The opinion
REDACTED OPINION
In the United States Court of Federal Claims
No. 14-234C
Filed: July 11, 2014
Redacted Version Issued for Publication: August 13, 20141
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
OCTO CONSULTING GROUP, INC. *
* Bid Protest; Motion for Judgment
Protestor, * on the Administrative Record;
v. * General Services Administration;
* Technical Evaluation; Best Value.
UNITED STATES, *
*
Defendant. *
*
* * * * * * * * * * * * * *
John R. Tolle, Barton, Baker, Thomas and Tolle, LLP, McLean, Virginia, for
protestor.
P. Davis Oliver, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division,
United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for defendant. With him were
Reginald T. Blades, Jr., Assistant Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Robert E.
Kirschman, Jr., Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, and Stuart F. Delery,
Assistant Attorney General.
OPINION
HORN, J.
The protestor, Octo Consulting Group, Inc. (Octo), filed a bid protest in this court
challenging the General Services Administration’s (GSA’s) awards of contracts to 43
awardees under Pool 3 of the OASIS SB (One Acquisition Solution for Integrated
Service—Small Business) request for proposals No. GS00Q-13-DR-0002 (the
Solicitation). Protestor alleges that the “Agency [GSA] improperly failed to award Octo a
contract,” because “either the Agency improperly rated its proposal or Octo's original
self-assessment was incorrect.” Protestor also alleges that “[e]ven if the Agency did
properly determine Octo’s score, based upon the mistakes that Octo discovered the
Agency made in evaluating its proposal, the Agency probably improperly evaluated the
1
This opinion was issued under seal on July 11, 2014. The parties were asked to
propose redactions prior to public release of the opinion. This opinion is issued with the
redactions that the parties proposed in response to the court's request. Where words
have been redacted, it is reflected with the following notation: “[redacted].”
proposals of some of the 43 awardees.” Therefore, protestor sought an order declaring
that the Agency’s actions in evaluating Octo’s proposal were “irrationally based,
arbitrary, capricious, and contrary to applicable statutes and regulations.” The protestor
also sought a preliminary injunction, followed by a permanent injunction, to enjoin the
Agency from proceeding on the Pool 3 contracts and to properly evaluate Octo’s
proposal. The court issued an oral ruling to the parties denying protestor’s motion for
injunctive relief. This opinion reduces to writing and further explains the prior oral
decision delivered to the parties.
FINDINGS OF FACT
On July 30, 2013, GSA issued an Acquisition Plan, which identified “a significant
need for a contract vehicle” that could “provide total solutions for complex professional
service based requirements that spans multiple service disciplines within the
government marketplace.” The Agency intended for the OASIS SB to provide both
commercial and noncommercial services and to “meet the professional service mission
requirements of all Federal agencies, including all organizations within the Department
of Defense (DoD).”
The following day, July 31, 2013, the Agency issued the Solicitation. The
Solicitation was a 100% small business set-aside contract, and stated the
OASIS SB spans 28 NAICS [North American Industry Classification
System] Codes and 6 NAICS Code Exceptions under the economic
subsector 541, Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services. NAICS
Codes are grouped into 6 separate size standards (14M, 19M, 35.5M, 500
employees, 1,000 employees, and 1,500 employees) and are referred to
as ‘Pools’. Pool 5 (1,000 employees) will be split into Pool A (Exception B)
and Pool B (Exception C) for a total of 7 Pools. Each Pool will be a
separate OASIS SB MA-IDIQ task order contract. Multiple awards shall
be made in each of the 7 Pools. 40 awards are anticipated in each Pool
(e.g., 40 multiple awards for Pools 1,2,3,4, and 6) and (20 multiple awards
for Pools 5.A. and 20 multiple awards for 5.B.). In the event of a tie at the
number 40/20 position (as applicable), all Offerors tied will receive an
award in the respective Pool.
The Solicitation also noted “[a] single Offeror may compete for more than one OASIS
SB Pool.” As indicated in the Solicitation, “[t]he period of performance of OASIS SB is
from the date of the Notice-To-Proceed through 5 years thereafter, with 1 (5-year)
option that may extend the cumulative term of the contract to 10 years in accordance
with FAR 52.217-9, Option to Extend the Term of the Contact, if exercised.”
