Hawkins, D. v. Hawkins, J.

J-A25018-14

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

DONNA IEZZI HAWKINS IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

Appellant

v.

JOSEPH HAWKINS

Appellee No. 494 EDA 2014

Appeal from the Order of January 21, 2014

In the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County

Civil Division at No.: 07-3259

BEFORE: DONOHUE, J., WECHT, J., and PLATT, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY WECHT, J.: FILED NOVEMBER 03, 2014

Donna Iezzi Hawkins (“Wife”) appeals the January 21, 2014 order that

disposed of the parties’ economic claims arising from their divorce. After

review, we are constrained to vacate the order of the learned trial court, and

we remand for further proceedings.

Wife and Joseph Hawkins (“Husband”) married on October 20, 1979.

On March 27, 2007, Wife filed a complaint in divorce. The date of separation

was December 31, 2003. On March 26, 2010, Wife filed a petition for

bifurcation that the trial court ultimately granted. On December 15, 2010,

the divorce decree entered. A master was assigned to hear the equitable

distribution matter, but retired before reaching a determination. Trial Court

____________________________________________

*

Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

J-A25018-14

Opinion (“T.C.O.”), 3/26/2014, at 2. On November 27, 2013, the trial court

held a hearing on the parties’ economic claims.

The trial court made the following findings of fact and conclusions of

law:

[Wife] is currently 56 years of age and currently resides [in

Wilmington, Delaware]. [Husband] is currently 64 years of age

and currently resides [in Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania].

The parties . . . have one emancipated child, Alicia . . . . Wife

also has a son from her previous marriage[, Brian,] who was

adopted by Husband and is also emancipated.

Wife is employed as an Office Manager at the University of

Pennsylvania and has held that position since 1992. Wife

receives “good benefits” from the University of Pennsylvania and

her present gross salary is $54,000. In addition, Wife holds a

Bachelors of Arts degree from the University of Pennsylvania

which she received during the parties’ marriage.

Since the December 14, 2010 divorce, Wife has remarried and

purchased a home with her new husband who has a background

as an accountant. Wife testified that her current household

income is approximately $150,000. This Court also heard

credible testimony that Wife is in excellent health.

Husband was employed with Sunoco during the parties’ marriage

and continued post[-]separation until retiring at age 55.

Husband testified that he was effectively forced into retirement

in December of 2005 after Sunoco lowered his grade level by

two grades. Husband received an incentive package for

retirement from Sunoco and has been unable to secure suitable

employment since. . . . Husband is not in good health as he

suffers from arthritis. Husband has little prospect of meaningful

employment in the future.

* * *

Husband has helped the parties’ daughter, Alicia, pay for her

college tuition and loans. After separation Husband took over

four (4) Sallie Mae loans on behalf of Alicia. This Court notes

that Alicia attends college at the University of Pennsylvania and

-2-

J-A25018-14

since her mother (Wife) is an employee there, 75% of daughter’s

tuition is paid by the University. This Court heard testimony that

Husband has paid $55,000 of daughter’s college loans/tuition to

date and that the present amount owed on those loans is

$57,223.02. In addition Husband pays $1,400 per month

toward the college loans/tuition for the daughter.

The marital residence was sold after Wife filed her Complaint in

Divorce and the proceeds were placed in an escrow account.

During the Equitable Distribution Trial, [W]ife called Kenneth

Biddick to testify with respect to the present day valuations of

the marital estate, including the parties’ retirement accounts and

plans, stocks, bank accounts, and life insurance cash values. Mr.

Biddick was qualified by this Court as an expert in forensic

accounting. Mr. Biddick testified to the appreciated and

accumulated values, dividends, distributions, loans, and referred

generally to stocks sometime dividing and advised the Court that

he relied on Wife’s new husband (who is also an accountant) to

provide him with the documents and information upon which he

reached his conclusions and testified to in open Court.

This Court heard extensive testimony that both Husband and

Wife had and still have numerous retirement accounts and

pensions. Husband and Wife disagree about the date the Court

should use to value the various retirement accounts and

pensions. Husband submitted to the Court that the particular

facts and circumstances, supported by the prevailing case law

requires a date of separation value, and Wife argues that the

prevailing case law requires a date of distribution value.

