The opinion
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
SS Next Friend of Minor LM, DS Next Friend of FOR PUBLICATION
Minor SD, MJ Next Friend of Minor MS, DC Next November 6, 2014
Friend of LB, TF Next Friend of Minors DF, ID,
and FC, LH Next Friend of Minor CM,
Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v Nos. 317071; 317072
Wayne Circuit Court
STATE OF MICHIGAN, STATE BOARD OF LC No. 12-009231-CZ
EDUCATION, DEPARTMENT OF
EDUCATION, and STATE SUPERINTENDENT
OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION,
Defendants-Appellants,
and
HIGHLAND PARK SCHOOL DISTRICT,
HIGHLAND PARK SCHOOL DISTRICT
EMERGENCY MANAGER, HIGHLAND PARK
PUBLIC SCHOOL ACADEMY SYSTEM, and
LEONA GROUP, L.L.C.,
Defendants.
SS Next Friend of Minor LM, DS Next Friend of
Minor SD, MJ Next Friend of Minor MS, DC Next
Friend of LB, TF Next Friend of Minors DF, ID,
and FC, and LH Next Friend of Minor CM,
Plaintiffs-Appellees,
v No. 317073
Wayne Circuit Court
LC No. 12-009231-CZ
-1-
STATE OF MICHIGAN, STATE BOARD OF
EDUCATION, DEPARTMENT OF
EDUCATION, STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF
PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, HIGHLAND PARK
PUBLIC SCHOOL ACADEMY SYSTEM, and
LEONA GROUP, L.L.C.,
Defendants,
and
HIGHLAND PARK SCHOOL DISTRICT and
HIGHLAND PARK SCHOOL DISTRICT
EMERGENCY MANAGER,
Defendants-Appellants.
Before: MURRAY, P.J., and JANSEN and SHAPIRO, JJ.
SHAPIRO, J. (dissenting).
In one of the most significant cases of the last century, the United States Supreme Court
declared that, “education is perhaps the most important function of state and local governments.”
Brown v Topeka Bd of Ed, 347 US 483, 493; 74 S Ct 686; 98 L Ed 873 (1954). Nine years after
that decision, the people of this state approved a new Constitution providing that local school
districts “shall” provide an education to all students and that the legislature “shall” maintain and
support such schools. Const 1963, art 8, §§ 1-2. Sadly, my colleagues in the majority have
judicially repealed these provisions with their decision today. They have also, by judicial fiat,
repealed a legislative enactment that requires school districts to take specific action where pupils
fail to attain basic competencies. MCL 380.1278(8).
I reject the majority’s miserly view of the education constitutionally due Michigan’s
children. I agree with the majority that the judiciary is not suited to, and should avoid attempting
to, manage school administration or fine tune educational policy. However, this does not excuse
the majority’s abandonment of our essential judicial roles, that of enforcement of the rule of law
even where the defendants are governmental entities, and of protecting the rights of all those who
live within Michigan’s borders, particularly those, like children, who do not have a voice in the
political process. While the judiciary is not suited to selecting and executing educational policy,
it is suited to determining whether defendants are complying with their constitutional and
statutory duties and ordering them to take timely action to do so.
-2-
I. PLAINTIFFS’ ALLEGATIONS AND THE MAJORITY’S CONCLUSIONS
Plaintiffs, students of defendant Highland Park School District (HPSD), allege that the
government defendants violated their constitutional rights under Const 1963, art 8, §§ 1 and 2,
and violated their own statutory duties under MCL 380.1278(8). Defendants assert that
plaintiffs’ complaint does not state a cause of action. That complaint, as noted by the trial court
in denying defendants’ motion for summary disposition, contains a lengthy list of factual
assertions that can only be fairly described as shocking and which, for purposes of this motion,
we must adopt as true.1 The majority concludes that even if these allegations and other equally
disturbing ones are true, no court may even consider whether the education being provided to the
children of Highland Park fails to meet constitutional and statutory requirements.
A few of the more disturbing accusations are as follows:
• There are 973 students enrolled in the HPSD;
• 65% of fourth grade students tested below “proficient” on the Michigan Educational
Assessment Program (MEAP) Reading test and 87% scored below “proficient” on the
MEAP math test;2
• 75% of seventh grade students scored below “proficient” on the MEAP Reading test and
93% scored below “proficient” on the MEAP Math test;
• At the high school level, 90% of students failed the Michigan Merit Examination3
Reading test; 97% failed the Math test; 94% failed the Writing test; 100% failed the
Social Studies test; 100% failed the Science test;
• A lack of textbooks exists such that students are rarely able to take home textbooks;
• Many classrooms have inadequate heat or no heat at all;
• School buildings are unsecured such that a homeless man was able to live and sleep in the
facilities without detection by school officials;
• Student files do not contain assessments of grade level performance, current and post
MEAP assessment, counseling records, attendance records, or discipline records;
• By contrast, in the demographically similar school district of Inkster, 98% of students
met reading and math standards on the 2010 MEAP.