As indicated in the Joint Stipulations of Fact submitted by the parties: “From a
technical perspective, the Government sought to measure what work an offerors [sic]
had actually done, what systems and certifications an offeror actually obtained, and how
well an offeror had performed.” (internal citations omitted).
2
The “BASIS FOR AWARDS” (capitalization in original), at Section M.2. of the
Solicitation indicated that:
The source selection process on OASIS SB will neither be based on the
Lowest Price Technically Acceptable (LPTA) nor Tradeoffs. Within the
best value continuum, FAR 15.101 defines best value as using any one or
a combination of source selection approaches. For OASIS SB, the best
value basis for awards will be determined by the Highest Technically
Rated Offerors with a Fair and Reasonable Price.
The Solicitation indicated that the Highest Technically Rated, Fair and Reasonable
Price approach would “best achieve the objective of awarding contracts to Offerors of
varying core expertise in a variety of professional services disciplines with qualities that
are most important to GSA and our customers, such as Past Performance, Relevant
Experience, and Systems, Certifications, and Clearances.” The Solicitation also
indicated that “[t]he Government intends to award contracts without discussions. Initial
proposals must contain the best offer. The Government may conduct clarifications, as
described in FAR 15.306(a). The Government reserves the right to conduct discussions
if determined necessary.” The Solicitation noted that “[c]larifications may be conducted
for better understanding of proposal contents, but Offerors will NOT be able to change
their proposals based upon any clarifications.” (capitalization in original).
The Source Selection Plan expanded on the Solicitation’s “BASIS FOR
AWARDS,” (capitalization in original), and explained:
Work to be performed under OASIS SB are articulated and awarded by
federal customers at the task order level. As a result, non-price factors like
Past Performance, Relevant Experience, and Systems, Certifications, and
Clearances play a dominant role in the basis for the OASIS SB awards.
Accordingly, the source selection process will neither be based on the
Lowest Price Technically Acceptable (LPTA) or Tradeoffs. The LPTA
approach is in direct contrast and detrimental to obtaining the quality and
expertise of professional service employees needed for successful task
order performance across the federal Government for a variety of
integrated professional services for all contract types and pricing.
Tradeoffs allow for a subjective analysis to consider awards to other than
the lowest priced Offeror or other than the highest technically rated
Offeror, however, this subjective approach is better suited for single award
contracts or task orders when risks associated with the actual work to be
performed and actual prices to be paid are being analyzed. Furthermore,
in a tradeoff scenario, you can’t predetermine a number of awards
because you don’t know in advance where the logical trade-offs will occur.
Given the breadth and depth of OASIS SB a more “Objective” approach
rather than a “Subjective” approach will be used for the basis of awards,
focusing primarily on the non-price factors. Within the best value
3
continuum, FAR 15.101 defines best value as using any one or a
“combination” of source selection approaches. As the best value
continuum points out, technical capability becomes a more dominant
factor in procurements where the requirement is not definitive and contract
type and pricing is accomplished at the task order level.
For OASIS SB, the best value basis for award will be determined by the
Highest Technically Rated (HTR) Offerors with Fair and Reasonable
Pricing.
(all emphasis in original).
Proposals to the Solicitation were due by October 10, 2013.2 Proposals were to
have 6 volumes: Volume 1 (General); Volume 2 (Responsibility); Volume 3 (Relevant
Experience); Volume 4 (Past Performance); Volume 5 (Systems, Certifications, and
Clearances); and Volume 6 (Cost/Price). The Solicitation provided that “[t]he OASIS SB
evaluation team will perform a two-step screening process for all offers received,” first
verifying that supporting documentation exists for all evaluation elements in accordance
with the offeror’s proposal checklist, and second comparing the checklist to the offeror’s
self-scoring worksheet. The proposal checklist asked offerors to identify the documents
they submitted in connection with Volumes 1 through 6 of their proposal. The self-
scoring worksheet permitted offerors to calculate points to which they believed they are
entitled based upon the Scoring Table included in the Solicitation. The Scoring Table
provided that an offeror could achieve a maximum number of 4,000 points for Relevant
Experience (Volume 3), 4,000 points for Past Performance (Volume 4), and 2,000
points for Systems, Certifications, and Clearances (Volume 5), allowing for a maximum
potential score of 10,000 points.3
Once the initial screening process was complete, the evaluation team assigned a
preliminary score for all offers in accordance with the Solicitation’s Scoring Table. As
indicated in the Solicitation, “[t]he OASIS SB evaluation team will then verify that Top 40
awards for Pools 1,2,3,4, and 6 and the Top 20 awards for Pools 5.A. and 5.B. have
2
Both the Solicitation and the Joint Stipulations of Fact state that proposals to the
Solicitation were due by October 10, 2013. The Source Selection Plan, however,
indicates that “[t]he final solicitation was issued on July 31, 2013 with a closing date of
October 30, 2013,” and Octo’s proposal was dated October 30, 2013.
