The opinion
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
June 10, 2015 Session
IRIS TERESA BOWLING CHAMBERS v. FAYE BOWLING DEVORE, ET
AL.
Appeal from the Chancery Court for Fayette County
No. 14533 James F. Butler, Chancellor
________________________________
No. W2013-02827-COA-R3-CV – Filed July 17, 2015
_________________________________
This is an appeal from the denial of Appellant’s Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 60.02
motion. Appellee, Appellant’s law firm, filed an attorney’s lien against real property that was
awarded to Appellant by partition in the underlying case. The trial court set the amount of
the lien based on the commissioners’ valuation of the real property. Appellant disputed the
amount of attorney’s fees by filing a motion to compel arbitration, in which she specifically
argued that, under their contract, the parties were required to arbitrate any dispute concerning
the amount of attorney’s fees. The trial court did not specifically rule on Appellant’s motion
to compel arbitration, but inferentially denied the motion when it granted Appellee’s motion
to sell the property to satisfy the previously granted attorney’s lien. Appellant then filed a
Rule 60.02 motion for relief from the order enforcing the attorney’s lien. Her motion was
denied, and she appeals. Although the attorney’s lien is valid, we conclude that the trial court
erred in enforcing the lien as a judgment when there was a dispute concerning the
enforceability of the parties’ contract, the amount of attorney’s fees, and the proper means of
calculating those fees. Accordingly, we vacate the order enforcing the attorney’s lien in the
amount awarded and remand the case for an evidentiary hearing to resolve the questions
concerning the parties’ contract and to determine the proper amount of attorney’s fees, which
may then be enforced against the lien. Vacated and remanded.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court is
Vacated and Remanded
KENNY ARMSTRONG, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which J. STEVEN STAFFORD,
P.J., W.S., and ARNOLD B. GOLDIN, J., joined.
Julie C. Bartholomew and Valerie T. Corder, Somerville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Iris
Teresa Bowling Chambers.
David L. Douglas, Somerville, Tennessee, and Joseph T. Townsend, Memphis, Tennessee,
for the appellee, Minor Douglas, PLLC.
OPINION
I. Background
This case began on or about September 21, 2007 when Appellant Iris Teresa Bowling
Chambers filed a complaint against several defendants seeking to determine heirship, quiet
title and for partition of certain real property, in which Ms. Chambers claimed an interest.
The original case was appealed to this Court in Chambers v. Devore, No. W2008-02548-
COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL 3739443 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 9, 2009), perm. app. denied (Tenn.
May 12, 2010) (“Chambers I”). In Chambers I, we reversed the trial court’s grant of
summary judgment and remanded the case to the Fayette County Chancery Court for further
proceedings. At the time the initial complaint was filed, Ms. Chambers was represented
jointly by Attorney K. Jayaraman and the Appellee Minor Douglas, PLLC (“Minor
Douglas”).1 No written contract of employment was executed concerning this representation.
However, during the course of the litigation, Ms. Chambers dismissed attorney Jayaraman
and hired the Law Offices of Tommy L. Fullen & Joseph T. Townsend (“Fullen &
Townsend”) to represent her. On April 11, 2008, Ms. Chambers executed a written
employment contract in favor of Fullen & Townsend (the “April 11, 2008 Contract”). The
April 11, 2008 Contract was signed by attorney Thomas M. Minor and provided for fees
“[o]n a contingent basis of one-third (or forty percent 40% if the case is appealed) of any
amount that client receives in excess of $1,360,000.00 in inheritance from the Estate of
Robert Milton Stone.” There is no explanation in the record as to Mr. Minor’s association
with the Fullen & Townsend firm. However, on or about June 30, 2010, Ms. Chambers
entered into an employment contract with Minor Douglas (the “June 30, 2010 Contract”).
This contract, like the April 11, 2008 Contract, was signed by Mr. Minor on behalf of Minor
Douglas. As discussed below, there is a dispute concerning the execution of these contracts
as well as the apparent discrepancy between the two documents regarding the calculation of
attorney’s fees. The June 30, 2010 Contract provides, in relevant part, that:
1
We note that Minor Douglas, PLLC was the legal name of the law firm at the time of the
entry of the November 17, 2011 order that is the subject of this appeal. The firm is currently known
as Minor Johnston Douglas, PLLC.
