his Official Capacity, Appellants
v.
Rick Rogers, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 419TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. D-1-GN-12-003897, HONORABLE STEPHEN YELENOSKY, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Travis County, Texas, and Sheriff Greg Hamilton, in his official capacity, (collectively,
the County) appeal the trial court’s order denying the County’s plea to the jurisdiction. See Tex. Civ.
Prac. & Rem. Code § 51.014(a)(8) (permitting appeal from interlocutory order denying governmental
unit’s plea to jurisdiction). In its plea, the County argued that Rick Rogers’s suit for breach of an
agreement settling an employment-related dispute between Rogers and the County was barred by
sovereign immunity. We will affirm the trial court’s order.
BACKGROUND
In 2006, Rogers began working for the County as a patrol officer in the Law
Enforcement Bureau. In February 2007, Rogers wrote a letter to Hamilton in which he complained
of the treatment new employees received during training and reported that he had observed
violations of the law and discrimination by County employees. Specifically, Rogers reported that
he was aware that employees came to work with “alcohol on their breath,” and that one deputy was
siphoning gas from his patrol car to supplement his income. Rogers also reported that he had
observed female employees being harassed and minority employees being discriminated against by
their co-workers. After an internal investigation was conducted, the investigating officer concluded
that Rogers had engaged in “unbecoming conduct” and failed to follow the chain of command and
recommended that he be terminated. On April 20, 2007, the Chief Deputy informed Rogers that he
had “determined that it [was] no longer mutually beneficial to continue [Rogers’s] association with
the Travis County Sheriff’s Office” and offered him the opportunity to resign. The Chief Deputy
further informed Rogers that if he elected not to resign, the termination would not be placed in
effect until the time for him to appeal “had been exhausted.” Rogers wrote a letter to Hamilton
“appealing” the recommendation of termination, but on May 24, 2007, Hamilton informed Rogers
that his employment with the Travis County Sheriff’s office was terminated effective May 23, 2007.
Believing the termination of his employment was in violation of the Whistleblower
Act and the Texas Commission on Human Rights Act, Rogers presented these claims to the
Travis County Commissioner’s Court. According to Rogers, his attorney was then contacted by the
County Attorney to discuss settlement. On August 14, 2007, the parties executed a Settlement
Agreement pursuant to which Rogers agreed to release any claims he might have against the County
and the County agreed to hire Rogers as a Cadet Corrections Officer. The Settlement Agreement
also provided:
Rogers will not be treated worse or discriminated against because he complained
about his previous termination, because of the events involving his previous
termination, and/or because he entered into this agreement.
2
In the underlying litigation, Rogers contended that the County breached this term of the Settlement
Agreement in December 2011 and March 2012 when three different hiring boards refused his
requests for transfers to the Patrol Division and to the Courthouse Security Division. According to
Rogers, each of the hiring boards “graded him down” for specific reasons forbidden by the
Settlement Agreement, i.e., his previous complaints to Hamilton, his having been disciplined for
that conduct, and the fact that his employment had previously been terminated. Rogers alleged that
these breaches of the Settlement Agreement resulted in his being denied the opportunity to transfer
to higher paying jobs in 2011 and 2012.
The County filed a plea to the jurisdiction in which it asserted that governmental
immunity barred Rogers’s breach of contract claim. Rogers countered that, because the County had
waived its immunity for the claims that were settled, a suit to enforce the Settlement Agreement was
likewise not barred by immunity. See Texas A & M Univ.-Kingsville v. Lawson, 87 S.W.3d 518,
522-23 (Tex. 2002) (“[W]e hold that, having waived immunity from suit in the Whistleblower Act,
the State may not now claim immunity from a suit brought to enforce a settlement agreement reached
to dispose of a claim brought under that Act.”). The trial court denied the plea to the jurisdiction and
this interlocutory appeal followed.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
A plea to the jurisdiction is a dilatory plea that seeks dismissal of a case for lack of
subject-matter jurisdiction. Harris Cnty. v. Sykes, 136 S.W.3d 635, 638 (Tex. 2004). We review
de novo a trial court’s ruling on a plea to the jurisdiction. Westbrook v. Penley, 231 S.W.3d 389, 394
(Tex. 2007). Satisfying statutory prerequisites to suit is a jurisdictional requirement in all suits against
3
a governmental entity. See Tex. Gov’t Code § 311.034(a). Failure to comply with a jurisdictional
requirement deprives the trial court of the power to act, other than to determine that it lacks
jurisdiction. City of DeSoto v. White, 288 S.W.3d 389, 393 (Tex. 2009).
