The opinion
Filed 5/21/15
CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Shasta)
----
THE PEOPLE, C075250
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super. Ct. No. 13F1507)
v.
JEREMIAH ALLEN JONES,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Shasta County, Stephen H.
Baker, Judge. Affirmed as modified.
Jean M. Marinovich, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney
General, Daniel B. Bernstein, Peter H. Smith, Deputy Attorney General, for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
* Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1105 and 8.1110, this opinion is certified
for publication with the exception of parts I, II, and III of the discussion.
1
A jury found defendant Jeremiah Allen Jones guilty of three counts of making
criminal threats, obstructing an officer, first degree burglary, and two counts of
misdemeanor child endangerment. (Pen. Code, §§ 69, 273a, subd. (b), 422, 459.)1
Defendant admitted two strikes, which were also alleged as two prior serious felonies,
and admitted serving three prior prison terms. (§§ 667, subds. (a) & (b)-(i), 667.5, subd.
(b), 1170.12.) The trial court sentenced defendant to prison for 25 years to life plus eight
years, and defendant timely filed this appeal.
On appeal, defendant contends the trial court erred by: (1) having him shackled
during trial; (2) admitting evidence of his gang membership; (3) failing to advise him of
his rights before accepting his admission to prior convictions; and (4) failing to strike an
enhancement allegation and instead staying it (§ 654).
The parties agree defendant’s two serious felony convictions were not “brought
and tried separately” as required by section 667, subdivision (a)(1), but disagree as to
whether a trial court may impose and then stay sentence for one of those enhancements.
As we explain post in the published portion of our decision, Part IV of the Discussion, the
answer is no. We shall vacate the enhancement, modify the sentence, and affirm the
judgment as modified.
FACTS
M.H. lived in a motel with her daughters, aged nine and five. On March 5, 2013,
defendant kicked in the door, took her mobile phone out of her hand, and took her wallet,
keys, and a knife. M.H. called the police but did not cooperate and did not want to file a
report. A maintenance man had seen defendant several times, apparently stalking M.H.,
and trying to enter her room.
1 Further undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
2
On March 8, 2013, defendant--armed with the knife he had taken--told M.H. he
loved her when she returned to the motel. She told one of her daughters to ask her sister
to call 911. Defendant threatened to “beat [her] ass” or “smash” her sister. When the
sister left the room, defendant pulled the knife on M.H., pushed M.H. onto the bed, and
shoved her older daughter against a wall. M.H. grabbed a baseball bat and began beating
defendant, while her sister called 911. Defendant grabbed the bat from M.H., threw it
away, and then threatened to “beat her ass” and to kill her.
When peace officers arrived, defendant was uncooperative. Officer Steven
Morehouse arrived as defendant was being handcuffed, and recognized him due to a 2012
arrest based on a warrant from Southern California. He had learned then that defendant
was a Crips gang member, both because of defendant’s arm tattoo and his admission.
During that prior arrest defendant became extremely violent and threatened that when his
handcuffs were removed “he was going to knock somebody out, he was going to take
somebody out” and it had taken five deputies to control him due to his violence.
On this occasion, Officer Morehouse took defendant to jail. When he tried to talk
with defendant, defendant screamed, smashed his head against the patrol car’s window,
and kicked at the car door. As they left the motel, defendant screamed towards M.H.:
“I’ll be out tonight bitch. I’ll be out tonight.” He then shifted his remarks toward
Morehouse, stating: “You’re on, cuz. I’ll be out tonight. I’ll be back at you tonight,
Morehouse.” Defendant continued to scream, and asked what shifts Morehouse worked,
and when Morehouse asked why he wanted that information, defendant said: “You’ll
find out. You can take that as a threat.” He continued to swear and make threats, stating
he was the “real deal” and would “bring this town to its knees.” Morehouse audio-
recorded some of defendant’s comments, including, “You think I’m just sittin’ over here
just talking. I promise you, cuz, I’ll get you knocked out as soon as you walk out this
door.”
