The opinion
[Cite as State v. Laughlin, 2014-Ohio-5417.]
STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
)ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
COUNTY OF SUMMIT )
STATE OF OHIO C.A. No. 27185
Appellee
v. APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT
ENTERED IN THE
THOMAS H. LAUGHLIN COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
COUNTY OF SUMMIT, OHIO
Appellant CASE No. CR 13 08 2139 (A)
DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY
Dated: December 10, 2014
CARR, Judge.
{¶1} Appellant Thomas Laughlin appeals his conviction in the Summit County Court
of Common Pleas. This Court affirms.
I.
{¶2} Laughlin, along with a co-defendant, was indicted on one count of breaking and
entering in violation of R.C. 2911.13(A), a felony of the fifth degree. He pleaded not guilty and
the matter was tried to a jury. At the conclusion of trial, the trial court instructed the jury on the
indicted count of breaking and entering, as well as on the lesser included offense of criminal
trespass. The jury found Laughlin guilty of criminal trespass, a misdemeanor of the fourth
degree, and the trial court sentenced him accordingly. Laughlin filed a timely appeal in which he
raises three assignments of error for review.
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II.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR I
THE CONVICTION OF THE APPELLANT FOR THE CHARGE OF
CRIMINAL TRESPASS IS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE
EVIDENCE AND SHOULD BE REVERSED.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR II
THERE WAS INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO PROVE THE OFFENSE OF
CRIMINAL TRESPASS BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT, AND THUS,
THE TRIAL COURT INCORRECTLY DENIED APPELLANT’S MOTION
FOR ACQUITTAL IN V[I]OLATION OF CRIMINAL RULE 29.
{¶3} Laughlin argues that the trial court erred by denying his Crim.R. 29 motion for
acquittal. He further argues that his conviction was against the manifest weight of the evidence.
This Court disagrees.
Motion for acquittal
{¶4} Crim.R. 29 provides, in relevant part:
The court on motion of a defendant or on its own motion, after the evidence on
either side is closed, shall order the entry of a judgment of acquittal of one or
more offenses charged in the indictment, information, or complaint, if the
evidence is insufficient to sustain a conviction of such offense or offenses. The
court may not reserve ruling on a motion for judgment of acquittal made at the
close of the state’s case.
{¶5} “Raising the question of whether the evidence is legally sufficient to support the
jury verdict as a matter of law invokes a due process concern.” State v. Diar, 120 Ohio St.3d
460, 2008-Ohio-6266, ¶ 113, citing State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386 (1997). In
reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, “the relevant inquiry is whether, after
viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” Diar
at ¶ 113, quoting State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus,
following Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979).
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{¶6} Laughlin was convicted of criminal trespass in violation of R.C. 2911.21, which
states in relevant part:1
(A) No person, without privilege to do so, shall do any of the following:
(1) Knowingly enter or remain on the land or premises of another;
(2) Knowingly enter or remain on the land or premises of another, the use of
which is lawfully restricted to certain persons, purposes, modes, or hours, when
the offender knows the offender is in violation of any such restriction or is
reckless in that regard;
(3) Recklessly enter or remain on the land or premises of another, as to which
notice against unauthorized access or presence is given by actual communication
to the offender, or in a manner prescribed by law, or by posting in a manner
reasonably calculated to come to the attention of potential intruders * * *[.]
{¶7} R.C. 2901.22(B) states:
A person acts knowingly, regardless of his purpose, when he is aware that his
conduct will probably cause a certain result or will probably be of a certain
nature. A person has knowledge of circumstances when he is aware that such
circumstances probably exist.
{¶8} R.C. 2901.22(C) states:
A person acts recklessly when, with heedless indifference to the consequences, he
perversely disregards a known risk that his conduct is likely to cause a certain
result or is likely to be of a certain nature. A person is reckless with respect to
circumstances when, with heedless indifference to the consequences, he
perversely disregards a known risk that such circumstances are likely to exist.
{¶9} As used in the criminal code, “privilege” is defined as “an immunity, license, or
right conferred by law, bestowed by express or implied grant, arising out of status, position,
office, or relationship, or growing out of necessity.” R.C. 2901.01(A)(12).
{¶10} Pursuant to R.C. 2923.03(A)(2), “No person, acting with the kind of culpability
required for the commission of an offense, shall * * * [a]id or abet another in committing the
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The trial court instructed the jury on the elements of criminal trespass as enunciated in
R.C. 2911.21(A)(1), (2), and (3). It did not instruct on the elements as enunciated in R.C.
2911.21(A)(4).
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offense[.]” One who is complicit in committing a criminal act, “shall be prosecuted and
punished as if he were a principal offender. A charge of complicity may be stated in terms of
this section, or in terms of the principal offense.” R.C. 2923.03(F).
