The opinion
In the United States Court of Federal Claims
No. 14-957 C
(Filed UNDER SEAL March 17, 2015)
Publicly Reissued April 10, 2015
TRACEY SWOPE, )
Plaintiff, )
v. )
)
THE UNITED STATES, )
Defendant. )
)
ORDER
Plaintiff filed suit against the government, alleging that the government
breached a settlement agreement entered into by the parties to resolve a dispute
regarding plaintiff’s employment with the Department of Veteran’s Affairs in
Durham, North Carolina. See Doc. 1 at 2. On December 8, 2014, the government
filed a motion to dismiss plaintiff’s case, alleging that this court lacks jurisdiction to
decide the matter. See Doc. 6 at 5.
Plaintiff was employed as a Prosthetic Representative Supervisor for the
Department of Veteran’s Affairs from September 7, 2004, until about December 1,
2011. See Doc. 1 at 2-3. On May 9, 2012, the parties entered into an agreement to
settle an employment dispute. See id. at 2. As part of the settlement agreement,
plaintiff was allowed to voluntarily resign, and the agency agreed to expunge the
documentation in her employment records indicating that she was resigning in
response to notification of an adverse action. See id. at 2-3. In addition, the agency
agreed to provide her with a neutral reference letter. See Doc. 7 at 4-5. Plaintiff
alleges that the documentation in her file was not timely expunged, and as a result,
she was unable to obtain employment for a period of two years. See Doc. 1 at 3.
The government’s argument that plaintiff’s claims should be dismissed is
based on the terms of the settlement agreement, which provides, in relevant part:
This agreement is made part of the MSPB record of this appeal and will
be enforceable as such. The MSPB shall have continuing jurisdiction
to determine if any party has been in breach of the agreement and the
rights to which the non-breaching party may be entitled to including
permitting Appellant to continue the above-captioned appeal.
See Doc. 7 at 6. The government contends that, pursuant to this provision, the
MSPB, or Merit Systems Protection Board, retains exclusive jurisdiction over any
dispute arising from the settlement agreement. See Doc. 6 at 8-12. The government
also asserts that this court lacks jurisdiction because, based on the same provision,
money damages are unavailable for any alleged breach. See Doc. 12 at 17-18.
In response, plaintiff argues that the MSPB does not have exclusive
jurisdiction, see Doc. 11 at 15, and that monetary damages are an appropriate and
available remedy for the government’s breach, see id. at 16.
I. STANDARD OF REVIEW
The government styles its motion as a motion to dismiss for lack of subject
matter jurisdiction, or in the alternative, a motion to dismiss for failure to state a
claim on which relief may be granted. See Doc. 6. Neither the initial brief, nor the
reply in support of the motion, make any substantive argument on the basis that
plaintiff fails to state a claim. See Docs. 6, 12. As such, the court will only analyze
the government’s position as a challenge to its jurisdiction.
Plaintiff bears the burden to demonstrate, by a preponderance of the evidence,
that the court has jurisdiction to hear her case. Brandt v. United States, 710 F.3d
1369, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2013). Here, plaintiff has alleged that the court has jurisdiction
pursuant to the Tucker Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1), which states that:
The United States Court of Federal Claims shall have jurisdiction to
render judgment upon any claim against the United States founded
either upon the Constitution, or any Act of Congress or any regulation
of an executive department, or upon any express or implied contract
with the United States, or for liquidated or unliquidated damages in
cases not sounding in tort.
Because the Tucker Act is not itself a substantive basis for relief, plaintiff “must
identify and plead an independent contractual relationship, Constitutional provision,
federal statute, and/or executive agency regulation that provides a substantive right
to money damages.” Stevens v. United States, 118 Fed. Cl. 707, 710-711 (2014)
(citing Todd v. United States, 386 F.3d 1091, 1094 (Fed. Cir. 2004); Fisher v. United
States, 402 F.3d 1167, 1172 (Fed. Cir. 2005)). In this case, plaintiff claims that she
is owed damages for the government’s breach of the contract she entered into to
settle her employment related claims against the Department of Veteran’s Affairs.
See Doc. 1 at 2, 5.
“In determining jurisdiction, a court must accept as true all undisputed facts
asserted in the plaintiff's complaint and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of
the plaintiff.” Trusted Integration, Inc. v. United States, 659 F.3d 1159, 1163 (Fed.
Cir. 2011) (citing Henke v. United States, 60 F.3d 795, 797 (Fed.Cir.1995)). But if
the court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, it must dismiss the case. See Rebish v.