3
At oral argument defendant’s counsel indicated that “the solicitation places the
responsibility on the offerors to look at their proposal at the very beginning and make
sure that they claim all the points to which they think they’re entitled. In fact, the
incentive is for offerors to do that. And that’s why comically you have some offerors here
who claimed 12,000 points out of 10,000. . . .”
4
successfully passed all of the Acceptability Review requirements in Section M.4. of the
solicitation.”4 (emphasis in original). The Solicitation continued:
Any Offeror in the Top 40 and/or Top 20 based upon score, who fails any
of the criteria listed in the Acceptability Review in Section M.4., will be
removed from consideration for award and notified, in writing, as soon as
practicable. The next highest rated Offeror(s) (based upon score) who
passes the Acceptability Review shall be added in the eliminated Offerors
place. Only Offerors who initially pass all the criteria in the Acceptability
Review in a given Pool in accordance with Section M.4. shall be
considered eligible for award.
Following the Acceptability Review screening, the evaluation team will
then evaluate and verify the support documentation for each and every
evaluation element that the Top 40 and/or Top 20 have stated in the
Offeror’s proposal checklist (Section J.4.) and self scoring worksheet (See
Section J.5A.)
In the event that an evaluation element claimed is unsubstantiated or
otherwise not given credit for, the Offeror’s preliminary score shall have
the point value of the refuted evaluation element deducted and the Offeror
will be re-sorted based upon the revised preliminary score. If the Offeror
remains in the Top 40 and/or Top 20 the evaluation of the offer shall
continue. If the Offeror does not remain in the Top 40 and/or Top 20, the
next highest rated Offeror (based upon score) who passes the
Acceptability Review shall be added to the Top 40 and/or Top 20 and
evaluation shall begin on that offer.
Once the Top 40 and/or Top 20 highest scored offers have been
evaluated and validated, the evaluation team will then check to verify that
these Offerors have proposed fair and reasonable pricing. In the event
that an Offeror has not provided fair and reasonable pricing, the Offeror
shall be eliminated from further consideration for award unless
discussions are conducted. However, the OASIS SB CO plans on basing
award on initial proposals and does not intend on conducting discussions
as stated in Section M.2.
The evaluation process shall continue this cycle until the Top 40 and/or
Top 20 apparent successful Offerors are identified in each OASIS SB Pool
that represent the highest technically rated offers (based on scores) with a
fair and reasonable price. In the event of a tie at the position of number 40
and/or 20, all Offerors tied for this position shall receive a contract award.
4
The requirements for the Acceptability Review varied for each Volume, but generally
required that “[t]he Offeror must ensure all the requested proposal submission
information is current, accurate, and complete. . . .”
5
(emphasis in original).
In articulating the evaluation standards in the Solicitation, the Source Selection
Plan indicated that the evaluation team “will strive to insure that all Offerors are
evaluated on a consistent basis,” and indicated that “[t]he OET [evaluation team] will not
gather information for Offerors. Offerors are required to submit complete and
comprehensive offers that meet the requirements of the solicitation,” and the evaluation
team will assume that the offeror has claimed all proper points in its self-scoring
worksheet. As noted in the Joint Stipulations of Fact:
Adjustments to the self-score will generally be deductions (if applicable)
except in cases where it is clear that (1) an error was made in the self-
scoring worksheet (an item not claimed in the self-scoring worksheet, but
was claimed in the proposal checklist, or the Relevant Experience
Worksheets); (2) a calculation error was made (e.g., annual value, past
performance scoring); (3) the examination of the CPARS [Contractor
Performance Assessment Reporting System] records reveals a higher
score than claimed; or (4) the examination of the FPDS [Federal
Procurement Data System] reveals a NAICS or PSC [Product Service
Code] code that was not claimed for a given project.