DISCUSSION
Governmental immunity protects political subdivisions of the state, including counties
and its agencies, from liability and lawsuits. See Ben Bolt-Palito Blanco Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist.
v. Texas Political Subdivisions Prop./Cas. Joint Self-Ins. Fund, 212 S.W.3d 320, 324 (Tex. 2006).
“A political subdivision enjoys governmental immunity from suit to the extent that immunity has
not been abrogated by the Legislature.” Id. Governmental immunity is waived only by clear and
unambiguous language indicating the legislature’s intent to do so. Kirby Lake Dev., Ltd. v. Clear
Lake City Water Auth., 320 S.W.3d 829, 838 (Tex. 2010). The issue in this case is whether the
Legislature has waived immunity for Rogers’s breach of contract claim.
Rogers argues that the County’s immunity from suit was waived by a combination
of section 554.035 of the Texas Government Code and the Texas Supreme Court’s opinion in
Lawson. See Tex. Gov’t Code § 554.035 (“A public employee who alleges a violation of [the
Whistleblower Act] may sue the employing state or local governmental entity for the relief
provided by this chapter.”); Lawson, 87 S.W.3d at 522-23. In Lawson, a university faculty member
brought a Whistleblower Act claim against the university after it terminated his employment. Lawson,
87 S.W.3d at 518. The suit ended when the parties entered into a settlement agreement. Id. at 519.
Lawson subsequently brought another suit, claiming breach of the settlement agreement. Id. The
university filed a plea to the jurisdiction, claiming to be immune from suit for breach of contract.
4
Id. The supreme court observed that, while the Legislature has waived immunity for Whistleblower
Act claims, it has not waived immunity for the type of breach of contract claim Lawson brought in
his second suit. Id. at 521. But a plurality of the court held that “when a governmental entity is
exposed to suit because of a waiver of immunity, it cannot nullify that waiver by settling the claim
with an agreement on which it cannot be sued.” Id. The court reasoned, “We do not think the
Legislature intended by waiving the bar of immunity for claims under the Whistleblower Act that
settlements would be prevented or delayed by a revival of the bar in the form of immunity from suit
for breach of settlement agreements.” Id. The plurality held that “having waived immunity from
suit in the Whistleblower Act, the State may not now claim immunity from a suit brought to enforce
a settlement agreement reached to dispose of a claim brought under that Act.” Id. at 522-23.
The County argues that Lawson is distinguishable because, in the present case, Rogers
never filed suit alleging violations of the Whistleblower Act and therefore there was no waiver of
governmental immunity. According to the County, filing a suit alleging facts meeting the elements
of a claim under the Whistleblower Act is a statutory prerequisite to suit which Rogers failed to
comply with. See Tex. Gov’t Code §§ 554.005 (“Except as provided by Section 554.006, a public
employee who seeks relief under this chapter must sue not later than the 90th day after the date on
which the alleged violation of this chapter: (1) occurred; or (2) was discovered by the employee
through reasonable diligence.”), .006 (providing for tolling of 90-day filing period for amount of
time public employee uses in meeting his obligation to participate in the grievance or appeal
procedures of his employer). Thus, in the County’s view, the Whistleblower Act claim released
in the Settlement Agreement did not have the “adjudicative value” necessary to find waiver of
5
immunity under Lawson. See Texas Dep’t of Health v. Neal, No. 03-09-00574-CV, 2011 WL
1744966, at *4 (Tex. App.—Austin May 6, 2011, pet. denied) (mem. op.).
In Neal, this Court applied the Lawson analysis to determine whether a governmental
entity was immune from a suit alleging breach of a settlement agreement with Neal, a former
employee, who had asserted claims of employment discrimination under the Texas Commission on
Human Rights Act. See Tex. Lab. Code §§ 21.002(8)(D), 21.051, 21.254 (waiver of immunity for
claims of employment discrimination). At the time the parties executed the settlement agreement,
Neal had not initiated the administrative process that could have led to a waiver of governmental
immunity and bestowed jurisdiction on the trial court. Neal, 2011 WL 1744966, at *4. We declined
to extend Lawson to a situation where the claimant “‘settled a claim that, at that point in time,
had no adjudicative value in our court system.’” Id. (quoting Donna Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Gracia,
286 S.W.3d 392, 395 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2008, no pet.)). The parties to this appeal join
issue on whether Rogers’s Whistleblower Act claim had “adjudicative value” at the time the parties
executed the Settlement Agreement.