United States, No. 14-1022C, 2015 WL 868925, at *2 (Fed. Cl. Feb. 27, 2015)
(citing Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 514 (2006); Steel Co. v. Citizens for
a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 94-95 (1998)).
II. THE SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT DOES NOT PROVIDE FOR
EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION WITH THE MSPB
The government claims that the express language of the settlement agreement
places exclusive jurisdiction over this dispute with the MSPB. In particular, the
government emphasizes the word “shall” to indicate that the MSPB’s exclusive
jurisdiction is mandatory. See id. 6 at 11. The court agrees that the word “shall”
indicates the mandatory nature of its subject. But in this case, the language of the
agreement simply says that the MSPB “shall have” jurisdiction, not that it “shall
have” exclusive jurisdiction.
The government supports its argument by pointing to Outlaw v. United States,
116 Fed. Cl. 656 (2014). The agreement language in the Outlaw case, however,
undercuts its position. In Outlaw, the court held that it lacked jurisdiction to consider
plaintiff’s claim for damages resulting from the government’s breach of a settlement
agreement because the language of the agreement provided that the “sole remedy for
an alleged agency breach of this Settlement Agreement is to request that the terms
of the Settlement Agreement allegedly breached be implemented.” Outlaw, 116 Fed.
Cl. at 663. The term “sole” used in the Outlaw agreement dictates the exclusivity
that is lacking in the agreement at issue here.
The settlement agreement is an express contract between plaintiff and the
United States, and the terms of the agreement do not divest the court of jurisdiction.
The court will consider plaintiff’s case so long as the substantive basis for her claim
is money-mandating.
III. MONETARY DAMAGES ARE AN APPROPRIATE REMEDY FOR
PLAINTIFF’S ALLEGED INJURY
Despite the fact that the settlement agreement is a contract between plaintiff
and the United States, the breach will only give rise to Tucker Act jurisdiction if the
plaintiff can “demonstrate[e] that the agreement[ ] could fairly be interpreted as
contemplating money damages in the event of a breach.” Holmes v. United States,
657 F.3d 1303, 1315 (2011). Generally, there is a presumption that damages are
available for a breach of contract. See id. at 1314. However, “[a] settlement that
involved ‘purely non-monetary relief’—such as a transfer from one office to
another—would not suffice for establishing Tucker Act jurisdiction.” Cunningham
v. United States, 748 F.3d 1172, 1176 (2014).
Here, the government argues that the settlement agreement does not
contemplate money damages because plaintiff “explicitly agreed to provide the
MSPB with continuing jurisdiction,” and that the “MSPB does not provide monetary
remedies in breach of contract cases.” See Doc. 12 at 17. Because the MSPB does
not have exclusive jurisdiction in the case, this reasoning is unpersuasive.
In addition, the Federal Circuit has held that the money-mandating
requirement is met when the agreement at issue is meant “to prevent [the former
employee] from being denied future employment,” because such an agreement
“inherently relate[s] to monetary compensation through [the employee’s] future
employment.” See Holmes, 657 F.3d at 1316. In Holmes v. United States, the
Circuit concluded that the settlement agreement contemplated money damages
because in it the government had agreed to expunge the plaintiff’s disciplinary
record and provide him with a neutral reference. See id. In Cunningham v. United
States, the Circuit held that the agreement contemplated money damages because it
“limited what information OPM could disclose and required OPM to remove
[plaintiff’s] termination letter from his personnel file.” 748 F.3d at 1177. Similarly,
in this case, the government agreed both to recode plaintiff’s employment
documentation to indicate that she had voluntarily resigned, and to provide her with
a neutral reference letter.
The only basis on which the government distinguishes Holmes or
Cunningham, aside from its previously dispatched argument relating to MSPB
jurisdiction, is its argument that plaintiff in this case limited her future employment
options in ways that the plaintiff in Cunningham did not. See Doc. 12 at 14. The
government posits that plaintiff’s case is more like Outlaw, in that Mr. Outlaw
agreed to retire from federal service, and plaintiff agreed not to seek employment in
the “Mid-Atlantic region of the [Department of Veteran’s Affairs] for thirty years.”
See Doc. 12 at 16. The court disagrees. Agreeing to avoid one region of one agency
simply is not analogous to retirement.
The court finds that the terms of the settlement agreement were meant to
prevent plaintiff from being denied future employment outside of the Mid-Atlantic
region of the Department of Veterans Affairs. And because there is no language in
the agreement that specifically limits the availability of money damages in the event
of a breach, that finding is a sufficient basis for this court’s jurisdiction under Federal
Circuit precedent.
The government’s motion to dismiss is DENIED.
SO ORDERED.
s/James F. Merow
James F. Merow
Senior Judge