As also noted in the Joint Stipulations of Fact, “[f]or an offeror to be eligible for
consideration under a given pool, the offeror must have performed two ‘pool
qualification’ projects under a NAICS Code or NAICS Code Exception or Product
Service Code (PSC) that corresponds directly to a NAICS Code or NAICS Code
Exception in the Pool being applied for.”
The Solicitation indicated that “[t]o be eligible to compete for Pool 3 [the pool to
which Octo applied] the offeror must identify any Two (2) projects that have NAICS
Code 541330 or PSC Code R425 assigned to them and provide verification
documentation for Exceptions on each project.” (emphasis in original). The Solicitation
describes the relevant NAICS Code Exceptions for Pool 3 as follows:
NAICS CODE NAICS TITLE
541330
Exception A Engineering for Military and Aerospace
Equipment and Military Weapons
541330
Exception B Engineering for Contracts and
Subcontracts for Engineering Services
Awarded Under the National Energy Policy Act
541330
6
Exception C Engineering for Marine Engineering and Naval
Architecture
PSC CODE DESCRIPTION
R425 Support-Professional: Engineering/Technical
Includes: Systems Engineering, Technical Assistance,
and Other Services Used to Support The Program
Office During The Acquisition Cycle
For past performance, an offeror could receive more points based on various
factors, including,
whether the projects have any reported NAICS Code or PSC Code that
correlates to the NAICS/PSC Code Table in Section L.5.1.2 of the
solicitation; (2) if the annual value of the projects exceed certain
thresholds; (3) whether the projects involve performance and or
integration of at least four out of the six of the Core Disciplines; (4)
whether the project involves performance in multiple locations; (5),
whether the project involves subcontracting/teaming for services with at
least three separate and distinct entities; (6) if the project involves
“Ancillary Support Service and or Products;” (7) if the projects are cost-
reimbursement; (8) if the projects involve work at a location Outside the
United States (OCONUS).
Octo submitted its proposal to Pool 3 on October 30, 2013, with a reported self-
score of 5,875. Octo’s self-reported score was initially considered amongst the highest
technically rated proposals, placing it in the Top 40 proposals for Pool 3. In accordance
with the Solicitation, the evaluation team evaluated the proposal’s technical score.
Upon evaluation, however, the Agency deducted 100 points from Octo’s past
performance, lowering Octo’s score to 5,775, and placing Octo outside the top 40
proposals. The Agency’s evaluation of Octo’s past performance score adjustments
were:
Past Performance Past Points Deductions
Project Performance claimed by
Rating/Score Octo
Project #1 4.4 rating/600 700 points (-100)
points
Project #2 4.4 rating/600 800 points (-200)
points
Project #5 5.0 rating/800 600 points +200
points
Total -100
7
Thereafter, the Agency made awards pursuant to the Solicitation. For Pool 3, the
Agency received 100 offerors and made 43 awards. 5 Octo did not receive an award.
On February 24, 2014, Oasis received an Unsuccessful Offeror Notification and Post
Award Debriefing Letter from the Agency, signed by the contracting officer, Tommy G.
Thomas. The debriefing letter explained:
The source selection methodology for this procurement, as stated in the
solicitation, is Highest Technically Rated with Fair and Reasonable
Pricing. Based upon the self-score in the J.5 of your proposal submission,
your offer was initially considered amongst the highest technically rated.
However, once the contents of your offer were evaluated and adjustments
were made to your proposal’s technical score, your offer was no longer
considered amongst the highest technically rated offers.
The debriefing letter noted that Octo’s self-score was 5,875, but indicated that the
evaluated score was 5,625. The debriefing letter also indicated that “[t]he overall
technical ranking of your offer (after evaluations)” was 50th out of 100 within the Pool 3
applicants. The parties have stipulated that the Agency incorrectly indicated Octo’s
evaluated score was 5,625, and Octo’s evaluated score should have been listed as
5,775. An evaluated score of 5,775 would still have been below the lowest evaluated
technical score for an offeror eligible to receive a contract award.
5
As noted in the Joint Stipulations of Fact, “[t]he awardees consisted of the Top 40 and
three companies which were included as awardees due to their socio-economic status.”