2
For services rendered or to be rendered, I hereby set over and assign to my
attorneys . . . an undivided interest of the greater of the hourly rate [$250 per
hour, plus expenses] . . . or 30% of any amount that [Ms. Chambers] receives
in inheritance from the Estate of Robert Milton Stone as a bodily heir of Nellie
Stone Bowling[, whichever is greater].
This contract further provides that Minor Douglas “will have the right to place an attorney’s
fee lien against any recovery . . . .”
Upon remand from this Court, Ms. Chambers’ complaint to determine heirship, quiet
title, and for partition was ultimately decided in her favor. Ms. Chambers was determined to
be an heir under the will. Accordingly, on March 24, 2011, the trial court entered a consent
order of partition and for the appointment of commissioners to allocate Ms. Chambers’ share
of the property. The March 24, 2011 order specifically requires the commissioners “to make
the partition, quality and quantity relatively considered, according to the respective rights and
interest of the parties as the court has adjudged . . . .” On July 26, 2011, the commissioners
filed their report, in which they conclude that partition of the 1,221 disputed acres of land is
feasible. The commissioners’ report indicates that the tract awarded to Ms. Chambers
consists of 202 Acres. Although the March 24, 2011 order did not require the commissioners
to place a value on the partitioned land, their report set the value of Ms. Chambers’ tract at
$965,000. On September 1, 2011, the trial court entered a consent order confirming the
commissioners’ report and awarding the partitioned tract to Ms. Chambers. This consent
order does not set the value of Ms. Chambers’ tract, although the court notes that all parties
had “unanimously consented to and moved the court to confirm and approve the
commissioners’ report, without exceptions . . . .”
On November 7, 2011, Minor Douglas recorded a Notice of Attorneys Lien for Fees
and Lien Lis Pendens in the Register’s Office of Fayette County (Instrument 110057744).
The lien claimed by Minor Douglas was in the amount of $289,500.00, “representing thirty
percent (30%) of the amount of property [Ms. Chambers] received as her share of the Estate .
. . .” On the same day, November 7, 2011, Minor Douglas filed a motion in the trial court to
enforce its attorney’s lien, asking the court to enter an “[o]rder recognizing and enforcing its
attorneys lien by noting said lien within the body and language of the deed to be executed and
delivered by the Clerk and Master to [Ms. Chambers].” There is no dispute in the record that
Ms. Chambers received notice of both the Notice of Attorneys Lien and the motion for
enforcement. The trial court held a hearing on the attorney’s lien on November 17, 2011.
Ms. Chambers did not dispute Minor Douglas’ right to an attorney’s lien, which is provided
for both in her contract with Minor Douglas and by state statute. Tennessee Code Annotated
Section 23-2-102 provides that “[a]ttorneys and solicitors of record who begin a suit shall
have a lien upon the plaintiff’s or complainant’s right of action from the date of the filing of
3
the suit.” Ms. Chambers contends that because she did not contest Minor Douglas’ right to an
attorney’s lien, she did not make an appearance at the November 17, 2011 hearing to
establish the lien. Although she did not dispute Minor Douglas’ right to an attorney’s lien, as
discussed infra, Ms. Chambers did dispute the amount of the lien.
Following the hearing, on November 17, 2011, the trial court entered an order on
Minor Douglas’ motion to enforce its lien. Therein, the court held, in pertinent part, as
follows:
1. A lien in favor of Minor Douglas . . . in the amount of $289,500
representing thirty percent (30%) of the Commissioners’ appraised value of the
property [Ms. Chambers] received as her share of the Estate . . . is hereby
declared valid and enforceable and shall be noted within the language of the
deed of the Clerk and Master conveying to [Ms. Chambers] in fee simple and
absolute title to the property identified by the Court appointed Commissioners
as Tract No. 2 consisting of approximately 202 acres . . . .