{¶11} At 12:36 p.m., on August 7, 2013, a 911 emergency dispatch operator received a
call from Robert Johnson who lived at 1034 Dietz Avenue, in Akron. The parties stipulated to
the authenticity of the call. By way of context, Mr. Johnson reported that two adjacent homes
across from his own, one at 1029 Dietz and the other with no discernable house number, were
vacant, condemned, and had no working utilities. He stated that there had been signs that looked
like summonses posted at 1029 Dietz for the last three days, but that they were gone that
morning. He had earlier reported his concerns that juveniles were smoking, squatting, and
causing trouble in the vacant homes. On this day, he reported that he saw two white young men
in a gray Monte Carlo or Impala, with license plate number FTF 1656, drive to the back of 1029
Dietz and go to the side door of the adjacent vacant home. He reported that the men quickly
returned to the car, now carrying a large bucket full of pipes. Mr. Johnson stated that, two days
earlier, the same car was at 1029 Dietz, at which time the occupants picked up something from
the back porch, put it in the car, and drove away. He said that whatever they took was rolled up
inside some carpeting.
{¶12} Based on the 911 call, the operator dispatched officers to Dietz Avenue regarding
a burglary in progress. Officer Simona Hall of the Akron Police Department responded to the
scene where she was met by and spoke further with Mr. Johnson. Officer Hall then investigated
both 1029 and 1025 Dietz, the two vacant houses at issue. She authenticated photos of 1029
Dietz that showed two notices on the home indicating that it was vacant and condemned. She
testified that the notice of condemnation meant that the house was not to be occupied and must
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be vacated. Moreover, she testified that if the police find someone in or on the premises of a
condemned house, they investigate to determine who the person is and why he is on the
premises.
{¶13} While investigating 1029 Dietz, Officer Hall noticed that the back door was
pulled up so that it appeared to be closed, but it was not closed. The deadbolt in the lock had
been removed. She entered the house and went to the basement where she observed that copper
pipes had been “pinched cut” from the water meter, hot water heater, and ceiling. Water was
dripping from the cut ends of the pipes. Officer Hall testified that, based on her experience
investigating incidents of copper pipes stolen from other homes, she believed that the pipes had
been cut away very recently based on the existence of water dripping from the remaining pipes.
{¶14} Officer Hall then spoke with another neighbor, Mark Reno, who also observed
suspicious activity in the area. His comments were consistent with what the officer observed on
the premises.
{¶15} Mark Reno lives at 1033 Dietz Avenue. He testified that two adjacent houses
next to him are abandoned. He knew that no one was supposed to be living at 1029 Dietz
because there had been a Sheriff’s sale sign on the property, although someone had torn it down.
There had also been signs on the property regarding the property’s status as vacant, that
trespassing was prohibited, and the hours that authorized workers could perform work. Those
signs too had been torn down.
{¶16} Mr. Reno testified that he was at home on August 7, 2013, when he heard two
cars pull into the driveway of 1029 Dietz a few minutes apart. In the first car were two brothers
who had lived at 1029 Dietz. They left within five minutes. Minutes later, a second car
containing two young white men pulled into the driveway. One had a large, white bucket. At
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least one of the men went to the back door of 1029 and returned with pipe in the bucket. Before
the two men drove away, Mr. Reno wrote down the license plate number of the car.
{¶17} Officer Brian Armstead of the Akron Police Department heard the dispatch call
regarding a burglary at a vacant home on August 7, 2013. Based on his training and experience,
he knew that if people are in a vacant house, almost certainly “they are scrapping.” Therefore,
instead of reporting to the scene, he typically went to nearby scrap yards to see if anyone
appeared with items to sell as scrap. He obtained a description of the alleged perpetrators, their
white bucket, and their car, including the license plate number. Around 12:45 p.m., Officer
Armstead saw a car with the reported license plate number parked at a scrap yard approximately
four or five miles from 1029 Dietz. He asked an employee whose car that was. The employee
pointed to two men in the garage. Upon entering the garage, he saw two men fitting the
description of the perpetrators using a sledge hammer to break off fittings from some copper
pipes. He was not sure which of the men wielded the sledge hammer. A large white pail with
more copper in it was sitting nearby.
{¶18} Officer Armstead spoke with his brother, Officer Patrick Armstead who had gone
to the vacant house and reported that plumbing had been pinched off and removed. Officer
Brian Armstead testified that the copper pipes at the scrap yard had freshly cut and pinched ends.
The police arrested Laughlin and the other white man with him.