As explained in the Solicitation:
The Government will examine the Top 40 and/or Top 20 highest
technically rated Offerors within each Pool to determine how many of
those Offerors certify as being HUBZone, SDVOSB [Small Disadvantaged
Veteran-Owned Small Businesses], WOSB [Women-Owned Small
Businesses], EDWOSB [Economically Disadvantaged Women-Owned
Small Businesses], and/or 8(a). If at least three representatives are
present for each socio-economic sub-group, no additional awards shall be
made. In the event that any particular socio-economic sub-group does not
have at least three representatives in a given Pool, the Government will
award to the next highest rated Offeror eligible for award (in addition to the
Top 40 and/or Top 20 highest technically rated Offerors) within a given
socio-economic sub-group until each socio-economic sub-group has three
representatives.
For the entire Oasis SB there were a total of 330 proposals, there were 125 awardees.
8
The debriefing letter explained that:
Since your offer was not one of the highest technically rated after technical
evaluation, evaluation of your submitted pricing was not applicable
because the technical score and rank did not merit further evaluation.
Summary of Rationale for Award: Awards were made to the highest
technically rated Offerors with fair and reasonable pricing in accordance
with the solicitation. The number of awards made is consistent with the
terms of the solicitation. Your evaluated technical score was 5,625. The
lowest evaluated technical score for contract winners in the OASIS SB
Pools are:
Pool 3: 5,875
Because your evaluated technical score was lower than the lowest
evaluated technical score of all contract awardees, your proposal could
not be considered for award.
(emphasis in original).
Following receipt of the debriefing letter, Octo re-examined the documentation
submitted with its original proposal and in a March 5, 2014 letter to the Agency,
identified areas regarding which the protestor thought the Agency had improperly rated
its proposal. In the March 5, 2014 letter to the Agency, Octo indicated that only 100
points should have been deducted for past performance. The March 5, 2014 letter also
indicated that, “[s]ince the original proposal submission, Octo has been assessed at
CMMI [Capability Maturity Model Integration] Level 3 maturity as found on the CMMI
Institute website.” Octo, therefore, argued to the Agency, “[w]e believe this increase in
CMMI maturity level entitles Octo to 100 additional points in our evaluated score.”
That same day, March 5, 2014, the Agency responded to Octo and agreed that
the debriefing letter incorrectly calculated Octo’s past performance score, and notified
Octo that 150 points has been added to its evaluated score. The Agency, however,
declined to award any additional points for events occurring after the proposal was
submitted. Subsequently, in a March 12, 2014 letter, Octo indicated to the Agency that
Octo had re-examined the documentation submitted with its original proposal and had
identified additional areas regarding which it believed its original self-assessment was
incorrect, specifically regarding Volume 3 - Relevant Experience of its proposal. In its
March 12, 2014 letter, Octo claimed that “GSA’s letter dated March 5, 2014 determined
a corrected Octo total score of 5,775 points. The additional points resulting from Octo’s
corrected self-assessment (as summarized below) raise Octo’s point total to 6,025.”
Octo indicated in the March 12, 2014 letter:
9
OASIS Scoring Summary for Octo
GSA Evaluated Score 5,775
Octo Self-Assessment Correction to P2E Project Value +25 points
Octo Self-Assessment Correction to Mission Spaces -50 points
Octo Self-Assessment Correction to Core Disciplines + 275 points
Corrected Octo Self-Assessment Score 6,025 points
(emphasis in original).
In a March 13, 2014 email, Todd Richards, the Agency’s lead evaluator for the
OASIS SB procurement, explained, on behalf of the contracting officer, that the Agency
could not permit Octo’s additional, proposal adjustments:
If we allowed you to amend your J.5 document, this would constitute
“discussions”. Since we did not conduct discussions as part of this
evaluation process, to allow you to amend your proposal submission
would be a violation of regulation and jeopardize the integrity of our
evaluation. Generally speaking, the Offeror is responsible for the
accuracy of submitted proposal documents, not the Government.
Furthermore, Offerors are not entitled to discussions. Accordingly, while
we can examine any evaluation adjustments we made to your self-score
as part of a clarification process, you may not change or amend the
proposal documentation submitted unless discussions are conducted.
The e-mail concludes:
We sincerely hope that this helps clarify your understanding of the process
and the situation. While you may pursue any legal redress you feel
necessary, we hope you will realize that the OCTO offer has been treated
fairly and we have performed the evaluations precisely how we said we
would in the solicitation. Accordingly, any legal redress is likely to be futile.