1
Waltz v Wyse, 469 Mich 642, 647-648; 677 NW2d 813 (2004) (citation omitted) (“In
determining whether summary disposition was properly granted under MCR 2.116(C)(7), this
Court consider[s] all documentary evidence submitted by the parties, accepting as true the
contents of the complaint unless affidavits or other appropriate documents specifically contradict
them.”). In addition, defendants do not, at least for purposes of this motion, dispute the accuracy
of plaintiffs’ factual allegations.
2
Student performance on the MEAP is calculated to fall in one of four categories: “advanced,”
“proficient,” “partially proficient,” and “not proficient.”
3
This is the final standardized test administered to Michigan students.
-3-
Failing to reference these, or any of the other equally disturbing allegations in plaintiffs’
complaint, the majority reaches the following conclusions: (1) the provision in the Michigan
Constitution that guarantees that every school district “shall provide for the education of pupils,”
Const 1963, art 8, § 2, has neither meaning nor effect and that no level of failure by a school
district to provide these requirements can ever constitute a violation of this provision; (2) the
Michigan Constitution’s provisions in Article 8, Sections 1 and 2 that the state shall “support and
maintain” a system of public schools and that “the means of education shall forever be
encouraged,” are merely “aspirational” and have no force of law; (3) that no child, parent, or
citizen has the authority to seek judicial enforcement of the statutory mandate contained within
MCL 380.1278(8) that non-special education students whose reading level is below grade level
“shall be provided special assistance reasonably expected to enable the pupil to bring his or her
reading skills to grade level within 12 months.”
All of these conclusions are erroneous.
II. CONSTITUTIONAL CLAIMS
Plaintiffs’ constitutional claims arise solely under the education provisions of the 1963
Michigan Constitution. Specifically, plaintiffs’ complaint alleges that defendants have violated
Const 1963, art 8, §§ 1 and 2, which respectively provide:
Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government
and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever
be encouraged.
The legislature shall maintain and support a system of free public
elementary and secondary schools as defined by law. Every school district shall
provide for the education of its pupils without discrimination as to religion, creed,
race, color or national origin.
[Emphasis added.]
By virtue of their employment of the word “shall,” these constitutional provisions are
mandatory and require compliance. See Port Huron v Amoco Oil, Inc, 229 Mich App 616, 631;
583 NW2d 215 (1998) (It is a well-established rule of statutory interpretation that “[w]hile the
word ‘shall’ is generally used to designate a mandatory provision, ‘may’ designates discretion.”).
Nonetheless, the majority dispenses with these constitutional provisions in conclusory fashion
with little, if any, analysis or consideration of the law. Its analysis falters at the very first step,
by relying on the fact that education is not a “fundamental interest” under the equal protection
clause. See Martin Luther King Jr Elementary Sch Children v Mich Bd of Ed, 451 F Supp 1324,
1328 (ED Mich, 1978) (“MLK”).4 While plaintiffs did assert an equal protection claim under
4
In this regard, defendants and the majority rely heavily on MLK, 451 F Supp 1324, a single
federal trial court opinion from 1978. The bulk of MLK involved the application of the federal
equal protection clause, a claim not raised in this case. Id. at 1327-1333. MLK did briefly
address a claim made under Const 1963, art 8, § 2, concluding that it did not guarantee “equal”
-4-
Const 1963, art 1, § 2 before the trial court, that claim is not before this Court in the instant
appeal, rendering the majority’s discussion of equal protection a red herring.5 The sole issue is
whether the plaintiffs have stated a claim that our constitution’s educational provisions have
been violated.
The balance of the majority’s consideration of § 1 is limited to a single conclusory
sentence reading: “Article 8, § 1 merely ‘encourage[s]’ education, but does not mandate it.” The
majority opinion wholly fails to address the considerable body of law in this state and sister
states addressing the scope and import of such a constitutional provision.
As for § 2, the majority ignores the use of the mandatory word “shall” in both its first and
second sentences, applying to the legislature and the relevant school district respectively.6 In so
doing, the majority revises the Constitution’s language so as to conclude that § 2 can never be
violated. In the majority’s view, there are no minimal requirements to “maintain and support.”
Moreover, a school district could provide nothing more than a building for students to sit in but
remain in compliance with this constitutional provision, because, in the words of the majority,
the Constitution leaves to the district “the actual intricacies pertaining to the delivery of specific
educational services.” I might agree with that sentiment if the issue in this case was merely the
“intricacies” of the delivery of educational services. However, that is not the situation before us.
Indeed, I do not believe that any reasonable person, and certainly no reasonable parent, would
conclude that “intricacies” are at issue where, at the HPSD’s high school, 90% of students failed
the Michigan Merit Reading Examination, 97% failed the Math test, 100% failed the Social
Studies test, and 100% failed the Science test. The message the majority sends is that the
mandatory constitutional provision that a school district “shall” provide education is met simply
education to all students. Id. at 1333-1334. It certainly did not define the scope of Const 1963,
art 8, § 2, and, of course, we are not bound by lower court federal opinions. Abela v General
Motors Corp, 469 Mich 603, 606; 677 NW2d 325 (2004).