3
Because of defendant’s demeanor, his direct and articulate threats, and his
membership in the Crips gang, Morehouse took the threat seriously. It was one of only a
few threats he had received in his 23-year career as a peace officer that he took seriously,
and he remained afraid defendant would attempt to implement his threats even as of the
time of trial. Morehouse was a gang expert, and testified the Crips were a highly
organized and extremely violent gang that committed crimes including assaulting and
murdering peace officers. He feared defendant could retaliate, or arrange for a fellow
gang member to retaliate, against Morehouse.
DISCUSSION
I
Restraints
Defendant contends the trial court mishandled the issue of his restraints during
trial. We disagree, and in any event find no prejudice.
A. Background
Before trial began, the trial court conducted a hearing regarding defendant’s
restraints. Defendant was handcuffed, with his hands beneath the table. Defense counsel
stated he had discussed restraints with defendant, and defendant agreed to “nonvisible
restraints, which would be the Bandit or a leg brace. He is opposed to being shackled . . .
such as he is right now.” Defendant advised the court that he had been in a Bandit (an
under-the-clothing electronic leg restraint) before, and had no objection to wearing it at
trial.
Deputy Marshal Gary Cropley testified that based on defendant’s jail conduct and
criminal record he should wear belly chains and leg restraints for the trial. He related
defendant’s conduct toward the officers on March 8. He testified that when defendant
had been in local custody in September 2012, he made numerous threats towards
correctional staff and tried to start fights during intake. Defendant had added that he
would rather “catch a fresh assault” in Shasta County than be returned to Riverside
4
County. While being taken to court on March 12, 2013, defendant made multiple threats
to officers, and ultimately had to be removed from court. He made other threats or
defiant comments to officers on other dates and had participated in a race-based jail fight.
Defendant’s criminal record included a 1997 robbery conviction, a 1998 conviction for
obstructing a peace officer, and a 2011 conviction for inflicting corporal injury on a
cohabitant, after which he was housed at Pelican Bay State Prison. The marshal was
concerned about the Bandit’s effectiveness, but testified that leg chains could be used
without also using visible handcuffs.
Based on this information, the trial court found there was a manifest need for some
kind of restraints, but thought leg chains, not visible to the jury, would be sufficient, to
allow defendant to use his hands “so he can more freely participate in his defense.”
Defense counsel objected that the leg chains were visible, and rattled when defendant
moved in what counsel characterized as a very small courtroom. The marshal added that
if defendant’s hands were to be free, it would be better to use the Bandit than leg chains.
That was the trial court’s order.2
The next day, before the prospective jurors were brought in for voir dire,
defendant elected to appear in jail clothes. The trial court went on record to note this
fact, and to confirm defendant’s wishes, whereupon defendant said: “Why sit up here
and lie? I’m already being cheated. Fuck all that. I’m cool, cuz. I just told you
already.” Defense counsel added that defendant was also in visible restraints, at
defendant’s request. Defense counsel opposed this circumstance, but believed the law
did not permit him to overrule his client’s wishes.
2 In the middle of the marshal’s testimony, defendant interjected that he did not care
about restraints since he was going to be convicted anyway. He repeated his view after
the trial court made the restraint ruling, stating, “just get it over with so I can get back to
prison and get cracking.”
5
When the prospective jurors were seated, the trial court admonished them as
follows: “The fact that physical restraints have been placed upon Mr. Jones in this case is
not evidence, nor is the fact that he’s in custody or wearing jail clothing. You’re not to
speculate about the reason why this is the case. You must completely disregard these
circumstances in deciding the issues in this case. Do not consider these factors for any
purpose whatsoever, nor discuss them during your deliberations.”