We feel we've conducted a very transparent procurement and evaluation
process. While OCTO may not have been successful this time, there will
be on-ramps in the future that OCTO will likely be competitive for. We wish
you nothing but the best of luck in the future.
Subsequently, protestor filed a bid protest complaint in this court alleging that the
Agency improperly failed to evaluate and award Octo a contract, based on the
government’s improper evaluations. The complaint also alleges that
10
[e]ven if the Agency did properly determine Octo’s score, based upon the
mistakes that Octo discovered the Agency made in evaluating its
proposal, the Agency probably improperly evaluated the proposals of
some of the 43 awardees. The evaluation methodology is complex and
the self-scoring spreadsheet lacked mathematical checks to prevent
offerors and GSA from making errors.
Protestor sought an Order declaring the Agency’s actions when evaluating Octo’s
proposal “irrationally based, arbitrary, capricious, and contrary to applicable statutes
and regulations.” The protestor also sought
a preliminary injunction, followed by a permanent injunction, to (a) require
the Agency to properly evaluate Octo's proposal and (b) enjoin the
Agency, its officers, agents and employees, and all other persons in active
concert or participation with them, from proceeding with any activities
relating to the award of or administration of contracts under Pool 3 of the
RFP [Request for Proposals] until this proceeding is complete.6
After briefing by the parties and oral argument, Todd Richards, the Agency’s Lead
Evaluator for the Oasis SB procurement, submitted an uncontested,7 sworn affidavit to
the court. As indicated in Mr. Richards’ affidavit:
At the request of counsel for the Government, I conducted an evaluation
of Volume Three of Octo Consulting Inc.'s (Octo) proposal, entitled
Relevant Experience, for the purpose of determining whether the points
that Octo claimed for Relevant Experience were substantiated by
documentation. Prior to this request, GSA had not conducted an
evaluation of Volume Three (Relevant Experience) because Octo dropped
out of the Top 40 following the evaluation of its past performance. Under
the solicitation, the evaluation process ceases for offerors who fall out of
the Top 40 due to point deductions.
Mr. Richards concluded: “My evaluation of Octo's Relevant Experience, as discussed
below, reveals that there are a host of deductions that I would have made, totaling 500
points, due to Octo's claims with respect to having performance in multiple locations and
outside the United States (OCONUS) that are not substantiated by documentation.” Mr.
Richards provided a narrative explanation of each of the deductions, as well as the
following chart identifying protestor’s claims and the reason for the deductions:
6
Although Octo did not file a protest at the United States Government Accountability
Office (GAO), Pool 3 was protested at the GAO by other offerors.
7
In a May 9, 2014 filing, protestor indicated that “Plaintiff Octo Consulting Group, Inc.
has no objections to the contracting officer’s affidavit. . . .”
11
Project Octo's Claim Applicable Deduction
[redacted] 100 points for having 100 points
performance in 5 different > Ft. Belvoir and
locations McLean, VA are
both in Fairfax
County (same MSA
[Metropolitan Statistical
Area] Code)
> TDY [Travel Duty]
assignments
to Illinois,
Germany, Arizona,
and South Korea
do not count under
solicitation
[redacted] 100 points for having 100 points
performance OCONUS > TDY assignments
to Germany and
South Korea do not
count under the
solicitation
[redacted] 50 points for having 50 points
performance in at least 2 > Springfield and
but no more than 4 McLean, VA are
locations both in Fairfax
County (same
MSA Code)
[redacted] 50 points for having 50 points
performance in at least 2 > Springfield and
but no more than 4 McLean, VA are both in
locations Fairfax County
(same MSA Code)
> TDY assignment to
St. Louis does not
count under the
solicitation
[redacted] 100 points for having 100 points
performance in 5 or more > Ft. Belvoir and
different locations McLean, VA are
both in Fairfax
County (same
MSA Code)
> TDY assignments
to Kuwait,
Germany, Ft.
Meade, and
12
Arizona do not
count under the
solicitation
[redacted] 100 points for 100 points
performance OCONUS > TDY assignment to
Kuwait and
Germany do not
count under the
solicitation
Total 500 points 500 points
As noted above, protestor did not have any objections to the contracting officer’s
affidavit, and at oral argument, protestor’s counsel conceded “as to the issue of Octo
receiving 250 points in additional [points], I think that issue is somewhat moot now
because the Government had came back and found 500 points deducting. And we
agree with their deductions. . . .”