5
Moreover, even if plaintiffs’ equal protection claim was before this Court, the fact that
education has been held not to be a “fundamental interest” does not, in itself, defeat that claim.
See, e.g., Frame v Nehls, 452 Mich 171, 183; 550 NW2d 739 (1996) (“Unless the [alleged]
discrimination impinges on the exercise of a fundamental right or involves a suspect class, the
inquiry under the Equal Protection Clause is whether the classification is rationally related to a
legitimate governmental purpose.”).
6
In Feaster v Portage Pub Schs, 451 Mich 351, 357; 547 NW2d 328 (1996), the Supreme Court
unanimously reversed the dismissal of a complaint for declaratory and injunctive relief against a
school district based on statutory and constitutional grounds. The Court emphasized that the
statutory employment of the word “shall” in directing action by a school district defeated the
district’s claims that the plaintiff’s requested relief went beyond that provided by the
constitution. Id. at 365. It noted the longstanding policy that school laws are “to be liberally
construed consistent with the public policy of fostering and encouraging free public education[.]”
Id. at 357 (citation omitted).
-5-
by its existence, regardless of whether a single student receives any semblance of an actual
education.
Contrary to the majority in this case, Michigan courts have been willing to address such
questions in the past. In Bond v Ann Arbor Pub Sch Dist, 383 Mich 693, 698-697; 178 NW2d
484 (1970), the plaintiffs attended free public schools, i.e., no tuition was charged. The plaintiffs
nevertheless argued that the modest fee charged by the defendant school district for books and
supplies violated the constitutional requirement that the legislature “maintain and support a
system of free public elementary and secondary schools.” Id. at 697; Const 1963, art 8, § 2. The
trial court dismissed the case for failure to state a claim and the Court of Appeals affirmed. Bond
v Ann Arbor Pub Sch Dist, 18 Mich App 506, 511; 171 NW2d 557 (1969).
Our Supreme Court unanimously reversed. Bond, 383 Mich at 706. It held that “free . . .
public schools” included the free provision of the “necessary elements of any school’s activity,”
alternatively stated as the materials that “are an essential part of a system of free public
elementary and secondary schools.” Id. at 702. Most important for purposes of the instant
appeal is the Court’s statement that, “No education of any value is possible without school
books.” Id, quoting Crowley v Bressler, 41 NYS 2d 441, 445-446; 181 Misc 59 (1943). The
Bond Court’s analysis makes clear that where public educational services fall below some
minimal level, Const 1963, art 8, § 2 has been violated. Where the education provided, like one
without textbooks, is not “of any value,” the state has not met its constitutional obligation.7
In Snyder v Charlotte Pub Sch Dist, 421 Mich 517; 365 NW2d 151 (1984), our Supreme
Court stated in more general terms:
Although public education is not a fundamental right granted by the
federal constitution, it is not merely some governmental benefit which is
indistinguishable from other forms of social welfare legislation. Plyer v Doe, 457
US 202, 221; 102 S Ct 2382; 72 L Ed 2d 786 (1982). See also San Antonio
Independent School Dist v Rodriguez, 411 US 1, 30; 93 S Ct 1278; 36 L Ed 2d 16
(1973). “[E]ducation is perhaps the most important function of state and local
governments.” Brown v Topeka Bd of Ed, 347 US 483, 493; 74 S Ct 686; 98 L
Ed 873 (1954). [Snyder, 421 Mich at 525 (emphasis added).]
The majority quotes the concurrence in Milliken v Green, 390 Mich 389, 406; 212 NW2d
711 (1973) (KAVANAGH and LEVIN, JJ., concurring), for the proposition that “no system of
public schools can provide equality of educational opportunity in all its diverse dimensions[,]”
but gives no credence to the sentence immediately following, which provides: “All that can
properly be expected of the state is that it maintain and support a system of public schools that
furnishes adequate education services to all children.” (Emphasis added). While there is no
constitutional requirement that schools provide an optimal education nor that all services be
7
Even if Bond were read to apply to nothing outside of the provision of textbooks, it is still
applicable to this case as plaintiffs’ complaint alleges that “[t]here is a critical lack of textbooks
in most classrooms.”
-6-
provided with perfect equality, for the educational provisions of our constitution to have any
meaning, schools must provide “adequate educational services to all children.” Id.
Moreover, in Milliken, which concerned a challenge to Michigan’s entire system of
public school funding, id. at 391, the concurrence stated:
We are presented with generalized arguments concerning the nature of
educational opportunity in this State. So that our opinion not be misconstrued, it
is important to note that we are not presented with a concrete claim by either
individual students or by school districts that they are suffering from particular
specified education inadequacies because of deficiencies . . . . Such concrete
claims, when and if raised, will stand or fall on their own merits and not on
account of anything we say here. In short, we are not abandoning the school
children of this State to legislative whim in derogation of any judicially
enforceable right to an education they may have under our Constitution.