There is no disagreement between the parties regarding the date

of separation, December 31, 2003, and the value of the various

retirement and pension plans as of that date. There is also no

disagreement that the various retirement accounts/pensions had

had significant withdrawals by both parties since December 31,

2003. Since the December 31, 2003 date of separation, both

parties have relied upon and withdrawn, on multiple occasions,

substantial amounts from the retirement funds, with each party

assuming their own tax consequences for the early withdrawal.

Wife testified that she withdrew $97,000 from her retirement

funds for living expenses for herself and her new husband as

well as legal expenses. Husband was permitted, by a Court

Order signed by Judge Cartisano on November 15, 2010, to

withdraw up to $60,000 annually from his Sunoco Vanguard

-3-

J-A25018-14

retirement account. Husband testified to withdrawing a total of

$135,000 from his retirement accounts to assist with his living

and medical insurance expenses since he was laid off from

Sunoco in December of 2005.

The Court was provided with some testimony, based upon Mr.

Biddick’s extrapolation as to the value of this account and the

monthly amount that Wife should receive upon her retirement.

This Court again has concerns, with the methods and

documentation, or lack thereof, used by Wife’s expert to reach

the total and monthly amount that will be provided to Wife upon

her retirement from the University of Pennsylvania.

Based upon the Divorce Code and the current case law, this

Court determined that Wife’s Retirement Allowance Plan from

the University of Pennsylvania is considered marital property by

this Court.

This Court was also asked to equitably divide the Sunoco wage

continuation severance pay,[1] which was provided to Husband

upon his retirement from Sunoco in December of 2005. This

retirement/severance package . . . consisted of Husband’s wage

continuation and his unused vacation days and it was provided

to [H]usband upon his retirement in December of 2005. Based

upon the Divorce Code and the current case law this Court

further determined that Husband’s wage continuation and

severance pay, that included unused vacation days, will not be

. . . considered marital property by this Court and is not

considered a marital asset as it is post[-]separation income for

Husband.

T.C.O. at 4-8 (citations to record omitted).

On January 21, 2014, the trial court filed its equitable distribution

order. In that order, the trial court reasserted its misgivings regarding

Wife’s expert’s testimony given the lack of testimony about methodology,

____________________________________________

1

Wife characterizes this payment as severance pay. Husband calls it a

wage continuation. For ease of reference, we use “severance pay.”

-4-

J-A25018-14

lack of supporting documentation, and the expert’s reliance upon the work

product of Wife’s husband. Order, 1/21/2014, at 6, 8. The court found that

there was no marital debt. Id. at 16. The court also determined that the

date of separation value for the retirement/pension funds should be used

because both parties had made withdrawals from the funds post-separation

and the expert testimony about current value was too speculative to support

date of distribution values. Id. at 17-18. The court ordered a 50/50

distribution scheme of assets as of the date of separation. Id. at 23-27.

On February 4, 2014, Wife timely filed a notice of appeal. On February

7, 2014, the trial court ordered Wife to file a concise statement of errors

complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). Wife timely

complied. On March 26, 2014, the trial court filed its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)

opinion.

Wife raises four issues for our review:

1. The Trial Court abused its discretion and misapplied the

existing law in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in

choosing the valuation date for marital property as the date

of separation (December 1, 2003) as opposed to the

preferred valuation date being the date of distribution. Said

determination awarded to [Husband] all appreciation in the

marital property and accounts over the intervening time

period of the separation which acts as a windfall for

[Husband].

2. The Trial Court erred in choosing the separation date versus

the date of distribution for valuing assets as the law applied

by the Trial Court related to closely held businesses/

corporations controlled by one party as opposed to marital

assets such as savings, retirements, pension, real estate, etc.

-5-

J-A25018-14

3. The Trial Court erred and committed an abuse of discretion in

determining the value of [Husband’s] lump sum pension

payment from Sunoco and therefore, failed to apply a

coverture fraction which would have established the marital

portion of [Husband’s] Sunoco retirement.

4. The Trial Court erred and committed an abuse of discretion

when it determined that [Husband’s] severance pay package,

which was based upon years of service while the parties were

married and residing together, was not a marital asset

subject to being apportioned for marital property purposes by

applying a coverture fraction to the sum received less unused

vacation days which [Husband] had accumulated after the

parties separated.

Wife’s Brief at 3.

Our standard of review in assessing the propriety of a marital

property distribution is whether the trial court abused its

discretion by a misapplication of the law or failure to follow

proper legal procedure. An abuse of discretion is not found

lightly, but only upon a showing of clear and convincing

evidence.

When reviewing an award of equitable distribution, we measure

the circumstances of the case against the objective of

effectuating economic justice between the parties and achieving

a just determination of their property rights.

Smith v. Smith, 904 A.2d 15, 18 (Pa. Super. 2006) (citations and quotation

marks omitted).

Wife’s first two issues challenge the trial court’s use of the date of

separation for valuing assets. Wife contends that the trial court erred in

using the date of separation value for the marital assets because it provides

a windfall to Husband in the appreciation of the assets. Wife also argues

that the case law that the trial court relied upon in deciding to use the date

of separation value was inapposite. Wife’s Brief at 9-13.

-6-

J-A25018-14

Husband responds that the case law supports the proposition that the

trial court has broad discretion to use either date of separation or

distribution based upon what economic justice in the particular

circumstances requires. Husband contends that the trial court considered all

of the appropriate factors in deciding to use the date of separation values

and the 50/50 distribution. Husband’s Brief at 6-14.

The trial court explained that, while the date of distribution ordinarily

is preferred, a date of separation valuation worked better economic justice

for these parties. T.C.O. at 10. The trial court stated that case law supports

its application of the date of separation values to the parties’ retirement and

bank accounts. Id. at 11. Because Husband and Wife each withdrew

substantial amounts from their respective retirement accounts between

separation and distribution, and because the accounts were subject to

market forces, the trial court found that date of distribution valuations were

too speculative to be reliable. Further, the court determined that using date

of distribution values would result in a windfall to Wife and would be unjust

for Husband. Id. at 12.

We have confronted the date of valuation issue on prior occasions. In

Sergi, we identified the various problems that can arise in choosing

valuation dates. Sergi v. Sergi, 506 A.2d 928, 931 (Pa. Super. 1986). We

stated that using date of separation valuations could result in a distribution

using stale data or could neglect to consider appreciation or depreciation of

assets. However, we also noted that using date of distribution valuations

-7-

J-A25018-14

would fail to account for assets that were consumed during the pendency of

the divorce and would allow a party to avoid including a marital asset in

distribution. Ultimately, we concluded that:

[W]e do not attempt at this time to establish a valuation to be

used in every situation. To recognize a specific valuation date as

a matter of law would deprive the trial court of the necessary

discretion required to effectuate economic justice.

Sergi, 506 A.2d at 932.

Since Sergi, we have upheld trial court decisions that have used date

of distribution valuations, as well as decisions that have used date of

separation valuations; these affirmances relied upon the fact that the trial

court provided a sufficient rationale for its decision. See, e.g., Diamond v.

Diamond, 519 A.2d 1012, 1017 (Pa. Super. 1987) (using date of separation

for land that was improved by the husband’s post-separation efforts); Bold

v. Bold, 516 A.2d 741, 745 (Pa. Super. 1986) (using date of distribution

when new appraisal was more credible and there was no evidence of waste

or dissipation). Recognizing that the Divorce Code provided no express

valuation date, our Supreme Court has held that, in the usual case, a

valuation date close to distribution should be used. Sutliff v. Sutliff, 543

A.2d 534, 536 (Pa. 1988). Acknowledging that preference, we also have

noted that there were factual situations, such as when one spouse consumes

or dissipates an asset or when one party during separation has control of the

fate of an asset, such as a closely held business, where date of separation

-8-

J-A25018-14

values may be more appropriate. Smith v. Smith, 653 A.2d 1259, 1270-71

(Pa. Super. 1995).

Based upon this case law, we reject Wife’s contention that the trial

court applied inapposite decisional law. Here, the trial court aptly

recognized that it must determine the date of valuation within the context of

the overarching goal of working economic justice between the parties. The

trial court found that the date of distribution values provided were based

upon conjecture and that their use would result in a windfall to Wife. The

trial court appropriately considered that Husband is older, in worse health,

and has less of an opportunity to acquire assets than Wife, among the other

factors, in equitably dividing the marital estate. We cannot say that the trial

court abused its discretion in doing so.

Wife next challenges the trial court’s valuation of Husband’s lump sum

pension payment. Wife argues that, upon his retirement, Husband received

his pension as a lump-sum pay-out. Wife asserts that, because the lump

sum was Husband’s pension, which was based upon his years of service, a

coverture fraction should have been applied to the lump sum to determine

what portion of it was marital property. Wife’s Brief at 14-17.

The trial court stated that a coverture fraction is only applied when it is

necessary to determine what portion of a pension or retirement plan is

marital property. T.C.O. at 13. The trial court found application of a

coverture fraction to be unnecessary because the pension started after the

date of marriage and the trial court used the date of separation as the

-9-

J-A25018-14

valuation date. Therefore, the trial court concluded that the entire amount

was marital. T.C.O. at 14.

Wife’s expert Kenneth Biddick testified that Husband received a lump

sum payment for his retirement. According to Mr. Biddick, that included a

lump sum from Sun Ship and a lump sum from Sunoco. Notes of Testimony

(“N.T.”), 11/27/2013, at 97-100. Husband disputed this characterization of

his retirement. Husband admitted that he received a lump sum in 2005

when he retired and that he put that money into a Merrill Lynch account.

Id. at 312. However, Husband asserted that Wife’s expert double-counted a

Sun Ship pension that had merged into the amount from Sunoco when he

transferred jobs and that there were not two separate lump sums. Id. at

309. Husband also provided documentation showing the lump sum that he

would have received as of the date of separation. Id. at 310 (citing Exh. D-

3).

There are two issues here. The first is whether the pension, or a

portion of the pension, is a marital asset and the second is how it should be

distributed. Wife concentrates her argument on the first issue. Courts have

struggled to define what portion of a pension is marital, and specifically, how

to treat post-separation enhancements to that pension. See Smith v.

Smith, 938 A.2d 246, 253-57 (Pa. 2007) (detailing the history of

Pennsylvania Supreme Court cases and split decisions addressing the issue).

In Meyer, our Supreme Court held that increased pension benefits that were

based solely upon years of service were to be included in the marital estate

- 10 -

J-A25018-14

and were subject to a coverture fraction. Meyer v. Meyer, 749 A.2d 917,

919 (Pa. 2000). The Smith Court noted that post-separation enhancements

to a pension were generally marital property, but that the General Assembly

had specifically carved out those enhancements “arising from postseparation

monetary contributions made by the employee spouse.” Smith, 938 A.2d at

259. However, enhancements resulting “merely from continued

employment, such as supplemental retirement income, [and] bonus

inducements,” were marital property. Id. Following Smith, we addressed

whether cost of living adjustments to a pension were marital property. See

MacDougall v. MacDougall, 49 A.3d 890, 894 (Pa. Super. 2012). Finding

that the adjustments were automatic, based upon the husband’s years of

service and accrued without the husband’s effort or contribution, we

determined that they were marital property. Id. at 894, 896.

Wife’s arguments are correct. However, they are unavailing. The trial

court found that the entire pension was marital property. Order, 1/21/2014,

at 10. Because the entire pension was marital, there was no need to apply a

coverture fraction. Wife’s actual argument is not that the court excluded

part of the pension as non-marital, but that the court distributed more of the

pension to Husband. Wife received half of the pension’s value as of the date

of separation. Id. at 24. It is undisputed that the pension’s value grew

after that date. However, the trial court found that the equities of the case

required it to award that growth to Husband. Id. at 17. The trial court

considered the age and employment opportunities of the parties, their

- 11 -

J-A25018-14

health, their respective household incomes, and the other factors as required

by 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 3502(a). Id. at 3-5, 17. The record supports those

findings, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in making such an

award.

Wife’s final issue raises a similar challenge. Wife argues that the

severance pay that Husband received should have been deemed a marital

asset because it was based upon Husband’s years of service. Wife concedes

that part of this severance was based upon Husband’s unused vacation days

and that that portion is not marital. Wife’s Brief at 18-20. Husband

contends that the severance pay was earned after separation and should not

be included in the marital estate. Husband’s Brief at 20.

We confronted a similar issue in Gordon v. Gordon, 647 A.2d 530

(Pa. Super. 1994) (“Gordon I”).2 In Gordon I, the husband was offered an

incentive to retire early. Id. at 538. Because this offer was unexpected and

not a planned benefit available during the husband’s employment, and

because it was not a result of the husband’s continued employment, we

determined that the incentive plan was not marital property. Id. at 539. A

divided Supreme Court affirmed based upon the rationale that the date of

____________________________________________

2

Our Supreme Court reversed Gordon I on the other issue raised

before the Court, i.e., what date should be used for valuing the marital

potion of the defined benefit plan. Gordon v. Gordon, 681 A.2d 732 (Pa.

