The opinion
Filed 5/21/15 P. v. Uscola CA3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Sacramento)
----
THE PEOPLE, C076149
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super. Ct. No. 13F03843)
v.
KYACEY USCOLA,
Defendant and Appellant.
Defendant Kyacey Uscola contests his sentencing pursuant to Penal Code section
273.5, subdivision (f)(1), 1 which establishes a more severe sentence for domestic
violence offenders with a prior conviction for certain crimes. He claims his prior
1 Further undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code. At the time of
defendant’s sentencing, the applicable provision was section 273.5, subdivision (e)(1),
which is now codified without change at subdivision (f)(1). (Stats. 2013, ch. 763, § 1.)
1
misdemeanor conviction under section 273.5, subdivision (a) is not a qualifying offense
under that section. We disagree and affirm the judgment.
BACKGROUND
The facts underlying defendant’s offenses (both prior and current) are not at issue
in this appeal. It suffices to say that defendant was found guilty by jury of spousal
battery (§ 243, subd. (e)(1)); corporal injury on a spouse resulting in a traumatic
condition (§ 273.5, subd. (a))2; battery resulting in serious bodily injury (§ 243, subd.
(d)); and violating a protective order (§ 166, subd. (c)(1)). As to the felony battery and
corporal injury charges, the jury also found true the allegation that defendant had
personally inflicted great bodily injury (§ 12022.7, subd. (e)); as to the corporal injury
charge, the jury found true that defendant had a prior domestic violence conviction
(§ 273.5, subd. (f)(1)).
As relevant here, the trial court sentenced defendant to the upper term of five years
in state prison for the corporal injury on a spouse (§ 273.5, subds. (a) & (f)(1)), with an
additional five years for the great bodily injury enhancement, totaling 10 years in prison.
Defendant appeals.
DISCUSSION
It is undisputed that defendant had sustained a prior misdemeanor conviction
pursuant to section 273.5, subdivision (a). Defendant contends that this conviction was
not a qualifying prior conviction under section 273.5, subdivision (f)(1), because it was
not a felony.
2 Section 273.5, subdivision (a) was substantially altered in form, but not in substance as
it relates to this case, pursuant to its amendment by the Legislature in 2013, effective in
2014. (Stats. 2013, ch. 763, § 1.) When we refer to section 273.5, subdivision (a), we are
referring to the pre-amendment version.
2
Section 273.5, subdivision (f)(1) provides in relevant part that “[a]ny person
convicted of violating this section for acts occurring within seven years of a previous
conviction under subdivision (a), or subdivision (d) of Section 243, or Section 243.4, 244,
244.5, or 245, shall be punished by imprisonment in . . . state prison for two, four, or five
years.” (Italics added.) To address defendant’s claim, we employ well-settled rules of
statutory construction. “Our fundamental task . . . is to determine the Legislature’s intent
so as to effectuate the law’s purpose. We first examine the statutory language, giving it a
plain and commonsense meaning. We do not examine that language in isolation, but in
the context of the statutory framework as a whole in order to determine its scope and
purpose and to harmonize the various parts of the enactment. If the language is clear,
courts must generally follow its plain meaning unless a literal interpretation would result
in absurd consequences the Legislature did not intend. If the statutory language permits
more than one reasonable interpretation, courts may consider other aids, such as the
statute’s purpose, legislative history, and public policy.” (Coalition of Concerned
Communities, Inc. v. City of Los Angeles (2004) 34 Cal.4th 733, 737.) However,
“ ‘[w]hen statutory language is clear and unambiguous, there is no need for construction
and courts should not indulge in it.’ ” (People v. Benson (1998) 18 Cal.4th 24, 30.)
As set forth ante, subdivision (f)(1) clearly and unambiguously requires only a
“previous conviction” under certain statutes, not necessarily a felony conviction.
Because defendant had previously sustained a misdemeanor conviction under section
273.5, subdivision (a), by its plain language subdivision (f)(1) applies to him.
Defendant points to the language within section 273.5, subdivision (a), which, at
the time of his conviction, provided that “[a]ny person who willfully inflicts upon a
person who is his or her spouse, former spouse, cohabitant, former cohabitant, or the
mother or father of his or her child, corporal injury resulting in a traumatic condition is
guilty of a felony, and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by imprisonment in the
state prison for two, three, or four years, or in a county jail for not more than one year, or
3
by a fine up to six thousand dollars ($6,000) or by both that fine and imprisonment.”
(Stats. 2012, ch. 867, § 16, italics added.) Confusingly, he argues that because he was
convicted of a misdemeanor violation of subdivision (a), he is not “guilty of a felony” as
provided by that same subdivision. He does not explain how this particular claim,
confined to the language of subdivision (a), relates to the application of subdivision
(f)(1). We will not make his argument for him.
In any event, section 273.5, subdivision (a) is a “wobbler.” (See § 17; see also
People v. Vessell (1995) 36 Cal.App.4th 285, 288 [noting former section 273.5,
subdivision (a) is a wobbler].) As such, it clearly provided for misdemeanor as well as
felony disposition. Indeed, many of the qualifying offenses enumerated in subdivision
(f)(1) are wobblers (see §§ 243, subd. (d), 243.4, 244.5, 245), and one of them--section
243.4, subdivision (e)--is a straight misdemeanor. If, as defendant argues, the Legislature
had intended only previous felony convictions to qualify for the sentencing enhancement,
it presumably would not have included misdemeanor statutes in the qualifying offenses.
Further, it could have written the law accordingly, as it has many times before.3 “[W]hen
the drafters of a statute have employed a term in one place and omitted it in another, it
should not be inferred where it has been excluded.” (People v. Woodhead (1987)
43 Cal.3d 1002, 1010.) We will not infer “previous felony conviction” from “previous
conviction.”
3 See, for example, section 190.3 (“any prior felony conviction” may be considered in
determining whether to impose death penalty sentence); section 243.4, subdivision (j) (a
person committing sexual battery against a minor who “has a prior felony conviction”
under section 243.4 is necessarily guilty of a felony); section 422.75, subdivision (d)
(providing an additional year in prison “for each prior felony conviction” that was found
or admitted to be a hate crime); section 666.5, subdivision (a) (imposing enhanced
punishment for anyone “previously convicted of a felony violation” of enumerated
statutes); and Vehicle Code section 10851, subdivision (e) (“Any person who has been
convicted of one or more previous felony violations of this section, or felony grand theft
of a vehicle . . .” is subject to enhanced punishment).
4
Because there is no ambiguity in the application of section 273.5, subdivision
(f)(1) to defendant, the rule of lenity does not apply (see People v. McCoy (2012)
208 Cal.App.4th 1333, 1339, fn. 6), and we also reject defendant’s untimely and
undeveloped assertion that he lacked notice (see People v. Zamudio (2008) 43 Cal.4th
327, 353 [a contention generally may not be raised for the first time in a reply brief]).
Defendant’s previous misdemeanor conviction for a violation of section 273.5,
subdivision (a) adequately supports the jury’s finding that section 273.5, subdivision
(f)(1) applies to him.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
DUARTE , J.
We concur:
MAURO , Acting P. J.
HOCH , J.
5