[Milliken, 390 Mich at 392-393 (emphasis added).]
In this case, the plaintiff schoolchildren have asked the courts to make good on this commitment
not to abandon them. Unlike Milliken, this case is not one based on “generalized arguments”
about educational opportunity, but rather on objective tests that support the allegation that the
overwhelming majority of students in this district are not receiving a minimally adequate
education. Ironically, in Milliken, the defendant argued that the proper way to demonstrate
denial of a constitutionally required education would be to evaluate the school “in terms of
‘output,’ as measured by pupil accomplishment on certain achievement tests.” Id. at 398. This is
precisely what the instant plaintiffs have done and the testing administered by state law is their
best evidence.
Plaintiffs also cite to several cases from our sister states that have considered this
question and provided helpful analyses.8 A review of these cases demonstrates that my
colleagues stand nearly alone in their conclusions.
The South Carolina Supreme Court, in Abbeville Co Sch Dist v State, 335 SC 58, 63-64;
515 SE2d 535 (1999), considered whether the state’s public school funding scheme violated
either the equal protection clause or the state constitution’s education clause. It found no equal
protection violation, id. at 65, but concluded that the funding scheme violated the state
constitution, id. at 68. The relevant clause closely resembles Const 1963, art 8, § 2, and
provides:
8
The concurrence rejects some of these cases as “not analogous” because they deal with school
funding issues rather than minimal educational quality. I do not see why such a distinction
renders those cases irrelevant to our instant inquiry. If anything, courts should be more hesitant
to review broad funding mechanisms than a particular failure to provide minimal educational
services in a single school district.
-7-
The General Assembly shall provide for the maintenance and support of a
system of free public schools open to all children in the state and shall establish,
organize and support such other public institutions of learning as may be
desirable. [Abbeville Co, 335 SC at 66.]
The trial court in Abbeville had concluded that the language of the provision was non-specific
and that “judicial restraint, separation of powers, and/or the political question doctrine prevented
it from considering this education clause claim.” Id. at 67. The South Carolina Supreme Court
reversed that holding, ruling that the constitutional mandate required the state to “provide
opportunity for each child to receive a minimally adequate education[,]” which it defined as: “1)
the ability to read, write, and speak the English language, and knowledge of mathematics and
physical science; 2) a fundamental knowledge of economic, social, and political systems, and of
history and governmental processes; and 3) academic and vocational skills.” Id. at 68. The court
went on to state:
We recognize that we are not experts in education, and we do not intend to dictate
the programs utilized in our public schools. Instead, we have defined, within
deliberately broad parameters, the outlines of the constitution’s requirement of
minimally adequate education.
Finally, we emphasize that the constitutional duty to ensure the provision
of minimally adequate education to each student in South Carolina rests on the
legislative branch of government. We do not intend by this opinion to suggest to
any party that we will usurp the authority of that branch to determine the way in
which educational opportunities are delivered to the children of our State. We do
not intend the courts of this State to become super-legislatures or super-school
boards. [Id. at 69.]
This holding is consistent with the application of other states’ constitutional provisions similar to
Const 1963, art 8, § 2.
In Lake View Sch Dist No. 25 of Phillips Co v Huckabee, 351 Ark 31; 91 SW3d 472
(2002), the Arkansas Supreme Court held that the legislative and executive branches were in
violation of the state’s constitutional education provision. Id. at 52-53; see Ark Const, art 14,
§ 1. In rejecting a justiciability argument similar to that made in the instant case, the court noted
that, “The State’s argument appears to be that not only are legislative acts presumed to be
constitutional, but that they are per se constitutional and not subject to judicial review.” Id. at 53
(citation omitted).
The high court of New York State, the Court of Appeals, reached the same conclusion.
In Campaign for Fiscal Equity v New York, 86 NY2d 307; 655 NE2d 661 (1995), that court
interpreted New York’s constitutional education provision, which is nearly identical to
Michigan’s and mandates that “[t]he legislature shall provide for the maintenance and support of
a system of free common schools, wherein all the children of this state may be educated.” Id. at
314. The court held that this provision “requires the State to offer all children the opportunity of
a sound basic education . . . . Such an education should consist of the basic literary, calculating,
-8-
and verbal skills necessary to enable children to eventually function productively as civic
participants . . . .” Id. at 316.
In Claremont Sch Dist v Governor, 142 NH 462; 703 A2d 1353 (1997), the New
Hampshire Supreme Court, relying on a constitutional education clause even less specific than
Michigan’s,9 held that “[o]ur society places tremendous value on education. Education provides
the key to individual opportunities for social and economic advancement and forms the
foundation for our democratic institutions and our place in the global economy.” Id. at 472. The
court went on to enumerate several “benchmarks of a constitutionally adequate public education”
and left it to the legislature to meet those benchmarks. Id. at 474-476.