{¶19} Reviewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the State, this Court
concludes that any rational trier of fact could have found that the essential elements of the charge
of criminal trespass were proved beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d at
paragraph two of the syllabus. The State presented evidence that Laughlin was one of two men
who drove onto the premises of 1029 Dietz Avenue. A neighbor identified two men other than
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Laughlin and his companion as the most recent residents of the house. Witnesses testified that
notices of condemnation had been posted on the house, although they had been removed as of
the morning of August 7, 2013. There was evidence that the car in which Laughlin and a
companion were occupants had been on the property two days earlier when the signs were still
posted. Evidence demonstrated that the two men remained on the premises for a short time
before leaving with a large bucket full of copper pipe. The car spotted at the home was found at
a nearby scrap yard about ten minutes later. There was evidence that Laughlin and his
companion were working together to remove fittings from copper pipe when Officer Armstead
entered the garage at the scrap yard. Based on this evidence, the reasonable inference is that
Laughlin was aware that 1029 Dietz was a vacant and condemned property and that he was
without privilege to enter onto the premises. Accordingly, the State presented sufficient
evidence of the crime of criminal trespass, and the trial court properly denied Laughlin’s Crim.R.
29 motion for acquittal.
Manifest weight of the evidence
In determining whether a criminal conviction is against the manifest weight of the
evidence, an appellate court must review the entire record, weigh the evidence
and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses and determine
whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way
and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be
reversed and a new trial ordered.
State v. Otten, 33 Ohio App.3d 339, 340 (9th Dist.1986).
Weight of the evidence concerns the tendency of a greater amount of credible
evidence to support one side of the issue more than the other. Thompkins, 78
Ohio St.3d at 387. Further when reversing a conviction on the basis that it was
against the manifest weight of the evidence, an appellate court sits as a “thirteenth
juror,” and disagrees with the factfinder’s resolution of the conflicting testimony.
Id.
State v. Tucker, 9th Dist. Medina No. 06CA0035-M, 2006-Ohio-6914, at ¶ 5.
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{¶20} This discretionary power should be exercised only in exceptional cases where the
evidence presented weighs heavily in favor of the defendant and against conviction. Thompkins,
78 Ohio St.3d at 387.
{¶21} The bulk of the evidence is recited above. No witness identified Laughlin as one
of the men seen at 1029 Dietz, although he was identified at the scrap yard as one of the two
white men who arrived in a car bearing the license plate number reported by two witnesses who
saw the car at the house. Mr. Reno was not certain whether Laughlin entered 1029 Dietz or
whether he remained with the car. Officer Armstead was not certain whether Laughlin wielded
the sledge hammer in the scrap yard garage, or whether his companion used the hammer as
Laughlin stood nearby observing.
{¶22} A thorough review of the record indicates that this is not the exceptional case
where the evidence weighs heavily in favor of Laughlin. The weight of the evidence supports
the conclusion that Laughlin accompanied another man to the vacant and condemned premised
located at 1029 Dietz. The evidence indicates that he aided his companion in removing copper
pipe from the premises for the purpose of selling it at a scrap yard, and that he was not privileged
to enter the land for that or any other purpose. Nevertheless, he entered the land on August 7,
2013, despite those restrictions. Accordingly, Laughlin’s conviction for criminal trespass is not
against the manifest weight of the evidence.
{¶23} Laughlin’s first and second assignments of error are overruled.
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ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR III
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT GAVE A JURY INSTRUCTION ON
THE LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSE OF CRIMINAL TRESPASS.
{¶24} Laughlin argues that the trial court erred by instructing the jury on the lesser
included offense of criminal trespass because there was insufficient evidence to prove all
essential elements of the lesser included offense. This Court disagrees.
{¶25} Laughlin concedes that criminal trespass is a lesser included offense of breaking
and entering. This Court agrees. See State v. Shawhan, 9th Dist. Summit No. 24244, 2009-
Ohio-1986.
{¶26} The test for determining whether an instruction on a lesser included offense is
warranted is “where the evidence presented at trial would reasonably support both an acquittal on
the crime charged and a conviction on the lesser-included offense.” State v. Carter, 89 Ohio
St.3d 593, 600 (2000). Here, Laughlin confines his assignment of error to the argument that the
trial court erred in instructing on the lesser included offense of criminal trespass only because
there was insufficient evidence to support a conviction for that offense. As we concluded above,
the State presented sufficient evidence to establish the essential elements of the offense of
criminal trespass. Laughlin’s third assignment of error is overruled.
III.
{¶27} Laughlin’s assignments of error are overruled. The judgment of the Summit
County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
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We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common
Pleas, County of Summit, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy
of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.
Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of
judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the
period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is
instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the
mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.
Costs taxed to Appellant.
DONNA J. CARR
FOR THE COURT
BELFANCE, P. J.
MOORE, J.
CONCUR.
APPEARANCES:
T. KINSEY MCINTURF, Attorney at Law, for Appellant.
SHERRI BEVAN WALSH, Prosecuting Attorney, and HEAVEN DIMARTINO, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee.