The opinion
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
Assigned on Briefs May 21, 2014
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. JAMES WILLIAM TAWATER
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Robertson County
No. 74CC22012CR621 Michael R. Jones, Judge
No. M2013-02126-CCA-R3-CD - Filed September 29, 2014
Defendant, James William Tawater, was indicted for one count of Class D felony theft of
property of $1,000.00 or more in value. A jury found him guilty as charged. The trial court
imposed a sentence of six years as a Range II multiple offender. The manner of service of
the sentence was ordered to be an alternative sentence of probation, served by split
confinement pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-306, with one year to be
served in the county jail followed by five years of probation under the supervision of
Community Corrections. Defendant presents three issues in his appeal: (1) the evidence was
insufficient to support the conviction; (2) the trial court abused its discretion by imposing the
sentence ordered; and (3) the trial court abused its discretion when it determined the amount
of restitution owed by Defendant and by failing to ascertain Defendant’s ability to pay
restitution. We affirm the conviction and the length and manner of service of the sentence.
However, we reverse the restitution portion of the sentence and remand for a new hearing
regarding restitution.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right;
Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed in Part; Reversed in Part; and Remanded
T HOMAS T. W OODALL, P.J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which D. K ELLY T HOMAS,
J R. J., joined. J EFFREY S. B IVINS, J., not participating.
Roger E. Nell, District Public Defender; Rosemary Thomas, Assistant Public Defender; and
Collier W. Goodlett, Springfield, Tennessee, for the appellant, James William Tawater.
Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Meredith DeVault, Senior Counsel;
John Wesley Carney, Jr., District Attorney General; and Jason White, Assistant District
Attorney General, for the appellee, the State of Tennessee.
OPINION
Facts
In April 2012, Defendant had been employed for several years by the victim, Gary
Roberts, d/b/a/ Roberts Brothers Coach Leasing Company (hereinafter “Roberts Brothers
Coach” or “the company”) in Springfield, Tennessee. The business leased customized coach
buses for touring by people in the entertainment business. Defendant was a mechanic and
a well qualified maintenance worker and “fix-it” employee. He routinely worked on coach
buses wherever they might be located in the United States. When necessary, he took parts
with him to replace broken parts on the buses. He sometimes brought back cash to Roberts
Brothers Coach which was given to him by the company’s bus drivers. The drivers had been
given the cash by an entertainer’s promoter for reimbursement of fuel expenses paid with the
company’s fuel card.
The company had leased three coach buses to a rock band in April 2012. On about
April 30, 2012, these coach buses were in Chattanooga and the company was notified that
some repairs and maintenance work needed to be done on at least one of the buses.
Defendant drove to Chattanooga on the morning of May 1, 2012, and took with him the
following items of property belonging to the company: (1) a Samsung Galaxy cellular phone
issued to Defendant and worth between $200.00 and $250.00; (2) a reconditioned part called
an “inverter,” worth approximately $650.00, to replace a bad inverter on one of the buses;
(3) nine drawer “bullet latches” worth approximately $10.00 each; (4) a new HVAC
controller box worth between $475.00 and $500.00; and (5) a reconditioned CB radio unit
to replace a malfunctioning CB radio on one of the buses. Defendant was also to receive and
return to the company office cash paid for fuel expense reimbursement in an amount the
evidence showed to be $1,803.00. It was standard company policy, known and followed by
Defendant for several years, that he was to return to the company any replaced and broken
inverter or CB radio, so that such items could be reconditioned for use again. A defective
and replaced HVAC controller box had to be scrapped because that item could not be
reconditioned.
One of the bus drivers who observed Defendant perform his work in Chattanooga on
May 1, 2012, testified at trial. The bus driver testified that the cash for fuel expense
reimbursement (belonging to Roberts Brothers Coach) was given to Defendant. The bus
driver testified that Defendant: (1) put a new HVAC controller box in one of the coach buses,
(2) attached two bullet latches to drawers and gave two others to another bus driver, and (3)
“swapped out” a CB radio on one bus. Although Defendant had a reconditioned inverter with
him, he did not install it. Before Defendant left Chattanooga, he told the bus driver that he
was “going back to the shop.”
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A Springfield Police Department detective testified that he received a report and
began an investigation on May 3, 2012. He obtained a warrant for the arrest of Defendant
on May 10, 2012.