The next day, defendant appeared in civilian clothing, but still with visible
restraints, and defense counsel objected to the restraints. The trial court ruled that
defendant had made his choice the day before, and “the cat’s out of the bag.” Although
defendant was free to wear different clothing, the trial court told him it was not going to
order different restraints day to day based on defendant’s whim. The trial court recited
the history of the issue, and in particular noted visible chains were “the most preferable
form or restraint for the Court and for my security staff, but on the first day of trial . . . we
were able to make a decision to use this Bandit instead and your client consented to that
clearly and unequivocally. [¶] But, then he changed his mind and we went to the chains
yesterday.” After defense counsel stated the trial court needed to make a determination
justifying the increased level of restraint, the trial court stated “there have been some
changes in circumstances” and described that defendant may have threatened defense
counsel at a prior in camera Marsden hearing (People v. Marsden (1970) 2 Cal.3d 118),
about which the trial court was reluctant to disclose too much. Also, defendant seemed
agitated, but the trial court later stated, “[I]f there were even a need for changed
circumstances to justify the use of chain restraints, you would certainly have those
changed circumstances, but I really don’t think that I need to make that finding in order
to justify the use of chains now.”3
3 Appellate counsel notes the Marsden hearing transcript is confidential, but because
appellate counsel also attacks the adequacy of the trial court’s findings, we must quote a
6
At the end of the trial, the trial court again admonished the jurors to disregard
restraints and not speculate about why they were employed.
Defendant now contends the trial court misapplied the rules regarding restraints.
B. The Law
“No person charged with a public offense may be subjected, before conviction, to
any more restraint than is necessary for his detention to answer the charge.” (§ 688.)
Based on “possible prejudice in the minds of the jurors, the affront to human dignity, the
disrespect for the entire judicial system which is incident to unjustifiable use of physical
restraints, as well as the effect such restraints have upon a defendant's decision to take the
stand,” our Supreme Court has reaffirmed the rule “that a defendant cannot be subjected
to physical restraints of any kind in the courtroom while in the jury's presence, unless
there is a showing of a manifest need for such restraints.” (People v. Duran (1976) 16
Cal.3d 282, 290-291.) Restraints “should be as unobtrusive as possible, although as
effective as necessary.” (Id. at p. 291.) A trial court has broad discretion to determine
the need for and necessary level of restraints. (See People v. Cunningham (2001) 25
Cal.4th 926, 987.)
portion of the confidential transcript to address the claims. At the referenced Marsden
hearing that occurred the previous day, the trial court assured defendant he could have as
much time as needed to dress in civilian clothing, and confirmed defendant wanted to be
shackled. After the trial court stated, “I don’t think that’s necessarily in your best
interests either,” defendant replied: “Why lie?” Earlier during that same hearing,
defendant had said, “Right now I’m being cool about the situation, but in a second I’m
not gonna be cool. . . . [¶] I’m trying to be cordial as possible so that I don’t get
restrained, beat up, choked out while I’m handcuffed like this, and I don’t want to take a
Tase. So . . . the reason why I allowed myself to be in mechanical restraints [was] to
protect myself from doing anything that would cause me to ruin myself.” When defense
counsel began to argue that if defendant was physically threatening him, that might
provide grounds for new counsel, defendant said he was not threatening anybody. Later,
the trial court said defendant was agitated, and defendant said he was “[b]eyond agitated.
I’m getting played.”
7
C. Analysis
Although defendant voluntarily appeared in visible shackles one day after the trial
court ordered non-visible restraints, we agree with appellate counsel that that act alone
did not forfeit defendant’s right to return to the less restrictive device, and the trial court
should have made findings about changed circumstances justifying greater restraints.
However, as we read the record, the trial court did find changed circumstances, namely,
defendant’s threats at the Marsden hearing the prior day, as well as his demeanor, which
even defendant described as “[b]eyond agitated.”
It is true the trial court suggested it did not need to find changed circumstances to
elevate the level of restraints. Appellate counsel contends the trial court’s statements
about the threats were only an afterthought to the trial court’s view that defendant had let
the cat out of the bag. But after trial counsel objected to an increase in restraints absent
new findings, the trial court first found the threats and defendant’s agitation reflected
changed circumstances, and then made the comment that it did not believe such
additional findings were necessary. Read in context, the trial court’s later comment was
an aside that did not cancel out the changed circumstances finding the trial court had
already made in response to defense counsel’s objection.