2. It is further ordered that the court shall retain jurisdiction over this
proceeding concerning the issue of further enforcement of the said attorney’s
fee lien in order to allow [Ms. Chambers’] counsel the opportunity to seek
further enforcement of said lien should its fee remain unsatisfied for a period
exceeding 120 days from the date of entry of a final judgment in this cause, the
Court finding that the above described property which is the subject of [Ms.
Chambers’] counsel’s lien is a portion of the property which was the subject
matter of these proceedings.
On December 15, 2011, the trial court entered judgment in the underlying lawsuit and
released Minor Douglas’ lien lis pendens, but not its attorney’s lien.
On May 11, 2012, Minor Douglas filed a motion for sale of property, seeking to
enforce its attorney’s lien based on Ms. Chambers’ alleged failure to pay Minor Douglas
$289,500.00 in fees within 120 days of the December 15, 2011 order.2 In its motion, Minor
Douglas stated that it “ha[d] not been paid the amount of the indebtedness due to them from
[Ms. Chambers],” and sought sale of the property awarded to Ms. Chambers in the
underlying lawsuit to satisfy the attorney’s fees. In its motion, Minor Douglas relies on
2
Ms. Chambers was awarded $25,000 in attorney’s fees against the defendants in the
underlying lawsuit. Ms. Chambers paid Minor Douglas this $25,000. Accordingly, in its motion for
sale of property, Minor Douglas alleged that Ms. Chambers owed a total of $264,500 in fees (i.e.,
$289,500 minus $25,000).
4
Tennessee Code Annotated Section 26-4-101, et seq. as authority for the sale of the
property.3 Minor Douglas filed an amended motion for sale of property on June 5, 2012.
The amended motion states that, since the filing of the initial motion for sale of property,
Minor Douglas had received additional payments from Ms. Chambers in the amount of
$14,095.86. The record shows that Ms. Chambers sold timber from the property and
tendered the payment to Minor Douglas. The amended motion for sale of property states that
Ms. Chambers has an outstanding balance of $257,803.70 due and owing for attorney’s fees.
On July 24, 2012, Ms. Chambers filed a motion to compel arbitration, a motion to
modify the order to enforce attorney’s lien, and a response objecting to the sale of property.
Therein, she states, in relevant part, that:
The court’s November 17, 2011 order purports to establish a contractual
attorneys fee and lien in the amount of $289,500 in favor of . . . the law firm of
Minor Douglas, PLLC. As the parties are contractually bound to submit
disputed issues concerning attorneys fees to arbitration,4 [Ms. Chambers]
requests the court to reconsider and modify its November 17, 2011 order.
3
Tennessee Code Annotated Section 26-4-101 provides, in relevant part:
(a) The creditor whose execution has been returned unsatisfied, in whole or in
part, may proceed in the court granting judgment . . . to compel discovery of any
property . . . in action or money due such defendant . . . .
Tennessee Code Annotated Section 26-4-102 addresses a court’s power to reach property and
provides, in pertinent part, that:
The court has power to compel discovery, and to prevent transfer, payment, or
delivery of the property, and to subject the same to the satisfaction of the judgment or
decree . . . .
4
Both the April 11, 2008 Contract and the June 30, 2009 Contract contain the following
identical provision:
In the event of any dispute as a result of any provision hereof for the interpretation
hereof or otherwise or in any way arising out of our relationship . . . [a]ll such
disputes and any counterclaim against us in an action for collection for set off
because of any alleged improper acts or acts on our part shall be submitted to and
shall be determined by the arbitrators who shall be a panel of three (3) arbitrators. . . .
5
***
Minor Douglas, PLLC sought and received an order declaring and enforcing a
lien for attorneys fees in the amount of $289,500.00, said amount being 30%
of the Commissioners’ appraised value of real property inherited by [Ms.