DISCUSSION
Pursuant to Rule 52.1(c) of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal
Claims (RCFC) (2014), which governs motions for judgment on the administrative
record, the court’s inquiry is directed to “whether, given all the disputed and undisputed
facts, a party has met its burden of proof based on the evidence in the record.” Mgmt.
and Training Corp. v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl. 26, 40 (2014) (quoting A & D Fire
Prot., Inc. v. United States, 72 Fed. Cl. 126, 131 (2006) (citing Bannum, Inc. v. United
States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1356-57 (Fed. Cir. 2005))); see also Eco Tour Adventures, Inc.
v. United States, 114 Fed. Cl. 6, 21 (2013); DMS All-Star Joint Venture v. United States,
90 Fed. Cl. 653, 661 (2010).
The Administrative Dispute Resolution Act of 1996 (ADRA), Pub. L. No. 104-320,
§§ 12(a), 12(b), 110 Stat. 3870, 3874 (1996) (codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1)-(4)
(2012)), amended the Tucker Act to establish a statutory basis for bid protests in the
United States Court of Federal Claims. See Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico
Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d 1324, 1330-32 (Fed. Cir. 2001). The statute provides
that protests of agency procurement decisions are to be reviewed under Administrative
Procedure Act (APA) standards, making applicable the standards outlined in Scanwell
Laboratories, Inc. v. Shaffer, 424 F.2d 859 (D.C. Cir. 1970), and the line of cases
following that decision. See, e.g., Res. Conservation Grp., LLC v. United States, 597
F.3d 1238, 1242 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (“Following passage of the APA in 1946, the District of
Columbia Circuit in Scanwell Labs., Inc. v. Shaffer, 424 F.2d 859 (D.C. Cir. 1970), held
that challenges to awards of government contracts were reviewable in federal district
courts pursuant to the judicial review provisions of the APA.”); Galen Med. Assocs., Inc.
v. United States, 369 F.3d 1324, 1329 (Fed. Cir.) (citing to Scanwell Laboratories, Inc.
v. Shaffer for its reasoning that “suits challenging the award process are in the public
interest and disappointed bidders are the parties with an incentive to enforce the law”),
13
reh’g denied (Fed. Cir. 2004); Banknote Corp. of Am., Inc. v. United States, 365 F.3d
1345, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (“Under the APA standard as applied in the Scanwell line of
cases, and now in ADRA cases, ‘a bid award may be set aside if either (1) the
procurement official’s decision lacked a rational basis; or (2) the procurement procedure
involved a violation of regulation or procedure.’” (quoting Impresa Construzioni Geom.
Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d at 1332)); Info. Tech. & Applications Corp.
v. United States, 316 F.3d 1312, 1319 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed.
Cir. 2003). The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has stated that
the Court of Federal Claims’ jurisdiction over “any alleged violation of statute or
regulation in connection with a procurement or a proposed procurement,” 28 U.S.C.
§ 1491(b)(1), “provides a broad grant of jurisdiction because ‘[p]rocurement includes all
stages of the process of acquiring property or services, beginning with the process for
determining a need for property or services and ending with contract completion and
closeout.’” Sys. Application & Techs., Inc. v. United States, 691 F.3d 1374, 1381 (Fed.
Cir. 2012) (emphasis in original) (quoting Res. Conservation Grp., LLC v. United States,
597 F.3d at 1244 (quoting 41 U.S.C. § 403(2))); see also Rockies Exp. Pipeline LLC v.
Salazar, 730 F.3d 1330, 1336 (Fed. Cir. 2013), reh’g denied (Fed. Cir. 2014); Distrib.
Solutions, Inc. v. United States, 539 F.3d 1340, 1345 (Fed. Cir.) (“[T]he phrase, ‘in
connection with a procurement or proposed procurement,’ by definition involves a
connection with any stage of the federal contracting acquisition process, including ‘the
process for determining a need for property or services.’”), reh’g denied (Fed. Cir.
2008); RAMCOR Servs. Grp., Inc. v. United States, 185 F.3d 1286, 1289 (Fed. Cir.
1999) (“The operative phrase ‘in connection with’ is very sweeping in scope.”).