In Tennessee, the state constitutional education clause contains language resembling
Michigan’s, providing:
The State of Tennessee recognizes the inherent value of education and
encourages its support. The General Assembly shall provide for the maintenance,
support and eligibility standards of a system of free public schools. The General
Assembly may establish and support such postsecondary educational institutions,
including public institutions of higher learning, as it determines. [Tenn Const, art
XI, § 12.]
Relying on dictionary definitions of the word “education,” the Tennessee Supreme Court held
that the clause required “that the General Assembly shall maintain and support a system of free
public schools that provides, at least, the opportunity to acquire general knowledge, develop the
powers of reasoning and judgment, and generally prepare students intellectually for a mature
life.” Tenn Small Sch Sys v McWherter, 851 SW2d 139, 150-151 (Tenn, 1993).
Similarly, in Rose v Council for Better Ed, Inc, 790 SW2d 186 (Ky, 1989), the Kentucky
Supreme Court addressed the Kentucky constitutional provision requiring that “The General
Assembly shall, by appropriate legislation, provide for an efficient system of common schools
throughout the State.” Ky Const, § 183. The court found the question justiciable and determined
the school system constitutionally deficient:
[W]e [do not] intend to substitute our judicial authority for the authority and
discretion of the General Assembly. We are, rather, exercising our constitutional
duty in declaring that, when we consider the evidence in the record, and when we
apply the constitutional requirement of Section 183 to that evidence, it is crystal
clear that the General Assembly has fallen short of its duty to enact legislation to
provide for an efficient system of common schools throughout the state. In a
word, the present system of common schools in Kentucky is not an “efficient” one
in our view of the clear mandate of Section 183. The common school system in
Kentucky is constitutionally deficient. [Rose, 790 SW2d at 189.]
9
See NH Const, part II, art LXXXIII.
-9-
In Pauley v Kelly, 162 W Va 672, 689; 255 SE2d 859 (1979), the West Virginia Supreme
Court of Appeals held that their constitution required the state to prepare students for useful
occupations and citizenship including literacy and the “ability to add, subtract, multiply and
divide numbers[.]” Id. at 705-706.
In Seattle Sch Dist No. 1 of King Co v State, 90 Wash 2d 476; 585 P2d 71 (1978), the
Washington Supreme Court interpreted that state’s constitutional education clause, which
provides that “[i]t is the paramount duty of the state to make ample provision for the education of
all children residing within its borders[.]” Wash Const, art IX, § 1. The court held that, under
this clause, “the State’s constitutional duty goes beyond mere reading, writing and arithmetic. It
also embraces board educational opportunities needed in the contemporary setting to equip our
children for their role as citizens and as potential competitors in today’s market as well as in the
market place of ideas.” Seattle Sch Dist No. 1, 90 Wash 2d at 517. The court explained that,
“[t]he constitutional right to have the State ‘make ample provision for the education of all
(resident) children’ would be hollow indeed if the possessor of the right could not compete
adequately in our open political system, in the labor market, or in the market place of ideas.” Id.
at 518.
Given these holdings from our sister states, which favor plaintiffs, it is difficult to see
why the majority finds judicial overreach in addressing whether our constitution’s education
provision is violated when the overwhelming majority of students in the subject district cannot
read or perform mathematics at grade level.
Defendants rely heavily on King v Iowa, 818 NW2d 1 (Iowa, 2012). However, the Iowa
constitutional education clause bears little resemblance to Michigan’s. To recall, the relevant
clauses of our constitution, Const 1963, art 8, §§ 1 and 2, provide:
Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government
and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever
be encouraged.
The legislature shall maintain and support a system of free public
elementary and secondary schools as defined by law. Every school district shall
provide for the education of its pupils without discrimination as to religion, creed,
race, color or national origin.
The relevant clause of the Iowa constitution, by contrast, does not even contain the word
“education.” It reads in relevant part: “The General Assembly shall encourage, by all suitable
means, the promotion of intellectual, scientific, moral, and agricultural improvement.” King, 818
NW2d at 12.10
10
For this reason, King undercuts the concurrence’s conclusion that to hear plaintiffs claim under
Const 1963, art 8, § 2, the judiciary must impermissibly “read into” the Constitution words such
-10-
In King, the Iowa high court referenced its state’s unusual history of rejecting any
constitutional provisions to mandate free public schools, noting that as far back as 1859 “we
reached the conclusion that no aspect of the Iowa Constitution, including the education clause,
authorized the legislature to provide for public schools” and that its constitutional convention
had voted down a proposed amendment to provide for tuition-free schools. Id. at 14-15. Based
on this rather particular constitutional history, the King court concluded that if the Iowa
constitution “did not assure a right to a free public education, it seems untenable to argue that [it]
contained a judicially enforceable right to a free public education with certain minimum
standards of quality.” Id. (emphasis omitted).