Chambers]. In the event the Chancery Court declines to refer this matter to
arbitration, [Ms. Chambers] moves the court to set aside this ruling and to
reconsider the amount of attorneys fees, on the following grounds:
***
I. The June 30, 2010 contract upon which the $289,500.00 fee was based was a
modification of a previous contract dated April 11, 2008. [Ms. Chambers]
contends that the June 30, 2010 contract modification was not supported by
reciprocal consideration and is, therefore, unenforceable;
II. Even if the contract modification were supported by reciprocal
consideration, its terms are ambiguous in describing how the contingent
attorneys fee is to be calculated. As the Former Attorneys were the drafters of
the . . . [C]ontract, the ambiguity should be resolved against them;
III. The June 30, 2010 [C]ontract is unenforceable on the basis that it calls for
an unreasonable attorneys fee under the circumstances.
There is no indication in the record that the trial court held a hearing on Ms.
Chambers’ motion to compel arbitration or otherwise ruled on the motion. Nonetheless, the
trial court ostensibly denied her motion when it entered an order on August 23, 2012,
wherein it granted Minor Douglas’ amended motion for sale of property. Although the trial
court granted Minor Douglas’ motion, it delayed the sale to allow Ms. Chambers
30 days from July 26, 2012 to produce to [Minor Douglas] a fully executed
written purchase and sale agreement from a viable good faith purchaser
containing no contingencies for the purchase of approximately 20 acres of the
subject property . . . for not less than $6,000 per acre, with closing to take
place not less than thirty (30) days thereafter, and with all net proceeds of sale
being made payable to [Minor Douglas].
On September 19, 2012, Minor Douglas filed a motion for judicial order of sale indicating
that on or about August 23, 2012, it had received, from Ms. Chambers, a copy of a document
purporting to be a purchase and sale agreement for approximately 15 acres of the property at
$5,000 per acre. Because the number of acres and the amount per acre were below those set
6
out in the August 23, 2012 order, Minor Douglas requested that the property be sold at
auction to satisfy its attorney’s fees.
On November 16, 2012, Ms. Chambers filed a motion for relief pursuant to Tennessee
Rule of Civil Procedure 60.02. Therein, Ms. Chambers seeks relief from the trial court’s
November 17, 2011 order on Minor Douglas’ motion to enforce its attorney’s lien. As
grounds for her Rule 60 motion, Ms. Chambers asserts, inter alia, that the trial court’s order
granted more relief than Minor Douglas had requested in its motion. Specifically, although
Minor Douglas had asked only that the attorney’s lien be noted in the Clerk and Master’s
Deed to Ms. Chambers, the trial court, without notice to Ms. Chambers or opportunity for her
to be heard, determined the amount of the lien. In further support of her Rule 60 motion, Ms.
Chambers argued that, in its November 17, 2011 order, the trial court failed to “make
findings as to the various factors that are required to be considered in setting a reasonable
attorneys fee, set forth in Rule 1.5 of the Tennessee Rules of Professional Conduct.”
On March 13, 2013, Minor Douglas filed an amended motion for judicial order of
sale. At that time, Minor Douglas was in receipt of $68,310.60 from Ms. Chambers’ private
sale of 15 acres of her tract. In addition to noting the payment of $68,310.60, Minor Douglas’
amended motion states that, “after payment of all outstanding expenses from both the timber
proceeds of $14,095.86, as well as the initial $25,000.00 payment . . . the sum of $189,493.10
remains due and owing from the original attorneys’ fee award of $289,500.00.”5 The case
was subsequently transferred to Chancellor James F. Butler by order of April 9, 2013.6
On October 9, 2013, Minor Douglas filed a response in opposition to Ms. Chambers’
Rule 60 motion. In its response, Minor Douglas argued, inter alia, that the doctrines of res
judicata, laches, acquiescence/estoppel, and unclean hands should bar Ms. Chambers’ request
for relief under Rule 60.02.
Ms. Chambers’ motion for Rule 60.02 relief was heard on October 16, 2013.
Although there is a transcript of the hearing in our record, as noted in the trial court’s order
denying Rule 60 relief, no proof was presented in support of or opposition to the motion;
rather, the hearing included only the respective arguments of counsel.