Defendant did not return to Roberts Brothers Coach on May 1, 2012, and in fact,
never returned to work. His employer, Gary Roberts, began trying to call Defendant on
Defendant’s cellular phone owned by the company, but Defendant did not answer or return
the phone calls. Mr. Roberts called Defendant five to ten times per day for several days. On
May 3, 2012, Mr. Roberts made what he testified was a “missing person” report about
Defendant to the police. At the time of trial in July 2013, Defendant had not given the
$1,803.00 cash to Roberts Brothers Coach, and he had not returned the Samsung Galaxy
cellular phone, the reconditioned inverter, or any of the replaced parts. Defendant did not
have permission to keep the cash, the phone, and the parts placed in his possession.
Defendant testified that he decided to quit his job at Roberts Brothers Coach while he
was on his way back to Springfield from Chattanooga on May 1, 2012. Defendant said that
he did not put the reconditioned inverter in any bus, and kept it in his possession. He placed
the CB radio that he brought from Springfield into one of the coach buses and left the
malfunctioning CB radio in Chattanooga with a company bus driver named Alan Hickey,
who did not testify at trial. Defendant testified that he had stored his boat, motor, trailer, and
a vehicle on Roberts Brothers Coach’s business property. He also testified that he still had
some tools and a tool container at the company’s shop. Defendant stated that he had
intended, prior to his arrest, to swap the company’s property (cash and parts) for his property
still located at the company shop. He admitted keeping $1,803.00 cash that belonged to
Roberts Brothers Coach and the company’s cellular telephone provided for his use.
Defendant was paid weekly, but was not paid for the week ending May 1, 2012. Gary
Roberts testified that because Defendant never came back to work after May 1, 2012,
Defendant never turned in the number of hours he had worked his last week, which was a
condition of his obtaining a paycheck. As noted above, Defendant admitted that he kept the
$1,803.00 cash owed to Roberts Brothers Coach and the cellular phone as well as the parts
entrusted to him, but he felt he was entitled to a set-off or a swap of these items for access
to and possession of his last paycheck (Defendant claimed he was owed $1,900.00), his tools,
and his vehicle and boat, motor, and trailer stored at the company.
At the sentencing hearing, Gary Roberts of Roberts Brothers Coach testified on direct
examination by the State as follows concerning the issue of restitution:
Q. And first let’s talk about restitution. I believe at trial you said the
amount of cash taken and not returned was what?
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A. I believe it was 18 hundred and three dollars, some odd cents.
Q. And have you gotten any of that back?
A. No, sir.
Q. And there was also at trial some talk about some tools, and some
hadn’t been used and some was used. Do you know a value, about,
total on those tools? That’s not - - well, let me ask you: Has any of
those been returned as well?
A. They have not. I don’t know the value without looking at my notes
somewhere.
Q. As for restitution, are you primarily asking the Court, if the Court
orders restitution, for the [$1,803.00] in cash?
A. Yes.
Defendant also testified at the sentencing hearing. He mentioned the $1,803.00 in
cash twice during his testimony. First, he testified during cross-examination by the State that,
“If I need the 18 hundred [sic] dollars, I’ve got it put up.” Later during cross-examination,
when the prosecutor stated that Defendant had testified that he had saved up “18 hundred
[sic] dollars,” Defendant corrected the prosecutor and said, “No, I got somebody that will
give me 18 hundred [sic] dollars back now.” During the trial, the prosecutor asked
Defendant if he had used the $1,803.00 to purchase drugs. Defendant replied “No, sir. That
is what I am accused of, but that ain’t what I done. I’ve got his money. I have done without
a lot because of that.”
Other evidence at the sentencing hearing revealed that Defendant, age 52 at the time
of the trial in July, 2013, had been convicted of three counts of Class E felony theft in 1995,
and one count of Class D felony burglary and one count of Class D felony theft in 1996. In
addition Defendant had multiple misdemeanor convictions between 1991 and 1994, including
at least three for driving while his driver’s license was suspended, in addition to
misdemeanor theft, criminal trespass, and assault. In November of 2009, after being stopped
by police for failure to maintain his vehicle in a lane of traffic, Defendant was charged with
and ultimately pled guilty to unlawful possession of a schedule II drug and to possession of
drug paraphernalia. He was given a suspended sentence, which was revoked in 2011 after
a violation of probation warrant was filed and Defendant appeared in court. The presentence
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report shows that Defendant had violated sentences of probation at least three times over the
course of his criminal career.
The trial court sentenced Defendant to a sentence of six years as a Range II offender,
which is exactly the mid-point of the range for a Class D Range II sentence. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-112(b)(4). The trial court considered, and applied, one statutory enhancement
factor: Defendant had a previous history of criminal convictions in addition to the two Class
D or E felony convictions necessary to enhance the sentence to Range II. Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 40-35-114(2). The trial court applied two statutory mitigating factors: Defendant’s
criminal conduct neither caused nor threatened serious bodily injury, and Defendant was
employed. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-35-113(1) and (13). In reaching the determination that
a sentence of six years was appropriate, the trial court stated that most of Defendant’s prior
convictions had occurred several years prior to the theft in this case. Also, the trial court
noted that Defendant had successfully completed the drug court program in Davidson
County. Facts weighing against Defendant were the relatively recent conviction for
possession of cocaine and the subsequent violation of probation for the conviction in that
case.
The trial court stated that despite the fact Defendant was not a person to be considered
as a “favorable candidate” for alternative sentencing due to his status as a Range II offender,
the trial court had decided to impose an alternative sentence. As to the manner of service of
the sentence and the amount of restitution, the trial court ruled,
I have, as I said, reviewed my notes for restitution purposes. Mr.
Davis, the parts manager, testified to some of these matters. There’s an
inverter, latches, controller box and were not returned, not used. That totals
12 hundred and 15 dollars, six 50, $10 times nine, $475, and the 18 hundred
is fixed. I - - well, it’s 18 03 or hundred, using 18 hundred. So restitution
is going to be $3,015.00. The Court cannot offset these matters. There’s
really nothing the Court can do as far as [Defendant’s] property. Mr.
Roberts said he - - [Defendant] never presented with him any hours, so
paying him for that is not a matter for the Court to consider at this point.
Now, service is - - under [T.C.A] 40-35-103 sentences involving
confinement should be based on the following considerations: Confinement
is necessary to protect society by restraining a defendant who has a long
history of criminal conduct. Certainly this Defendant has a very long
history of criminal conduct. And, as I said, again, what is basically hard for
me to understand, that he goes through all of this, through the rehabs, and
then comes back [in] 2009 [with] possession of cocaine and drug
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paraphernalia. Basically went for 13 year without, at least, any convictions.
Age 35 to 48. Before that time he was in an out of court, beginning at the
age of 30. Multiple 30’s; 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 then 48.
I’m going to order that he serve a sentence of split confinement; one
year in the Robertson County Jail followed by community corrections. All
right, anything else?
Neither Defendant nor the State addressed restitution in closing argument at the
sentencing hearing. The State asked the trial court to order Defendant to fully serve a
sentence between six years and eight years in the Tennessee Department of Correction.
Defendant’s counsel argues on appeal that no incarceration should be required, but that
Defendant should be sentenced to serve four or five years, suspended on probation, “with
restitution so that [the victim] is made whole for whatever [losses] he believes that he has
suffered.”
ANALYSIS
Sufficiency of the Evidence
When an appellate court evaluates the sufficiency of the evidence to support a
conviction, the appellate court must determine whether “any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia,
443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). When making this determination, the prosecution is afforded the
strongest legitimate view of the evidence as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences
which may be drawn therefrom. State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997).
Questions regarding the weight to be given the evidence, the credibility of the witnesses, and
the factual issues raised by the evidence are resolved by the trier of fact. Id. A verdict of
guilt removes the presumption that the defendant is innocent, and imposes a presumption that
the defendant is guilty. Thus, upon conviction the defendant bears the burden of showing
why the evidence is insufficient to support the verdict. State v. Rice, 184 S.W.3d 646, 661
(Tenn. 2006); State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914 (Tenn. 1982). The standard of review
is the same whether the conviction is based on direct or circumstantial evidence. State v.
Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011); State v. Brown, 551 S.W.2d 329, 331 (Tenn.
1977).
Defendant was convicted of Class D felony theft of property. That offense is defined
as follows:
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A person commits theft of property if, with intent to deprive the owner of
property, the person knowingly obtains or exercises control over the
property without the owner’s effective consent.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-14-103(a).
If the value of the property which is the subject of the theft is $1,000.00 or more but
less than $10,000.00, the offense is a Class D felony. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-14-105(a)(3).
On appeal, Defendant specifically asserts that the State failed to prove beyond a
reasonable doubt the essential element of theft of property that Defendant intended to deprive
the victim of the property.
“Deprive”as to criminal charges, is statutorily defined as follows:
“Deprive” means to
(A) Withhold property from the owner permanently or for such a period of
time as to substantially diminish the value or enjoyment of the property to
the owner;
(B) Withhold property or cause it to be withheld for the purpose of restoring
it only upon payment of a reward or other compensation; or
(C) Dispose of property or use it or transfer any interest in it under
circumstances that make its restoration unlikely;
Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-106(a)(8).
Defendant’s argument on appeal essentially challenges the credibility of the witnesses
and the weight that the jury should have given what Defendant asserts is the credible
evidence. Defendant argues that while the evidence showed he still had in his possession
more than $1,000.00 of the victim’s property, Defendant “denied intending to keep it.”
Defendant states in his brief that he would “reap no financial benefit” by permanently
keeping the victim’s property. Defendant argues the company had in its possession items
belonging to Defendant including, “a car, a boat, and various other high value items.”
Despite his own testimony that he had desired to swap the victim’s property in his possession
for access to his property at the victim’s premises, Defendant argues “there is no evidence
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that [Defendant] held the property exclusively as a means to exchange it for other
compensation.”
Taken in the light most favorable to the State, with all reasonable and legitimate
inferences drawn therefrom, Defendant had in his possession property of Roberts Brothers
Coach of a value more than $1,000.00, including cash in the amount of $1,803.00.
Defendant was obligated to return all items to the victim no later than the day after he worked
in Chattanooga on May 1, 2012. Defendant never returned to work. Defendant never
contacted the victim until after Defendant was aware that an arrest warrant had been issued.
Through the date of the sentencing hearing, Defendant had kept possession of the victim’s
property worth more than $1,000.00. Defendant claims that it defies “common sense” to
believe he would unlawfully obtain or exercise control of property of the victim worth far
less than the items of Defendant’s property in possession of the victim. In order to prove
theft of property, it is not required for the State to prove a defendant made a logical decision
when he or she decided to commit the offense. The evidence is legally sufficient to sustain
the conviction. Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.
Length and Manner of Service of Sentence
The sentence range as a Range II offender of a Class D felony is not less than four
years nor more than eight years. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-112(b)(4). As noted above, the
trial court set the length of Defendant’s sentence at six years. The trial court imposed an
alternative sentence of probation, pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-
306(a): split confinement, with incarceration for one year in the county jail, followed by five
years of probation supervised by Community Corrections. Pertinent to this case, Tennessee
Code Annotated section 40-35-102 provides in part as follows:
The foremost purpose of this chapter is to promote justice, as manifested by
§ 40-35-103. In so doing, the following principles are adopted:
***
(3) Punishment shall be imposed to prevent crime and
promote respect for the law by
(A) Providing an effective general deterrent
to those likely to violate the criminal
laws of this state;
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(B) Restraining defendants with a lengthy
history of criminal conduct;
(C) Encouraging effective rehabilitation of
those defendants, where reasonably
feasible, by promoting the use of
alternative sentencing, and correctional
program s that elicit voluntary
cooperation of defendants; and
(D) Encouraging restitution to victims
where appropriate;
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-102(3) (emphasis added).
Again, as pertinent to the case sub judice, Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-
103 provides in part as follows:
To implement the purposes of this chapter, the following principles apply:
(1) Sentences involving confinement should be based on
the following considerations:
(A) Confinement is necessary to protect
society by restraining a defendant who
has a long history of criminal conduct;
***
(B) Measures less restrictive than
confinement have frequently or recently
been applied unsuccessfully to the
defendant;
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-103(1)(A)&(C).
Defendant argues on appeal that the trial court abused its discretion by failing to
impose the minimum sentence length of four years with imposition of the “least severe
manner of service” with the entire sentence to be suspended and served on probation.
Defendant acknowledges recent decisions by our supreme court that modified the standard
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of appellate review of the length and manner of service of sentences. See State v. Bise, 380
S.W.3d 682 (Tenn. 2012) and State v. Caudle, 388 S.W.3d 273 (Tenn. 2012). However,
Defendant argues that the trial court in his case fell woefully short of what it should have
done carrying out the dictates of Bise and Caudle. Defendant asserts that,
It would be appropriate to hold that trial courts must specifically address the
several purposes and principles of sentencing to ensure that the trial courts
have indeed complied with the statutes and the Supreme Court’s direction
. . . . whereas the trial courts were previously only compelled to explain in
some detail why it applied or did not apply mitigating and enhancement
factors[,] now, they ought to be compelled to also explain in detail how the
trial court considered and evaluated the various purposes and principles of
sentencing in Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-102 and -103. Under previous law,
it seems that mere lip service (“the court has considered the purposes and
principles of sentencing”) was sufficient. Now, more than a mere
acknowledgement of the existence of those purposes and principles is and
ought to be required.
In support of this argument, Defendant relies on a footnote in Bise which states in part
that trial courts must adhere to the statutory requirement set forth in Tennessee Code
Annotated section 40-35-210(e), being, “[w]hen the court imposes a sentence, it shall place
on the record, either orally or in writing, what enhancement or mitigating factors were
considered, if any, as well as the reasons for the sentence in order to ensure fair and
consistent sentencing.” Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 705-06 n. 41.
In Bise, our supreme court held that “today we adopt an abuse of discretion standard
of review, granting a presumption of reasonableness to within-range sentencing decisions
that reflect a proper application of the purposes and principles of our Sentencing Act.” Id.
at 707. This standard of review was also applied by our supreme court in Caudle regarding
questions pertaining to probation or any other alternative sentence. Caudle, 388 S.W.3d at
279. We do not agree with Defendant’s argument that Bise mandates, or should mandate,
a detailed discussion by a trial court as to each statutory principle or purpose regarding
sentencing whenever a sentence is imposed. The footnote in Bise relied upon by Defendant
only requires the trial court to state the specific enhancement and/or mitigating factors
considered, and the reasons for the sentence in compliance with Tennessee Code Annotated
section 40-35-210(e). Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 705-06 n. 41.
In this case the trial court considered one enhancement factor to be applicable: that
Defendant has a previous history of criminal convictions in addition to those necessary to
establish the appropriate range of punishment. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-114(1). The trial
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court considered two mitigating factors to be applicable: Defendant’s criminal conduct
neither caused nor threatened serious bodily injury, Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-113(1) and
Defendant was employed at the time of sentencing, Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-113(13) (“Any
other factor consistent with the purposes of this chapter.”)
Also, the trial court explained in detail the reasons for the sentence. The trial court
noted that Defendant’s extensive criminal record would normally justify the maximum
sentence of eight years, except most of those offenses were older, having occurred in 1994
and 1995. However, the trial court noted that a very large concern was Defendant’s
misdemeanor cocaine conviction in 2009, after previously attending two drug treatments and
his subsequent violation of probation on this conviction in 2011 for “failure to report.” The
trial court also noted that Defendant, as a Range II offender, and thus not a standard offender
or an especially mitigated offender, would not be a person who would be considered a
favorable candidate for alternative sentencing. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-102(5) and
(6)(A). However, the trial court still granted the alternative sentence of split confinement,
see Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-104(c)(5), which is in compliance with the sentencing principle
encouraging alternative sentencing where appropriate as found in Tennessee Code Annotated
section 40-35-102(3)(C).
Application of the abuse of discretion standard of review, with a presumption of
reasonableness, is appropriate in this case because the trial court complied with the dictates
of Tennessee’s sentencing scheme as set forth in Bise and Caudle. Under this review, we
conclude the trial court did not err in its sentencing decision. Defendant is not entitled to
relief on this issue.
Restitution
Defendant argues on appeal that the trial court abused its discretion in determining the
amount of restitution and by failing to ascertain Defendant’s ability to pay restitution. We
set forth above the trial court’s entire ruling as to the amount of restitution owed. The State
erroneously asserts that Defendant has waived on appeal any issue as to the amount of loss
to the victim because Defendant did not object at trial to the parts’ manager’s testimony
regarding value of the parts turned over to Defendant, and Defendant failed to object to the
trial court using its notes to determine the amount of the pecuniary loss to the victim. The
absence of any objections by Defendant is not determinative. The issues raised by Defendant
can be addressed based upon the evidence presented at the trial and the sentencing hearing.
As to Defendant’s ability to make restitution, the State concedes that this issue should
be remanded to the trial court pursuant to the requirements in Tennessee Code Annotated
section 40-35-304(d), which states in full, “In determining the amount and method of
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payment or other restitution, the could shall consider the financial resources and future ability
of the defendant to pay or perform.” (emphasis added). Thus both the amount and the
method of payment must be determined after the trial court has considered the financial
resources of Defendant and his future ability to pay. The trial court failed to comply with
Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-304(d), and by doing so, abused its discretion.
We must remand this case solely for a restitution hearing to determine the amount of
restitution owed and the method of payment. We take judicial notice that the trial judge who
presided over this case has retired. We also note the trial court concluded that restitution is
owed for all of the “bullet latches” and for the HVAC controller box. This appears to be
contrary to undisputed evidence in the record. Also, in Mr. Roberts’ testimony at the
sentencing hearing, he indicated he only sought restitution of the $1,803.00 cash. Further,
Defendant’s testimony at the sentencing hearing indicated he could immediately pay the cash
restitution. Upon remand, the trial judge who will make the decision regarding restitution
will have the discretion to reopen the proof if necessary to determine the amount of
restitution and the method of its payment.
CONCLUSION
The conviction is affirmed. The trial court’s order as to the length and manner of
service of the sentence is affirmed. The order of restitution is reversed and this matter is
remanded for the trial court to determine restitution in compliance with Tennessee Code
Annotated section 40-35-304(d).
_________________________________
THOMAS T. WOODALL, JUDGE
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