1996). However, an equally divided court affirmed on the issue of whether

the retirement incentive benefits were marital. Id. at 739 (Castille, J.

concurring & dissenting, joined by Zappala & Nigro, JJ.).

- 12 -

J-A25018-14

accrual of the benefits should determine whether the property was marital.

Gordon v. Gordon, 681 A.2d 732, 739 (Pa. 1996) (Castille, J. concurring &

dissenting) (“Gordon II”).

After Gordon I, we focused upon whether the benefits had been

expected by the parties.

This court has been forced to ascertain what types of increases

may or may not qualify as marital property. For example, post-

separation incentives and bonuses, although based on years of

service, are not marital property. Gordon I, 647 A.2d at 538–

39. See also LaBuda v. LaBuda, 503 A.2d 971 (Pa. Super.

1986), alloc. denied, 524 A.2d 494 (Pa. 1987) (participant

spouse accepted a post-separation early retirement incentive;

because the right to receive the bonus did not accrue prior to the

parties’ separation, the bonus could not be considered part of

the marital estate). Unlike basic pension benefits, which are

planned and contemplated throughout service, incentive plans

are not anticipated and not occasioned by continued

employment. Gordon I, 647 A.2d at 539.

The pension enhancement in this case, as opposed to the

retirement plan in Gordon I, was part of the benefits package

in place throughout the marriage. It was not an unanticipated

incentive or a bonus offered post-separation. Rather, the

enhancement amounted to deferred compensation. As such, we

conclude that it is marital property subject to equitable

distribution

Brown v. Brown, 669 A.2d 969, 974-75 (Pa. Super. 1995) (citations

modified).

However, the Smith Court noted that, in 2004, the General Assembly

modified the Divorce Code to address distribution of defined benefit plans,

by adding subsection (c) to 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 3501. Smith, 938 A.2d at 257.

The comment to the rule states that it was intended to “codify the result

- 13 -

J-A25018-14

reached by Justices Flaherty, Cappy and Newman regarding the

postseparation retirement enhancements in Gordon [II].” 23 Pa.C.S.A.

§ 3501, cmt. “The justices listed above opined that since no present efforts

or contributions of the employee spouse were required to receive the

supplemental retirement income and bonus inducements, they were

includable in the marital estate.” Id. While not addressing early retirement

incentives, the Smith Court concluded that the only post-separation

enhancements to be excluded are those that represent the employee

spouse’s monetary contribution. Smith, 938 A.2d at 259. In MacDougall,

we adopted the methodology of Smith, holding that the determinative factor

was whether the increases were automatic or due to the spouse’s

contributions. MacDougall, 49 A.3d at 894.

Instantly, the trial court relied upon Gordon I and Labuda for the

proposition that the time of the accrual of the benefit was the controlling

factor. T.C.O. at 15. While neither case has been explicitly overruled, “we

must defer to the legislature as the policy making body.” Smith, 938 A.2d

at 258. The General Assembly clearly rejected the methodology of Gordon

I. See 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 3501, cmt.

Husband testified that he was offered “wage continuation” to retire.

N.T. at 300. Husband received the equivalent of four weeks’ pay each

month for fourteen and one–half months. Id. at 339. Husband testified

that the amount was based upon his years of service. Id. at 340-41.

- 14 -

J-A25018-14

However, Husband could not remember the amount that he received. Id. at

347-48.

Here, based upon the limited testimony, the severance pay was not

due to any efforts or contributions from Husband. Instead, it was based

upon his years of service. Therefore, pursuant to Smith and section 3501,

the severance pay was marital and is subject to a coverture fraction because

it was based upon Husband’s entire time in service, including some years

after separation. The trial court erred in concluding that this pay was not

marital property.

Because the record is sparse regarding the severance pay, the trial

court may need to take additional evidence to determine the value of that

severance pay and to divide it equitably. Because the inclusion of this

additional asset may disturb the trial court’s distribution scheme, we vacate

the January 21, 2014 order to allow the court to divide the marital estate in

the manner it deems required to achieve economic justice.

Order vacated. Case remanded for further proceedings. Jurisdiction

relinquished.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 11/3/2014

- 15 -