The trial court issued its ruling by letter of October 28, 2013. The letter ruling was
incorporated by reference into the court’s November 21, 2013 order denying Ms. Chamber’s
5
The $189,493.10 sum appears to be a typographical error. By our calculation, the correct
amount would be $182,093.54 ($289,500 minus $25,000 minus $14,095.86 minus $68,310.60).
6
There is no indication in the record as to the reason for the transfer.
7
motion for Rule 60.02 relief. In relevant part, the trial court held that:
[Ms. Chambers] alleges that the trial court set the attorney’s fee for [Minor
Douglas] in the November 17, 2011 hearing which exceeded the relief sought
in the previous Motion, and that the court in setting the fee did not comply
with RPC 1.5 in making findings to support the fee. [T]he court did not in fact
set the fee since it was determined by the terms of the contract entered into
between [Ms. Chambers] and [Minor Douglas]. There is no transcript of the
hearing, and it is impossible to know what findings the court made or did not
make in its mention of attorney’s fee in the Order. In fact, no findings were
necessary because the contract set the terms of the attorney’s fee. The issue is
without merit.
Ms. Chambers appeals.
II. Issue
Ms. Chambers raises several issues in her appellate brief; however, we perceive that
the dispositive issue in this case is whether the trial court erred in denying Ms. Chambers’
request for relief under Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 60.02.
III. Standard of Review
Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 60.02 states, in pertinent part:
On motion and upon such terms as are just, the court may relieve a party or the
party's legal representative from a final judgment, order or proceeding for the
following reasons: (1) mistake, inadvertence, surprise or excusable neglect; (2)
fraud (whether heretofore denominated intrinsic or extrinsic),
misrepresentation, or other misconduct of an adverse party; (3) the judgment is
void; (4) the judgment has been satisfied, released or discharged, or a prior
judgment upon which it is based has been reversed or otherwise vacated, or it
is no longer equitable that a judgment should have prospective application; or
(5) any other reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment. The
motion shall be made within a reasonable time, and for reasons (1) and (2) not
more than one year after the judgment, order or proceeding was entered or
taken.
Relief under this rule is considered “an exceptional remedy.” Nails v. Aetna Ins. Co., 834
S.W.2d 289, 294 (Tenn. 1992). The function of the rule is to “strike a proper balance
8
between the competing principles of finality and justice.” Banks v. Dement Constr. Co.,
Inc., 817 S.W.2d 16, 18 (Tenn.1991) (quoting Jerkins v. McKinney, 533 S.W.2d 275, 280
(Tenn.1976)). “Rule 60.02 is meant to be used only in those few cases that meet one or more
of the criteria stated.” Toney v. Mueller Co., 810 S.W.2d 145, 146 (Tenn.1991).
We review a trial court’s decision to grant or deny relief pursuant to Rule 60.02 under
the abuse of discretion standard of review. Henry v. Goins, 104 S.W.3d 475, 479 (Tenn.
2003). Under this standard, a trial court’s ruling “will be upheld so long as reasonable minds
can disagree as to propriety of the decision made.” Eldridge v. Eldridge, 42 S.W.3d 82, 85
(Tenn. 2001). A trial court abuses its discretion only when it “applie[s] an incorrect legal
standard, or reache[s] a decision which is against logic or reasoning that cause[s] an injustice
to the party complaining.” Id. Under the abuse of discretion standard, the appellate court may
not substitute its judgment for that of the trial court. Id. Furthermore, our Supreme Court
emphasizes that great deference is given to the trial court when reviewing its decision to
grant or deny relief pursuant to Rule 60.02. Henry, 104 S.W.3d at 479.
IV. Analysis
A. Laches
Ms. Chambers’ seeks relief under Rule 60.02(1),(2), and (5). A motion for relief
under Rule 60.02(1) or 60.02(2) must be made within a reasonable time but not more than
one year after the judgment, order or proceeding was entered. Tenn. R. Civ. P. 60.02. One of
the grounds for the trial court’s denial of the Rule 60.02 relief was its finding (in the October
28, 2013 ruling) that Ms. Chambers was “guilty of laches.” Specifically, the court stated that
Ms. Chambers’ motion “was not timely,” “in that it was not filed within a reasonable time
after [she] was fully aware of the circumstances and considering all of the other actions that
took place after November 17, 2011 in the interim prior to the filing of the Motion on
November 16, 2012.”