Michigan’s constitutional education clause reads very differently that Iowa’s. And, the
other states that have addressed this question have consistently held that a cause of action may be
brought, argued, and that a court may find that the state has failed to satisfy the education clause
of the state’s constitution due to a failure to provide some baseline level of adequacy of
education.11
III. STATUTORY CLAIMS
The majority’s rejection of plaintiffs’ statutory claims against the school district
defendants is even more difficult to understand. MCL 380.1278(8), part of the School Code,
provides:
Excluding special education pupils, pupils having a learning disability,
and pupils with extenuating circumstances as determined by school officials, a
pupil who does not score satisfactorily on the 4th or 7th grade Michigan
as “sufficient,” “adequate,” or “quality” with regard to the education required to be provided to
Michigan’s children. While I agree that it is not the province of the judiciary to add words to the
provisions of the Michigan Constitution, I suggest that it is my colleagues who seek to do so by
adding the words “with no minimal standards of quality” to the requirement that the state and
school districts provide “education.” The word “education” means “the process of training and
developing the knowledge, skill, mind, character, etc., especially by formal schooling; teaching;
training” Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary (2d ed), and plaintiffs assert that a
constitutionally satisfactory “education” has not been provided. In addition, Const 1963, art 8,
§ 2 requires that the legislature maintain and support a system of public education “as defined by
law” and plaintiffs have alleged that in the HPSD, the public education is in violation of state
statute MCL 380.1278(8). Also, given that the concurrence concedes that “no sane individual
would oppose the proposition that Michigan schools should provide a quality education for
all[,]” it is difficult to conclude that providing an “adequate” education was not the intent of the
framers and voters in adopting these constitutional provisions.
11
Moreover, like in Haridopolos v Citizens for Strong Schs, Inc, 81 So 3d 465, 472 (Fla Ct App,
2011), “[t]he present case is, to be sure, distinguishable from King, which featured an attack on
internal legislative processes[.]” There is also no such attack made in the instant case.
Haridopolos also concluded that even if the imposition of a remedy was beyond the court’s role,
the court, at minimum, had jurisdiction to enter a declaratory judgment. Id. at 473.
-11-
educational assessment program [MEAP] reading test shall be provided special
assistance reasonably expected to enable the pupil to bring his or her reading
skills to grade level within 12 months. [Emphasis added.]
Like the previously discussed constitutional provisions, this statute employs the word
“shall,” denoting required compliance on the part of subject school district. See Port Huron, 229
Mich App at 631. Defendants do not appear to dispute that a majority of the relevant fourth
grade non-special education students did not score satisfactorily on the reading test or that an
overwhelming majority of seventh grade students failed to do so as well. Thus, the district
essentially concedes that it has violated the plain terms of the statute.
The majority nevertheless reverses the trial court’s denial of defendant’s motion for
summary disposition, concluding that “it remains to be determined whether the [individual
plaintiffs] are subject to exclusion from additional instruction premised on ‘extenuating
circumstances as determined by school officials.’” The fact that this issue “remains to be
determined” is grounds for affirming the trial court’s denial of summary disposition, not for
reversing it. Moreover, defendants have not alleged or offered any evidence that the students fall
within the exception for “pupils with extenuating circumstances as determined by school
officials.”
The majority also states that, “While the form of additional instruction may be deemed
insufficient given the lack of progress in developing reading proficiency for these students, this
would constitute a separate and distinct claim.” It offers no basis for this statement, likely
because there is none. Essentially, the majority states that if the services provided to these
students are inadequate, it constitutes a “separate and distinct claim.” In fact, that is exactly the
letter and spirit of the claim now before us. To direct these minor plaintiffs, who have litigated
these cases for over two years and are, therefore, two years closer to “graduation,” to start over
with a new case, premised on defendants’ failure to remedy their educational shortcomings,
mocks these children.
The majority further concludes that MCL 380.1278(8) does not provide a private cause of
action. For this principle, it cites only Lash v Traverse City, 479 Mich 180, 194; 735 NW2d 628
(2007), but does not reference that case’s reasoning. Rather, the majority implies that Lash held
that, in the absence of an express statutory authorization of a private cause of action, no statute
can ever give rise to a private cause of action. This is simply false. In Lash, our Supreme Court
held that
when a statute is silent concerning whether a private remedy is available for a
statutory violation, a court may infer a private cause of action “if it determines
that the remedy is appropriate in furtherance of the purpose of the legislation and
needed to assure the effectiveness of the provision . . . .” [Lash, 479 Mich at 192,
quoting Gardner v Wood, 429 Mich 290, 301 n 5; 414 NW2d 706 (1987), quoting
4 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 874A, p 301.]