Defendant concedes a threat of courtroom violence can show manifest need for
restraints (see, e.g., People v. Stankewitz (1990) 51 Cal.3d 72, 95-97), but suggests his
threat did not qualify as a changed circumstance justifying a higher level of restraints.
We defer to the trial court’s view that defendant’s words at the Marsden hearing were a
threat and that threat and defendant’s high level of agitation during the Marsden hearing
(see fn. 3, ante) qualified as sufficient changed circumstances to justify leaving him in the
chains that he had elected to wear in front of the jury the day before.
Even assuming error of federal constitutional dimension, we would hold any error
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. (See Deck v. Missouri (2005) 544 U.S. 622, 635
[161 L.Ed.2d 953, 966].) This court has described the test as follows: “To find the error
8
harmless we must find beyond a reasonable doubt that it did not contribute to the verdict,
that it was unimportant in relation to everything else the jury considered on the issue in
question.” (People v. Song (2004) 124 Cal.App.4th 973, 984; see Yates v. Evatt (1991)
500 U.S. 391, 403-404 [114 L.Ed.2d 432, 448-449].)
The prospective jurors saw defendant in jail clothing and shackles, at defendant’s
choice, not because of any ruling by the trial court or action by the jail authorities. We
have pointed out in a prior case involving shackling of witnesses, that any prejudice
arises in the minds of the jurors “as soon as they learn the witness is an inmate; the
presence of shackles is superfluous to that concern.” (People v. Valenzuela (1984) 151
Cal.App.3d 180, 194; see People v. Ceniceros (1994) 26 Cal.App.4th 266, 281.) The jury
learned defendant was in custody due to his own choice; therefore, that amount of
prejudice is attributable to him. Trial counsel himself pointed out what defendant had
done “sheds the cloak of innocence, so to speak.” Thus, even assuming error, it only
incrementally increased the possible prejudice to defendant.
Defendant emphasizes authority holding that “while a brief glimpse of defendant
in shackles would not constitute prejudicial error [citations], the use of physical restraints
in the courtroom without a prior showing of the manifest need for such restraints violates
Duran [citation.] When such restraints are visible to the jury for a substantial length of
time without meeting the Duran requirements, this trial court error may deprive
defendant of his due process right to a fair and impartial jury, and may affect the
presumption of innocence.” (People v. Jackson (1993) 14 Cal.App.4th 1818, 1830.)
However, again assuming error occurred, we do not believe defendant was
deprived of due process in this case.
First, defendant chose not to testify, so the jury was not subjected to the spectacle
of a shackled defendant testifying. Second, the crimes themselves were violent, so the
jury would naturally assume some security measures were required. (See People v.
Jackson, supra, 14 Cal.App.4th at p. 1831 [“defendants did not testify in chains,” and
9
“since the bulk of the violent crimes charged consisted of shots fired at police officers, it
would be reasonable for the jury to expect some security precautions”].) Third, the jury
was properly admonished to disregard defendant’s custody and restraint status. (See
People v. Duran, supra, 16 Cal.3d at pp. 291-292 [“In those instances when visible
restraints must be imposed the court shall instruct the jury sua sponte that such restraints
should have no bearing on the determination of the defendant’s guilt”].) We presume the
jury heeded the admonition. (See People v. McDaniel (2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 736, 746-
747 [“reasonable to presume that jurors can follow an admonition to disregard shackles
that is given at the beginning of trial”].) Fourth, the jury acquitted defendant of robbery,
burglary, and theft charges related to the March 5, 2013, incident. This shows that it was
not so inflamed by seeing him in chains that it abandoned its duty to fairly assess the
evidence and hold the People to their high burden of proof. Fifth, as to the counts of
which defendant stands convicted, the evidence was quite strong.