The Whistleblower Act provides a limited waiver of immunity when a public employee
alleges a violation of the Act. Tex. Gov’t Code § 554.035. The elements of a cause of action under
the Whistleblower Act are: (1) a state or local governmental entity (2) suspends, discharges, or
discriminates against (3) a public employee (4) who reports in good faith a violation of the law (5) to
an appropriate law enforcement authority. Id. § 554.002(a); Texas Dep’t of Criminal Justice v.
6
Terrell, 18 S.W.3d 272, 274 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2000, pet. denied). The parties do not dispute that
Rogers has stated facts that, if true, would establish a violation of section 554.002(a).1
The sole basis for the County’s claim that Rogers’s Whistleblower Act claim lacked
“adjudicative value” is the fact that, at the time the parties settled, Rogers had not filed suit, nor did
he subsequently file a suit within the limitations period set forth in section 554.005.2 The County
contends that compliance with section 554.005 is a “statutory prerequisite” to suit and therefore a
jurisdictional requirement for Rogers’s suit against the County, which had to be accomplished in
order for there to be a waiver of the County’s immunity. See Tex. Gov’t Code § 311.034 (“Statutory
prerequisites to suit, including the provision of notice, are jurisdictional requirements in all suits
against a governmental entity.”);3 Prairie View A & M Univ. v. Chatha, 381 S.W.3d 500, 514-15
1
Normally we would look to the plaintiff’s pleadings to determine whether he has met his
burden of alleging facts that affirmatively demonstrate a trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction.
See, e.g., Texas Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex. 2004). In
Whistleblower Act claims, the section 554.002(a) elements must be included within the pleadings
so that a court can determine whether they sufficiently allege a violation under the Act to fall within
the section 554.035 waiver of immunity. See State v. Lueck, 290 S.W.3d 876, 882 (Tex. 2009).
Rogers did not file any court pleadings, but the record includes his affidavit setting forth the facts
he contends meet the elements of a claim under the Whistleblower Act. The County has not argued
that Rogers failed to assert facts that would satisfy the elements set forth in section 554.002(a) and
we do not express any opinion in that regard.
2
In its brief, the County concedes that, when the parties settled, the limitations period for
filing a Whistleblower Act claim had not expired. Specifically, the County states in its brief: “That
[Rogers’s] time to satisfy the jurisdictional pre-requisites for the underlying claims had not expired
when he entered the settlement agreement is not consequential.” Footnote three to the County’s
brief also states its position that the 90-day time period for filing a Whistleblower Act claim had
not expired when the Settlement Agreement was signed. This was also counsel for the County’s
position at oral argument.
3
The legislature added this sentence to Texas Government Code section 311.034 by
amendment in 2005. See Act of May 25, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 1150, § 1, 2005 Tex. Gen.
Laws 3783.
7
(Tex. 2012) (“Under section 311.034, a statutory requirement commanding action before filing
suit is a statutory prerequisite. Thus, a statutory prerequisite to suit, whether administrative (such
as filing a charge of discrimination) or procedural (such as timely filing a lawsuit) is jurisdictional
when the defendant is a governmental entity.”).
The supreme court has not expressly held that section 554.005, entitled “Limitation
Period,” is a “statutory prerequisite” to a Whistleblower Act suit. However, its analysis in Chatha
suggests that it might reach that conclusion, meaning that the failure to have timely filed a
Whistleblower Act claim could deprive the trial court of subject-matter jurisdiction over that claim.
Id. Courts of appeals have generally not treated the timely filing of a Whistleblower Act claim as
a jurisdictional prerequisite to maintaining the suit, but rather have treated untimely filing as an
affirmative defense. See Milteer v. University of Tex. at Dallas, No. 05-13-01076, 2014 WL 5581315
(Tex. App.—Dallas Nov. 4, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.) (affirming summary judgment on ground that
limitations period for plaintiff’s claim under Whistleblower Act had run); City of Houston v. Smith,
No. 01-13-00241-CV, 2014 WL 768330 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Feb. 25, 2014, no pet.)
(mem. op.) (holding that timely initiating any applicable grievance procedure was jurisdictional
prerequisite to bringing Whistleblower Act claim but not addressing whether limitations period
for filing suit is also a jurisdictional prerequisite); Scott v. Cameron Cnty., No. 13-05-00117-CV,
2007 WL 1365442 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi-Edinburg May 10, 2007, no pet.) (mem. op.)
(affirming summary judgment on ground that plaintiff in Whistleblower Act suit failed to timely
file petition and claim was barred by limitations); Dallas Cnty. v. Hughes, 189 S.W.3d 886 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 2006, pet. denied) (holding that limitations period for filing suit in Whistleblower Act
8
was “a defensive issue, not a jurisdictional issue”); Dallas Cnty. v. Gonzalez, 183 S.W.3d 94 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 2006, pet. denied) (implying that timely filing of Whistleblower Act not jurisdictional
issue by refusing to permit appellant to raise complaint in reply brief); but see County of El Paso v.
Latimer, 431 S.W.3d 844 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2014, no pet.) (affirming trial court’s denial of plea
to jurisdiction after concluding that fact issue existed with regard to whether limitations period for
filing Whistleblower Act had expired).4 We will assume, without deciding, that the County is correct
that a party’s failure to comply with the limitations period provided for in section 554.005 creates
a jurisdictional defect that deprives the trial court of subject-matter jurisdiction. See City of DeSoto,
288 S.W.3d at 393.
As previously noted, the parties do not dispute that, at the time the Settlement
Agreement was executed, the limitations period for Rogers’s Whistleblower Act claim had not
expired. Thus, at the time the parties signed the Settlement Agreement, Rogers had not failed to
comply with any jurisdictional prerequisites to suit . His Whistleblower Act claim was viable and,
if filed, would have been within the trial court’s subject-matter jurisdiction. Had the deadline for
timely filing a Whistleblower Act claim passed before the parties executed the Settlement Agreement,
the result might be different. But under the facts of this case, we conclude that, at the time the
parties signed the Settlement Agreement, Rogers’s Whistleblower Act claim had “adjudicative
4
By contrast, since 2005, the courts of appeals have uniformly held that the requirement that
a public employee timely initiate an action under the employer’s grievance or appeal procedures
relating to suspension or termination of employment or adverse personnel actions is a jurisdictional
prerequisite to bringing a claim under the Whistleblower Act. See Tex. Gov’t Code § 554.006
(addressing use of grievance or appeal procedures). The parties do not dispute that Rogers complied
with section 554.006.
9
value in our court system.” Lawson instructs that when, as here, “a governmental entity is exposed
to suit because of a waiver of immunity, it cannot nullify that waiver by settling the claim with an
agreement on which it cannot be sued.” Lawson, 87 S.W.3d at 521. Applying Lawson, we hold that
the County is not immune from Rogers’s suit for breach of the Settlement Agreement, which settled
viable claims under the Whistleblower Act. Having so held, we need not address the County’s
argument that Rogers also failed to invoke waiver of governmental immunity under Texas Labor
Code chapter 21 by timely filing a charge of discrimination. See Tex. Lab. Code § 21.202 (claimant
must file complaint with TWC or EEOC no later than 180th day after date alleged unlawful
employment practice occurred). We overrule the County’s first issue.
In its second issue, the County addresses Rogers’s alternative argument that, in the
event the trial court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction, the proper disposition was to remand the
case to the Travis County Civil Service Commission for consideration. Because we hold that the
trial court had subject-matter jurisdiction over Rogers’s breach of contract claim, we do not address
this issue. See Tex R. App. P. 47.1.
CONCLUSION
Having concluded that, applying the Texas Supreme Court’s analysis in Lawson,
the trial court had subject-matter jurisdiction over Rogers’s claim that the County breached the
Settlement Agreement, we affirm the trial court’s order denying the County’s plea to the jurisdiction.
10
__________________________________________
David Puryear, Justice
Before Justices Puryear, Pemberton, and Field
Concurring Opinion by Justice Pemberton
Affirmed
Filed: July 29, 2015
11