-12-
That is,
a cause of action could be created to redress a statutory violation where the
purpose of the statute at issue was found to be exclusively or in part (a) to protect
a class of persons which includes the one whose interest is invaded, and (b) to
protect the particular interest which is invaded, and (c) to protect that interest
against the kind of harm which has resulted, and (d) to protect that interest against
the particular hazard from which the harm results. [Lash, 479 Mich at 192-193
(quotation marks, formatting, and citations omitted).]
All of these requirements are plainly met in this case. MCL 380.1278(8) explicitly
defines the class of persons intended to be protected as “[non-special education] pupils who do
not score satisfactorily on the 4th or 7th grade [MEAP] . . . reading test.” The particular interest
is obtaining a minimum level of education that will enable these children to become functioning
members of society. The kind of harm is the denial of the “special assistance reasonably
expected to enable the pupil to bring his or her reading skills to grade level within 12 months.”
The hazard is the failure to provide that assistance.
The majority’s willingness to ignore the statute is particularly odd given the majority’s
repeated assertion that education policy is a matter for the legislature. In enacting MCL
380.1278(8), the legislature set education policy. It is merely a question of whether that policy,
and the statute enacting it, will be enforced by the courts. The majority wrongly declines to do
so.
IV. AVAILABLE RELIEF
In large measure, my colleagues base their dismissal of this case on the grounds that if
plaintiffs were to prevail at trial on either their statutory or constitutional claims, relief may not
be easily fashioned and that some forms of relief may constitute an overextension of judicial
authority. In my view, there is no basis for this concern as to plaintiffs’ statutory claim and any
such concern as to the constitutional claims is both premature and exaggerated.
As to the statutory claim, if plaintiffs were to prevail at trial, the remedy would be
straightforward. Defendants would be ordered to provide the service that is specifically defined
in MCL 380.1278(8). Moreover, contrary to defendant’s argument, a writ of mandamus would
be available to so direct. The statute, using the word “shall” imposes a duty on the district to
provide assistance to the relevant students. I agree that the precise nature of that assistance is left
to the discretion of the district, but “the writ will lie to require a body or an officer charged with
a duty to take action in the matter, notwithstanding the fact that the execution of that duty may
involve some measure of discretion.” Teasel v Dep’t of Mental Health, 419 Mich 390, 410; 355
-13-
NW2d 75 (1984). As defendants have acknowledged in their briefs, “mandamus will lie to
compel the exercise of discretion, but not to compel its exercise in a particular manner.” Id.12
Moreover, like in Teasel, where the relevant statute required not merely any psychiatric
evaluation, but an informed one, 419 Mich at 401; MCL 330.1476, the statute at issue in this
case, MCL 380.1278(8), mandates a standard for the “special assistance” that must be provided,
namely that the assistance must be “reasonably expected” to fulfill the statutory goal of bringing
students to grade reading level within 12 months. As our Supreme Court has repeatedly held,
“reasonably expected” is a term of art that denotes an objective standard. See Krohn v Home-
Owners Ins Co, 490 Mich 145, 163; 802 NW2d 281 (2011); Allstate Ins Co v McCarn, 471 Mich
283, 290; 683 NW2d 656 (2004). Indeed, in other instances that called for a “reasonableness”
determination, the Supreme Court found mandamus an appropriate remedy. See, e.g. Hering v
Royal Oak, 326 Mich 232, 237; 40 NW2d 133 (1949); Employees & Judges of Second Judicial
Dist Ct v Hillsdale Co, 423 Mich 705, 702; 378 NW2d 744 (1984).
Defendants essentially argue that they are above the law. They claim to possess the
authority to violate a statutory mandate and that no action may be taken in the courts to enforce
that statute. This is precisely the situation that Justice Ryan cautioned against in Teasel:
The [mandamus] power [of the judiciary] is not one to create a duty where none
existed before or to mandate action where the decision whether to act is
discretionary. Rather, the power is the constitutional power of a circuit court to
direct, upon complaint of an aggrieved party, that a duty imposed by law upon the
executive department of the government to make a decision according to
legislatively established criteria be carried out. Were it otherwise, our citizens
would be powerless to compel their public servants to conduct the business of
government—to make a decision, whether good or bad, but some decision, based
upon the legislatively established criteria where the duty to make a decision is
clear. [Teasel, 419 Mich at 412.]
In this case, plaintiffs allege that defendants have violated a statutory mandate, i.e., that they
“shall” provide “special assistance” to students that fail the fourth or seventh grade MEAP
reading test. While the precise nature of that required assistance remains discretionary, the
government entity may not use that discretion as an excuse to simply take no action at all. In
other words, a government entity may not wholly avoid compliance with a statutory mandate on
the grounds that it retains some discretion as to the particular method of compliance.
12
In Teasel, the plaintiff moved the court for a return to a state mental hospital, arguing that he
was entitled to treatment and had been dismissed without the statutorily-required evaluation.