3 Nancy F. MacLean. Tennessee Practice: Rules of Civil § 8:17 (4th ed.) provides, in
pertinent part, that:
Under the doctrine of laches, equitable relief is denied to one who
sleeps on his or her rights and fails to protect his or her interests. The elements
are: (1) an unreasonable delay on the part of the plaintiff in commencing the
action, and (2) prejudice to the defendant as a result of the delay.
The determinative test as to the availability of laches as a defense is not
the length of time that has elapsed, but whether, because of the lapse of time,
9
the party relying on laches as a defense has been prejudiced by the delay.
“Prejudice includes the loss of evidence, expenditure of money, change of
value, or a change of a party’s right.” Laches is an equitable defense and where
the delay in commencing the suit is explained or justified, laches is not
applied.
Based upon her own statement that she did not appear at the November 17, 2011
hearing because she did not object to the entry of an attorney’s lien, per se, it is reasonable to
assume that Ms. Chambers construed the November 17, 2011 order as merely establishing the
lien, as opposed to rendering a judgment in favor of Minor Douglas for fees of 30% of the
value the commissioners’ set on Ms. Chambers’ tract. Regardless, in response to Minor
Douglas’ May 11, 2012 motion for sale of property and its June 5, 2012 amended motion for
sale of property, Ms. Chambers took action to make the trial court aware of possible errors in
the amount and calculation of attorney’s fees when, on July 24, 2012 (just over one month
from the filing of Minor Douglas’ amended motion and before the trial court heard the
motion), she filed her motion to compel arbitration and objection to the sale of the property.
As set out in full context above, in her motion, Ms. Chambers specifically states that the
“November 17, 2011 order [erroneously] purports to establish a contractual attorney’s fee
and lien in the amount of $289,500 in favor of . . . the law firm of Minor Douglas, PLLC.”
By this same motion, Ms. Chambers also raises issues concerning the enforceability of her
contract(s) with Minor Douglas, as well as the reasonableness of the fees. In this regard, Ms.
Chambers acted to protect her interests and to draw attention to possible errors much earlier
than the November 16, 2012 filing of her Rule 60.02 motion. However, there is no indication
that the trial court heard or ruled on the motion to compel arbitration, or that it otherwise
gave Ms. Chambers an opportunity to dispute the amount of the attorney’s fees in an
evidentiary hearing, see further discussion infra. Rather, the court proceeded to grant Minor
Douglas relief in the form of granting its amended motion for sale of property by order of
August 23, 2012. Ms. Chambers then filed for Rule 60.02 relief, which was denied.
The fact that Ms. Chambers attempted to protect her interests in a timely manner
precludes the application of the doctrine of laches in this case. Moreover, there is no
evidence that Minor Douglas has been prejudiced by any delay on Ms. Chambers’ part. In
fact, as set out above, Minor Douglas has received substantial payments from Ms. Chambers
throughout these proceedings, i.e., $25,000 from her settlement with defendants; $14,095.86
from the sale of timber from the property; and $68,310.60 from the sale of 15 acres of the
tract. Indeed, if there was any prejudice in this case, it fell on Ms. Chambers, who made the
foregoing payments in the absence of proper adjudication of her issues regarding the service
she received from Minor Douglas and calculation of the proper amount of attorney’s fees. In
its October 28, 2013 ruling, the court states that “the contract set the terms of the attorney’s
fees;” however, this is the very question that Ms. Chambers raises in her motion to compel
10
arbitration and, indeed, in her motion for Rule 60.02 relief. In simply adopting the
commissioners’ valuation of the property and failing to adjudicate Ms. Chambers’ disputes
concerning the attorney’s fees, the trial court ostensibly enforced the attorney’s lien as a
judgment in favor of Minor Douglas for its attorney’s fees.
B. Enforcement of Attorney’s Lien
As discussed above, Ms. Chambers has never objected to Minor Douglas obtaining an
attorney’s lien in this case. Indeed, Minor Douglas is entitled to an attorney’s lien under both
contract and statute. This Court explained the purpose and historical background of attorney
liens in Starks v. Browning, 20 S.W.3d 645, 650 (Tenn.Ct.App.1999):
The relationship between a client and an attorney is essentially
contractual. See Alexander v. Inman, 974 S.W.2d 689, 694 (Tenn.1998); In
re Ellis, 822 S.W.2d 602, 607 (Tenn.Ct.App.1991). In its most basic terms,
this contract involves the exchange of competent legal services in return for an
agreement to pay a reasonable fee. The attorney is obligated to exercise the
utmost good faith in the discharge of his or her duties to represent the client.
See Crawford v. Logan, 656 S.W.2d 360, 364 (Tenn.1983); Fitch v. Midland
Bank & Trust Co., 737 S.W.2d 785, 789 (Tenn.Ct.App.1987). If the attorney
discharges his or her duties appropriately, he or she is entitled to the
reasonable, agreed-upon compensation without regard to the actual benefit the
services might have been to the client. See Spofford v. Rose, 145 Tenn. 583,
611, 237 S.W. 68, 76 (1922); Bills v. Polk, 72 Tenn. 494, 496 (1880); Adams
v. Mellen, 618 S.W.2d 485, 488 (Tenn.Ct.App.1981).
In order to secure payment for services an attorney has rendered to his or her client in
good faith, in Tennessee
[t]wo types of attorney’s liens exist today either by the common law or
by statute. The first type of lien is a retaining lien. A retaining lien is a
possessory lien that permits a lawyer to retain a client’s books, papers,
securities, or money coming into his or her possession during the course of the
representation until the attorney and client have settled their fee dispute or
until the client has otherwise posted appropriate security for the outstanding
fee.
The second type of lien, a charging lien, is based on a lawyer’s
equitable right to have the fees and costs due for the lawyer’s services in a
particular action secured by the judgment or recovery in that action. Unlike a
retaining lien, a charging lien is not limited to the property in the attorney’s
11
possession. It attaches to any proceeds flowing from a judgment, as long as
the lawyer worked to secure that judgment for the client.
Starks, 20 S.W.3d at 650 (citations omitted). The instant case involves the enforceability of
a charging lien in favor of Minor Douglas.
In her brief, Ms. Chambers argues that the trial court erred in its November 17, 2011
order when it held that “the court shall retain jurisdiction over this proceeding concerning the
issue of further enforcement of the said attorney’s fee lien.” Ordinarily, an “attorney, not
being a party to the proceeding, may not obtain a judgment with respect to his or her fee in
that action.” Id. at 652 (citations omitted). Accordingly, “[a]fter the court has declared an
attorney’s lien, the lawyer may then commence a separate proceeding in a court of competent
jurisdiction to enforce his or her contractual right to a fee.” Id. (citations and footnote
omitted). “In this separate suit, the issues relating to the attorney’s entitlement to the fee and
costs secured by the lien and to the attorney’s professional negligence may be litigated.” Id.
(citations omitted). In this separate proceeding, the client, in the posture of a defendant, has
“an opportunity to present defenses to the attorney’s claim for a fee, including defenses that
the attorney is not entitled to a fee because of professional negligence or some other basis.”
Id.
There is one exception to the rule requiring an attorney to file a separate
proceeding to collect an unpaid fee from a client. This exception applies to
cases in which the money or property upon which the lien is to be enforced
comes within the control of the court in the case in which the services were
rendered. When the court is able to exert jurisdiction directly over the funds or
property, the attorney need not resort to a separate suit to enforce his or her
lien. See State v. Edgefield & Kentucky R.R., 63 Tenn. at 97; Palmer v.
Palmer, 562 S.W.2d at 839.
Starks, 20 S.W.3d at 653. Here, the res of the lien, i.e., the partitioned property
awarded to Ms. Chambers, is the subject of the underlying lawsuit and, accordingly, the court
did not err in holding that it would retain jurisdiction over the property and the enforceability
of the lien against that property. However, the fact that the property upon which the lien is to
be enforced comes within the trial court’s control merely relieves the attorney from having to
file a separate lawsuit to enforce his or her right to fees. If the client disputes the attorney’s
right to fees or the amount thereof, the fact that the court retains jurisdiction over the res of
the lien does not relieve the attorney from the burden of proving his or her fees in an
evidentiary hearing. As this Court cautioned in Starks v. Browning, 20 S.W.3d 645 (Tenn.
Ct. App. Aug. 3, 1999), “[w]hile a charging lien serves to secure an attorney’s fees, it does
not function as an adjudication of the rights between the lawyer and his or her client.” Id. at
652 (citing Pierce v. Lawrence, 84 Tenn. 572, 577-78, 1 S.W. 204, 205-06 (1896)). In other
12
words, a charging lien does not, ipso facto, entitle an attorney to his or her fees; it merely
secures the attorney’s judgment for his or her fees. Even a lien, such as the one at issue here,
in an amount certain, does not entitle the attorney to that amount; it merely protects the
lawyer up to that amount on any judgment he or she obtains. However, in certain cases, a
lawyer’s fee may be declined:
The courts may decline to enforce an attorney’s fee contract . . . (1) when the
attorney did not negotiate the contract in good faith, see Alexander v. Inman,
974 S.W.2d at 693–94, (2) when the contract provides for an unreasonable fee,
see White v. McBride, 937 S.W.2d 796, 800-01 (Tenn.1996), or (3) when the
attorney has otherwise breached his or her fiduciary obligations to the client
and this breach has prejudiced the client's interests. See Crawford v. Logan,
656 S.W.2d at 365; Alexander v. Inman, 903 S.W.2d 686, 694
(Tenn.Ct.App.1995); Coleman v. Moody, 52 Tenn.App. 138, 155, 372 S.W.2d
306, 311–314 (1963).
Starks, 20 S.W.3d 650. Likewise,
[b]oth retaining and charging lien rights may be waived or forfeited in a
variety of ways. They may be lost if a lawyer fails to represent his or her
client’s interests faithfully, honestly, and consistently or fails to discharge his
or her duties with the utmost faith. Accordingly, a client may assert an
affirmative defense or counterclaim based on professional negligence in
response to a lawyer's action to enforce a charging lien.
Starks, 20 S.W.3d at 650-51 (citations omitted).
Although somewhat muddled in the rather protracted procedural history of this case,
from our review of Ms. Chambers’ filings, we glean that her concerns have always been the
enforceability of the contract(s) with Minor Douglas, the firm’s good faith representation, the
mode of calculation of fees, and the reasonableness of the fees. In other words, the gravamen
of her argument appears to be that the trial court erred in enforcing the lien based upon the
commissioners’ valuation of the property without allowing her the opportunity for an
evidentiary hearing to determine whether the April 11, 2008 contract or the June 30, 2009
contract with Minor Douglas is enforceable and, if so, the proper amount of fees. As such,
the error in this case is not the entry of the lien, or the amount of the lien. Rather, the trial
court’s error rests upon the fact that it ostensibly enforced the attorney’s lien as a judgment
for attorney’s fees without the required evidentiary hearing. In doing so, the court denied
Ms. Chambers the opportunity to dispute those issues she raises in her motion to compel
arbitration: (1) the enforceability of a contract for fees; (2) improper action on the part of her
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attorneys that may preclude their fees; (3) the proper means of calculating the fees; and (4)
the reasonable amount of attorney’s fees. This error entitles Ms. Chambers to relief from the
order enforcing the attorney’s lien.
For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the order of the trial court enforcing the
attorney’s lien. The case is remanded for such further proceedings as may be necessary and
are consistent with this opinion, including, but not limited to, an evidentiary hearing in which
Minor Douglas will have the burden to prove its right to fees and the amount of same. Costs
of the appeal are assessed against the Appellee, Minor Douglas, PLLC, for all of which
execution may issue if necessary.
_________________________________
KENNY ARMSTRONG, JUDGE
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