Appellate counsel asserts that M.H. “was discredited as a liar” based on disputed
evidence about whether she and defendant had had a romantic relationship and based on
the opinion of her child’s father’s parole officer that she made up reasons to have the
parolee picked up. Further, counsel notes that other evidence was vulnerable (e.g., the
maintenance man was a convicted child molester, the sister had been a drug user and
thought defendant was on drugs, and defendant did not “smash” her as he threatened
although he had the chance). But there were multiple witnesses to the motel incidents
who gave interlocking testimony, and partial audio recordings to corroborate Officer
Morehouse’s testimony about defendant’s threats to him. There was no developed
defense of intoxication, as appellate counsel muses. Accordingly, we reject defendant’s
claim of prejudicial error regarding restraints.
10
II
Admission of Gang Evidence
Defendant contends the trial court improperly permitted the People to introduce
evidence of his membership in a street gang, in a case where no gang charges were at
issue. We find no error.
To prove the section 422 charges, the People had to prove that the threat caused
the victim “reasonably to be in sustained fear for his or her own safety or for his or her
immediate family’s safety.” (§ 422; see People v. Melhado (1998) 60 Cal.App.4th 1529,
1536; CALCRIM No. 1300.) At an in limine hearing to address the evidence proffered
by the People to show Morehouse’s reasonable and sustained fear, he testified that
defendant’s charged threats to him caused actual fear because of: (1) defendant’s violent
criminal background then known by Morehouse, including both convictions and arrests,
including two arrests for attempted murder, one of which was for attempted murder of a
peace officer; (2) Morehouse’s knowledge of defendant’s gang affiliation, specifically,
Logan Heights Crips in San Diego, and the fact defendant openly sported a Crips tattoo
on his arm; (3) Morehouse’s experience as a gang expert, which taught him that the
“Crips are a very violent and organized gang” that commits many felonies; and (4)
defendant’s hostile demeanor and threats against peace officers and jail staff when
Morehouse previously arrested defendant on a warrant in 2012. Thus, Morehouse’s
actual knowledge of defendant’s actions and affiliations made what might have been
taken as the otherwise powerless threats of an arrestee much more serious, in
Morehouse’s mind.
The trial court initially excluded the gang evidence, as cumulative of other
evidence known to Morehouse sufficient to place him in sustained fear, and out of a
concern that the jury might also consider that evidence in determining whether the named
victims in two other section 422 counts were placed in sustained fear on the same day.
Similarly, the trial court excluded references to prior crimes; however, the trial court
11
ruled that Morehouse’s personal interactions with defendant on the occasion of the 2012
arrest would be admissible.
Later, considering a subsequent motion, the trial court revisited the issue. Noting
that the previous day the jury had seen defendant in jail clothing, displaying his tattoos
including a gang tattoo, the court allowed testimony about Morehouse’s knowledge of
defendant’s gang membership (but not his prior criminal record) to show his fear of
defendant.
The trial court then instructed the jury, modified as proposed by defense counsel
over objection, as follows: “The evidence of defendant’s gang membership can only be
considered for the limited purpose of the effect such evidence had on Officer Steven
Morehouse’s state of mind as it relates to the criminal threat charge in Count 5. Do not
consider this evidence for any other purpose or for any other charged crime. There’s no
evidence that Mr. Jones is a gang member. The People are not contending that fact. You
may not assume or conclude that the defendant is, in fact, a gang member. There’s no
evidence to that effect. Do not conclude from this evidence that the defendant is a person
of bad character or has a disposition to commit crime.” (Italics added.)
The trial court gave a similar instruction at the end of the trial.4 During opening
and closing arguments, the prosecutor properly referenced the gang testimony only as it
related to the criminal threats charge and the charge of using threats to obstruct an officer
from performing lawful duties involving Morehouse, not the threats charges involving the
other victims.
4 Contrary to the italicized language, there was indeed evidence to the effect that
defendant was a gang member. Morehouse testified as a gang expert that defendant fit
the criteria of a gang member and admitted to Morehouse that he was a gang member.