Teasel, 419 Mich at 397-398. Writing for a unanimous Court, Justice Ryan clearly articulated
the scope of mandamus in a case such as that before us. He explained that while the ultimate
action chosen by a governmental agent or entity may remain discretionary and, therefore, beyond
mandamus, a court does possess jurisdiction to direct that governmental agent or entity to
exercise its discretion and to do so in accordance with the applicable statutory standards. Id. at
414-416.
-14-
I agree with my colleagues that defining a judicial remedy for the constitutional claim,
should it be shown to be meritorious, may pose challenges. However, it is likely that a judicially
crafted remedy would not be necessary. The parties may, and I believe likely would, design a
remedy to which they can agree. If that does not occur, the question of remedy can be referred to
the legislative branch for first consideration. Many state courts that have ruled in favor of
plaintiffs in claims like the one now before us have declared the status quo unconstitutional and,
rather than attempting to define what must be done, have simply directed the legislative or
executive branch to adopt remedial action of their own choice and design. See Claremont Sch
Dist v Governor, 143 NH 154, 158; 725 A2d 648 (1998); Sheff v O’Neill, 238 Conn 1, 3-4; 678
A2d 1267 (1996) (court granted plaintiffs’ request for declaratory relief but stayed imposition of
any judicially crafted remedy to afford the legislature an opportunity to act); Bingham v
Vermont, 166 Vt 246, 269; 692 A2d 384 (1997) (declaratory relief granted; jurisdiction retained
until remedial legislation could be enacted); McDuffy v Secretary of Executive Office of Edu, 415
Mass 545; 614 NE2d 516 (1993); Rose, 790 SW2d at 215-216 (holding that the legislature failed
to fulfill constitutional duties to provide for an efficient system of public schools, but
withholding finality of the decision until 90 days after the adjournment of the legislative
session).13
Most important, I reject the majority’s view that the possibility that such challenges
might be faced if and when plaintiffs prove their case is grounds to not hear their case at all. It is
the very rare case in which the judiciary is able to impose a perfect remedy: the issuance of a
personal protection order does not automatically insulate an individual from further harassment,
the imprisonment of a convicted murderer does not bring the victim back to the life or heal her
loved ones, and civil judgments often fail to make the prevailing party whole. In sum, the role of
the court is to determine the rights of the parties under the rule of law and, based on that
determination, fashion a reasonable, albeit often imperfect, remedy in cases where the parties
cannot agree upon one. In that respect, this case is no different than many others that come
before our courts.
13
My colleagues suggest that the only available solution for these children is “political,” i.e., for
the voters of Highland Park to elect a “better” school board. However, as the discussed cases
demonstrate, even if the question of remedy is later found to exceed judicial capabilities, it is
well within the purview of the judiciary to declare the status quo unlawful and refer the
determination of remedy to the political branches.
-15-
At minimum, it is clear that a declaratory judgment14 finding that the status quo is in
violation of Const 1963, art 8, §§ 1-2 and/or MCL 380.1278(8), or an injunction directing
compliance with those laws, is well within the judiciary’s purview. Indeed, such action, if
merited, is required by our constitutional role as a check and balance on the other branches. As
Justice Hugo Black observed: “[T]he judiciary was made independent because it has . . . the
primary responsibility and duty of giving force and effect to constitutional liberties and
limitations upon the executive and legislative branches.” Black, The Bill of Rights, 35 NYU L
Rev 865, 870 (1960).
V. CONCLUSION
My colleagues offer kindly worded sympathy to the children whose futures are in
jeopardy through no fault of their own. But, the schoolchildren who brought this claim are not
requesting this Court’s sympathy. They are asking that we allow their case to be heard.
The ultimate resolution of this case, if allowed to be heard, cannot now be known.
Defendants may prevail on the merits. The parties may agree on a remedy or, after trial, the trial
court may impose a remedy from which none of the parties appeals. Whether a remedy is
imposed and, if so, whether it is proper, is a question that we should not, and may not, determine
at this stage of the case. Most important, the mere existence of that question should not lead us
to refuse to hear the case altogether.
I wish to stress that I do not assert that this Court should now conclude whether the state
and school district are in violation of either statutory or constitutional standards. However, I do
assert, consistent with precedent, that this is a justiciable matter, states a claim, and that a trial
court, after hearing the relevant proofs, may render a decision subject to appellate review.
Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.
/s/ Douglas B. Shapiro
14
The majority opinion fails to substantively discuss plaintiffs’ request for declaratory relief
despite the fact that the trial court declined to dismiss that claim and the complaint and amended
complaint each request that “this Court . . . [d]eclare as unconstitutional Defendants’ violation of
Plaintiffs’ rights as pursuant to MCL 380.1278(8) . . . [and] declare as unconstitutional
Defendants’ violation of Plaintiffs’ rights under Article 8, Sections 1 and 2 of the Michigan
Constitution; [and] declare as unconstitutional Defendants’ violations of Plaintiffs’ rights under
Article 1, Section 2 of the Michigan Constitution.” I believe the majority’s cursory treatment of
this claim insufficient to support its summary dismissal.
-16-