David Ballard, Warden v. Richard Lee Hunt, Jr.

No. 14-0146 - David Ballard, Warden, Mount Olive Correctional Complex, and Jim

Rubenstein, Commissioner, West Virginia Division of Corrections v. Richard Lee Hunt

FILED

April 9, 2015

RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

OF WEST VIRGINIA

LOUGHRY, Justice, concurring, in part, and dissenting, in part; joined by Chief Justice

Workman:

I concur in the majority’s reversal of the circuit court’s order granting habeas

relief to Mr. Hunt and awarding him a new trial. I write separately for two reasons. First,

I disagree with the majority’s conclusion that it was error for the prosecutor to refer to Mr.

Hunt as a “pedophile” and for the State to introduce expert testimony concerning Mr. Hunt’s

pedophilia during his trial on charges of sex crimes against his child victim. Although the

majority ultimately concludes that the error was harmless, I do not believe there was any

error. Second, I strenuously disagree with the majority’s new point of law, which precludes

the admission of expert testimony to show that an “accused has the character trait of a

pedophile” in order “to prove that on a particular occasion the accused acted in accordance

with that character trait.” While the majority appears to have restricted its new point of law

to expert evidence of a criminal defendant’s “character trait of a pedophile,” it is unclear

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whether it will impact the admissibility of expert testimony of a criminal defendant’s actual

diagnosis of pedophilic disorder.1 I will address each of these points in turn.

It has long been the law in this State that a criminal defendant’s prior bad acts

are admissible under Rule 404(b) to show the defendant’s lustful disposition toward children

in prosecutions for sex crimes against a child. In the seminal case of State v. Edward

Charles L., 183 W.Va. 641, 398 S.E.2d 123 (1990), this Court held

Collateral acts or crimes may be introduced in cases

involving child sexual assault or sexual abuse victims to show

the perpetrator had a lustful disposition towards the victim, a

lustful disposition towards children generally, or a lustful

disposition to specific other children provided such evidence

relates to incidents reasonably close in time to the incident(s)

giving rise to the indictment. To the extent that this conflicts

with our decision in State v. Dolin, 176 W.Va. 688, 347 S.E.2d

208 (1986), it is overruled.

Edward Charles L., 183 W.Va. at 643, 398 S.E.2d at 125, syl. pt. 2. Recognizing the

vulnerability of children in such heinous matters, the Court reasoned in Edward Charles L.

that

these cases generally pit the child’s credibility against an adult’s

credibility and often times an adult family member’s credibility.

Since sexual abuse committed against children is such an

aberrant behavior, most people find it easier to dismiss the

child’s testimony as being coached or made up or conclude that

any touching of a child’s private parts by an adult must have

been by accident. In addition, children often have greater

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“Pedophilic disorder” is discussed more fully, infra.

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difficulty than adults in establishing precise dates of incidents of

sexual abuse, not only because small children don’t possess the

same grasp of time as adults, but because they obviously may

not report acts of sexual abuse promptly, either because they are

abused by a primary care-taker and authority figure and are

therefore unaware such conduct is wrong, or because of threats

of physical harm by one in almost total control of their life. In

most cases of sexual abuse against children by a care-taker or

relative, the acts of sexual abuse transpire over a substantial

period of time, often several years. Consequently, under the

existing collateral acts rule, a child victim is unable to present

the complete record of events forming the context of the crime.

Lastly, there is a common misconception that children have a

greater propensity than adults to imagine or fabricate stories of

sexual abuse. Research indicates, however, that absent

coaching, children are far less likely to lie about matters in the

sexual realm than adults, and that absent sexual experience there

is little means by which children can imagine sexual

transactions. In consideration of all these factors, the probative

value of such testimony far outweighs the potential for unfair

prejudice. (Internal footnotes omitted.).

Id., 183 W.Va. at 650-51, 398 S.E.2d at 132-33. Indeed, where there has been the proper

introduction of collateral acts evidence of the accused’s lustful disposition toward children,

I see no harm in the prosecution’s use of the terms “pedophile” or “pedophilia,” which is, at

its very essence, a lustful disposition toward children. As one court has explained,

the modern psychology of pedophilia tells us that propensity

evidence may actually possess probative value for juries faced

with deciding the guilt or innocence of a person accused of

sexually abusing a child. In short, sexual attraction to children

and a propensity to act upon it are defining symptoms of this

recognized mental illness. See American Psychiatric

Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental

Disorders, pp. 527-28 (4th ed.1994) (302.2 - Pedophilia).

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State v. Prine, 200 P.3d 1, 15-16 (Kan. 2009); see also State v. Swallow, 350 N.W.2d 606

(S.D. 1984) (finding expert’s testimony on pedophilia did not express opinion on either

defendant’s guilt at trial on charges of child sex crimes or whether he was pedophile, and was

admissible to assist jury in understanding testimony of victim children as to sexual activity

with defendant).