Nonetheless, the gist of the instruction accurately described the limited purpose of the
evidence to the jury.
12
On appeal, defendant contends the evidence was irrelevant because “Morehouse’s
belief [that defendant was a gang member] may have affected his fear, but [defendant]
did not plant the belief or attempt to capitalize on it.” This amounts to a jury argument,
because if the jury credited Morehouse’s testimony, it could well find defendant--who
sported a visible gang tattoo and had been arrested by Morehouse the prior year--knew
that Morehouse knew he was a gang member, and therefore defendant intended his
threats to be taken seriously. Indeed, the jury could find that defendant explicitly
capitalized on his gang membership by stating, “I promise you, cuz, I’ll get you knocked
out as soon as you walk out this door.” (Italics added.) This statement indicates
defendant could arrange to have someone else harm Morehouse, inferentially, one or
more gang members, if defendant were unable to harm Morehouse personally.
Clearly, this was not cumulative evidence, as the trial court initially ruled. It was
materially different than Morehouse’s testimony about his prior interaction with
defendant. Therefore the trial court was correct to revisit the issue. Further, this
evidence was highly probative, as it distinguished defendant’s threats from the many
mundane and generally impotent threats Morehouse had received during his career.
Because gang evidence can be highly inflammatory, its admission is limited to
cases where it is directly relevant to some issue in dispute. “As general rule, evidence of
gang membership and activity is admissible if it is logically relevant to some material
issue in the case, other than character evidence, is not more prejudicial than probative and
is not cumulative. [Citation.] Consequently, gang evidence may be relevant to establish
the defendant’s motive, intent or some fact concerning the charged offenses other than
criminal propensity as long as the probative value of the evidence outweighs its
prejudicial effect. [Citations.] ‘Evidence of the defendant’s gang affiliation--including
evidence of the gang’s territory, membership, signs, symbols, beliefs and practices,
criminal enterprises, rivalries, and the like--can help prove identity, motive, modus
13
operandi, specific intent, means of applying force or fear, or other issues pertinent to guilt
of the charged crime.’ ” (People v. Albarran (2007) 149 Cal.App.4th 214, 223-224.)
In People v. Mendoza (2000) 24 Cal.4th 130, at page 178, our Supreme Court
found that a robbery victim’s belief that the robber was a gang member was “directly
relevant to establishing the element of fear” required to establish a robbery. (See also
People v. Mendoza (1997) 59 Cal.App.4th 1333, 1340-1342 [victim’s knowledge that
defendant was in a gang could be used to determine how the victim interpreted
defendant’s threat].) Here, too, as explained ante, the prosecutor had the burden to prove
to the jury beyond a reasonable doubt that Morehouse, an experienced police officer, was
placed in “sustained fear” because of defendant’s threatening comments. The evidence
was highly probative, and was not presented in an inflammatory manner. The risk of
prejudice was further minimized by the trial court’s limiting instruction. We find no
error.
III
Advisement of Rights
Defendant contends--and the People properly concede--that in accepting
defendant’s admissions to the various prior conviction allegations, the trial court did not
explicitly advise defendant of two of the three constitutional rights required to be
included in the advisement.
The need to advise defendants of the right to a jury trial, the right to confront
witnesses, and the privilege against self-incrimination, before accepting an admission to a
prior conviction allegation has been the law for over 40 years. (See In re Yurko (1974)
10 Cal.3d 857, 863 & fn. 5.) It must be adhered to. However, in this particular instance
we find no prejudice to defendant.