In addition, during Mr. Hunt’s trial on the instant charges involving his sexual

abuse of an eleven-year-old boy, the prosecution introduced Rule 404(b) evidence under

Edward Charles L. of Mr. Hunt’s prior guilty plea and conviction for the first degree sexual

abuse of his then nine-year-old stepsister. However, when Mr. Hunt took the stand, he

denied that his prior offense against his young stepsister ever occurred. Consequently, I

believe that Mr. Hunt’s denial opened the door to the expert’s testimony concerning Mr. Hunt

having a diagnostic impression of pedophilia, even assuming such testimony was

inadmissible, as the majority has found.

Reaching beyond evidence of collateral crimes, pedophila is a recognized

mental disorder. Under the American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical

Manual of Mental Disorders pp. 697-700 (5th ed.) (“DSM-V”), “pedophilic disorder” has a

diagnostic criteria of “recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or

behaviors involving activity with a prepubescent child or children (generally 13 years or

younger)” that persists “[o]ver a period of at least 6 months.” I believe the concerns

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enunciated in Edward Charles L. are equally supportive of the admission of expert testimony

concerning a criminal defendant’s diagnosis of pedophilic disorder in cases involving the

sexual abuse or sexual assault of a child.

A qualified expert’s testimony regarding a criminal defendant’s diagnosis of

pedophilic disorder is quite different from expert testimony that the accused has, as the

majority states, “the character trait of a pedophile[.]” (Emphasis added). While the

majority’s new point of law would arguably not exclude the admission of expert evidence of

a criminal defendant’s diagnosed pedophilic disorder, I also wish to point out that a

diagnosed psychiatric disorder is not the same thing as a “character trait,” such as “honesty”

or “peacefulness.” See 1 McCormick on Evid. § 195 (7th ed. 2013) (“Character is a

generalized description of a person’s disposition, or of the disposition in respect to a general

trait, such as honesty, temperance[,] or peacefulness[.]”). Accordingly, rather than evaluating

expert testimony regarding pedophilic disorder as a character trait to be analyzed under Rule

404(a)(1), as the majority has done, I believe that the admission of such expert testimony is

more appropriately analyzed under our rules of evidence addressing the testimony of expert

witnesses (Rules 702 through 704), as seen below.

In State v. Fanguy, 643 So.2d 860 (La. Ct. App. 1994), the defendant

challenged his conviction for incest involving his minor daughter. At trial, the prosecution

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introduced the testimony of an expert qualified in the field of psychology. This expert

testified regarding his final diagnositc impression of the defendant as a pedophile. Appealing

his conviction, the defendant argued that the admission of this expert testimony was

erroneous because it was tantamount to allowing the expert to give an opinion on the ultimate

issue—whether the defendant was guilty of incest. The court found that while an expert

witness may not express an opinion as to the guilt or innocence of the accused, the jury was

clearly informed that the expert was not giving an opinion as to the defendant’s guilt or

innocence. Accordingly, the appellate court found that the expert’s testimony “was not an

expression of his opinion on the guilt of the accused but rather a permissible opinion under

La. Code Evid. art. 704.”2 Fanguy, 643 So.2d at 866.

In short, in cases involving sex crimes against a child, if there has been a

proper admission of Rule 404(b) evidence under Edward Charles L., I see no error in the

prosecutor’s reference to the accused as a “pedophile.” Further, if the accused has been

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See LSA-C.E. Art. 704 (“Testimony in the form of an opinion or inference otherwise

admissible is not to be excluded solely because it embraces an ultimate issue to be decided

by the trier of fact. However, in a criminal case, an expert witness shall not express an

opinion as to the guilt or innocence of the accused.”). Previously, Rule 704(b) of the West

Virginia Rules of Evidence prohibited expert opinion testimony “as to whether the defendant

did or did not have the mental state or condition constituting an element of the crime charged

or of a defense thereto. Such ultimate issues are matters for the trier of fact alone.” In 1985,

this Court deleted subsection (b) from Rule 704, which currently states, in full: “Testimony

in the form of an opinion or inference otherwise admissible is not objectionable solely

because it embraces an ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact.”

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diagnosed with pedophilic disorder, I believe the State should be allowed to proffer expert

testimony concerning that diagnosis. Such testimony would, of course, be subject to our law

and evidentiary rules regarding the admissibility of expert testimony, including West Virginia

Rules of Evidence 701, 702 and 703, as well as the balancing test under Rule 403,3 which

provides for the exclusion of otherwise relevant evidence.

For these reasons, I respectfully concur, in part, and dissent, in part, to the

majority’s decision in this case.

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Rule 403 provides: “The court may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value

is substantially outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair prejudice,

confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or needlessly presenting

cumulative evidence.”

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