Immediately after the jury retired to deliberate, defense counsel stated on the
record that he had discussed the priors with defendant, and defendant wished to
provisionally admit them. The trial court told defendant he had the right to a jury
14
determination of the priors, but did not advise him of his right to confront witnesses or
the privilege against self-incrimination. Defendant had just undergone a jury trial where
he exercised his privilege against self-incrimination, and observed his attorney cross-
examine and thereby confront witnesses against him. We must presume he was aware
that those rights accompanied the right to a jury determination. (See People v. Mosby
(2004) 33 Cal.4th 353, 356 [“When, immediately after a jury verdict of guilty, a
defendant admits a prior conviction after being advised of and waiving only the right to
trial, can that admission be voluntary and intelligent even though the defendant was not
told of, and thus did not expressly waive, the concomitant rights to remain silent and to
confront adverse witnesses? The answer is ‘yes,’ if the totality of circumstances
surrounding the admission supports such a conclusion”].) Further, defendant was no
stranger to the criminal justice system. (See id at p. 365 [“ ‘a defendant’s prior
experience with the criminal justice system’ is, as the United States Supreme Court has
concluded, ‘relevant to the question [of] whether he knowingly waived constitutional
rights’ ”].)
Defendant posits that this case falls between cases where no rights are given (e.g.,
People v. Moore (1992) 8 Cal.App.4th 411, 416-418), and cases where two of the three
rights were given (e.g., People v. Howard (1992) 1 Cal.4th 1132, 1179-1180). We are
not persuaded.
First, we do not merely count up rights. We must look at the totality of the
circumstances, to determine whether the admission was voluntary and intelligent. (See
People v. Howard, supra, 1 Cal.4th at p. 1175.) Second, the advisement of the right to a
jury trial incorporates the rights known to a defendant who has just undergone a jury
trial. That was the central holding of Mosby. (See People v. Mosby, supra, 33 Cal.4th at
p. 364.) In these circumstances, the trial court’s error was not prejudicial to defendant.
15
IV
Sentencing
The parties agree that defendant’s two prior serious felony convictions (robbery
and attempted robbery) were not “brought and tried separately” as provided by section
667, subdivision (a). Because the two priors were charged together under the same case
number and adjudicated in the same proceeding, we agree. (See In re Harris (1989) 49
Cal.3d 131, 136 [brought and tried separately means “the underlying proceedings must
have been formally distinct, from filing to adjudication of guilt”].)
The People cursorily contend the trial court’s act of imposing but staying
execution of sentence for one of the priors under section 654 properly implements the
statute. We disagree.
Section 667, subdivision (a)(1) provides in relevant part that “any person
convicted of a serious felony who previously has been convicted of a serious felony in
this state or of any offense committed in another jurisdiction which includes all of the
elements of any serious felony, shall receive, in addition to the sentence imposed by the
court for the present offense, a five-year enhancement for each such prior conviction on
charges brought and tried separately. The terms of the present offense and each
enhancement shall run consecutively.” Parsed as relevant herein, any person convicted of
a “serious felony” as defined later in the statute “shall receive” on top of the rest of the
sentence an additional “five-year enhancement for each such prior conviction on charges
brought and tried separately.” (§ 667, subd. (a)(1).)
“Section 667(a) enhancements must be imposed for each prior serious felony
conviction ‘separately brought and tried.’ The question whether prior convictions were
brought and tried separately is for the court to decide, not the jury.” (Couzens et al.,
Sentencing Cal. Crimes (The Rutter Group 2014) § 20:27, p. 20-14; see 3 Witkin &
Epstein, Cal. Crim. Law (4th ed. 2012) Punishment, § 405, p. 626 [“A 5-year consecutive
enhancement must be imposed for each prior conviction on charges ‘brought and tried
16
separately’ ”], id. § 411, p. 636 [“Each prior conviction must stem from ‘charges brought
and tried separately’ ”].)
Two prior decisions of this court confirm that only those priors brought and tried
separately qualify. (See People v. Wagner (1994) 21 Cal.App.4th 729, 732-737
[clarifying what “brought and tried separately” means in practice]; People v. Deay (1987)
194 Cal.App.3d 280, 286-290 [agreeing that one of two prior serious felony convictions
had to be vacated because the two were not brought and tried separately].) The gist of
these holdings is that it is an element of the prior serious felony enhancement that the
charges be “brought and tried separately” and where, as in this case, multiple serious
felonies were proven in a single prior proceeding, the People cannot prove more than one
such enhancement exists.
The People briefly assert that staying the effect of one of the two prior serious
felonies that were not brought and tried separately is sufficient under the statute, so that a
defendant only receives punishment for one of them, consistent with the statutory
purpose, in their view. However, under section 654, a stayed sentence is one that has first
been imposed, but because of some legal rule must be stayed to prevent the infliction of
any punishment for such imposed sentence. Imposing a stayed sentence results in the
receipt of a sentence, albeit one that is not executed absent some subsequent reason to lift
the stay. (See People v. Alford (2010) 180 Cal.App.4th 1463, 1468-1470.)
But as outlined above, section 667, subdivision (a)(1) is written so as to require
that the defendant “shall receive” an extra sentence for and only for those prior
convictions that were “brought and tried separately” and such requirement is an element
of the enhancement. Thus, the mere imposition of sentence for a prior conviction that
was not brought and tried separately runs afoul of the statute, whether or not the sentence
is executed.
The case authority cited but not analyzed by the People is inapposite, as it involves
other statutory situations, such as where a prior serious felony conviction enhancement
17
and a one-year prior prison term enhancement (§ 667.5, subd. (b)) are based on the same
conviction (People v. Walker (2006) 139 Cal.App.4th 782, 794, fn. 9), or where a trial
court must choose between alternative sentencing schemes provided by the “one-strike
law” and the “habitual sexual offender law” (§§ 667.61, 667.71; see People v. Lopez
(2004) 119 Cal.App.4th 355, 360-366). Both of the People’s cases in turn relied on a
sentencing rule providing as follows: “No finding of an enhancement may be stricken or
dismissed because imposition of the term either is prohibited by law or exceeds
limitations on the imposition of multiple enhancements. The sentencing judge must
impose sentence for the aggregate term of imprisonment computed without reference to
those prohibitions and limitations, and must thereupon stay execution of so much of the
term as is prohibited or exceeds the applicable limit. The stay will become permanent on
the defendant’s service of the portion of the sentence not stayed.” (Cal. Rules of Court,
rule 4.447.)5
Rule 4.447 begins by stating, “No finding of an enhancement may be stricken or
dismissed” to comply with legal limitations. One of the People’s cited cases emphasizes
that “A stay under rule 4.447 is not issued under Penal Code section 654. Nevertheless, it
is analogous.” (People v. Lopez, supra, 119 Cal.App.4th at p. 365.)
In the instant case, the finding that two serious priors existed was itself erroneous,
because those priors were not brought and tried separately. Thus rule 4.447 never came
into play.6
5 Further references to rules are to the California Rules of Court.
6 We note the comment to rule 4.447 references illustrative statutes that would trigger it,
including section 667, subdivision (a)(2), but not subdivision (a)(1). (See Advisory Com.
com., 23 pt. 1B West’s Ann. Codes, Court Rules (2006) foll. rule 4.447, p. 325.)
People v. Gonzalez (2008) 43 Cal.4th 1118, involving multiple firearm enhancements,
addressed section 12022.53, subdivision (f)’s requirement that only one additional term
therefor may be imposed. Gonzalez explained “impose” can mean impose and execute or
18
DISPOSITION
The judgment is modified by vacating the prior serious felony the trial court
imposed but stayed under section 654. As modified, the judgment is affirmed. The trial
court shall prepare and forward to the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation a
certified copy of an amended abstract of judgment.
DUARTE , J.
We concur:
ROBIE , Acting P. J.
MAURO , J.
impose and stay, and held the proper way to handle multiplicative firearm enhancements
is to impose sentence on each, and stay execution of sentence on all but one. (Gonzalez,
at pp. 1124-1130.) But nothing in Gonzalez addressed section 667, subdivision (a),
which requires that multiple prior convictions be proven to have been brought and tried
separately before found to be valid enhancements and sentence imposed therefor.
19