Agency procurement actions should be set aside when they are “arbitrary,
capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law,” or “without
observance of procedure required by law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), (2)(D) (2012);8 see
8
The language of 5 U.S.C. § 706 provides:
To the extent necessary to decision and when presented, the reviewing
court shall decide all relevant questions of law, interpret constitutional and
statutory provisions, and determine the meaning or applicability of the
terms of an agency action. The reviewing court shall—
(1) compel agency action unlawfully withheld or unreasonably delayed;
and
(2) hold unlawful and set aside agency action, findings, and
conclusions found to be—
(A) arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in
accordance with law;
(B) contrary to constitutional right, power, privilege, or immunity;
14
also Orion Tech., Inc. v. United States, 704 F.3d 1344, 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2013); COMINT
Sys. Corp. v. United States, 700 F.3d 1377, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2012); Savantage Fin.
Servs. Inc., v. United States, 595 F.3d 1282, 1285-86 (Fed. Cir. 2010); Weeks Marine,
Inc. v. United States, 575 F.3d 1352, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2009); Axiom Res. Mgmt., Inc. v.
United States, 564 F.3d 1374, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (noting arbitrary and capricious
standard set forth in 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), and reaffirming the analysis of Impresa
Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d at 1332); Blue & Gold
Fleet, L.P. v. United States, 492 F.3d 1308 1312 (Fed. Cir. 2007) (“[T]he inquiry is
whether the [government’s] procurement decision was ‘arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of
discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.’” (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A)
(2000))); Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d at 1351; Eco Tour Adventures, Inc. v.
United States, 114 Fed. Cl. at 22; Contracting, Consulting, Eng’g LLC v. United States,
104 Fed. Cl. 334, 340 (2012). “In a bid protest case, the agency’s award must be upheld
unless it is ‘arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance
with law.’” Turner Constr. Co. v. United States, 645 F.3d 1377, 1383 (Fed. Cir.)
(quoting PAI Corp. v. United States, 614 F.3d 1347, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2010)), reh’g and
reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2011); see also Glenn Defense Marine (ASIA), PTE Ltd.
v. United States, 720 F.3d 901, 907 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2013);
McVey Co. v. United States, 111 Fed. Cl. 387, 402 (2013) (“The first step is to
demonstrate error, that is, to show that the agency acted in an arbitrary and capricious
manner, without a rational basis or contrary to law.”); PlanetSpace, Inc. v. United
States, 92 Fed. Cl. 520, 531-32 (2010) (“Stated another way, a plaintiff must show that
the agency’s decision either lacked a rational basis or was contrary to law.” (citing
Weeks Marine, Inc. v. United States, 575 F.3d at 1358)).
In discussing the appropriate standard of review for bid protest cases, the United
States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit specifically addressed subsections (2)(A)
and (2)(D) of 5 U.S.C. § 706, see Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v.
(C) in excess of statutory jurisdiction, authority, or limitations, or
short of statutory right;
(D) without observance of procedure required by law;
(E) unsupported by substantial evidence in a case subject to
sections 556 and 557 of this title or otherwise reviewed on the
record of an agency hearing provided by statute; or
(F) unwarranted by the facts to the extent that the facts are subject
to trial de novo by the reviewing court.
In making the foregoing determinations, the court shall review the whole
record or those parts of it cited by a party, and due account shall be taken
of the rule of prejudicial error.
5 U.S.C. § 706.
15
United States, 238 F.3d at 1332 n.5, but the Federal Circuit has focused its attention
primarily on subsection (2)(A). See COMINT Sys. Corp. v. United States, 700 F.3d at
1381 (“We evaluate agency actions according to the standards set forth in the
Administrative Procedure Act; namely, for whether they are ‘arbitrary, capricious, an
abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.’” (quoting 5 U.S.C. §
706(2)(A); Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d at 1351)); NVT Techs., Inc. v.
United States, 370 F.3d 1153, 1159 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (“Bid protest actions are subject to
the standard of review established under section 706 of Title 5 of the Administrative
Procedure Act (‘APA’), 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(4) (2000), by which an agency’s decision is
to be set aside only if it is ‘arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not
in accordance with law,’ 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A) (2000).”) (citations omitted); Banknote
Corp. of Am., Inc. v. United States, 365 F.3d at 1350 (“Among the various APA
standards of review in section 706, the proper standard to be applied in bid protest
cases is provided by 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A): a reviewing court shall set aside the agency
action if it is ‘arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance
with law.’” (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A) and citing Advanced Data Concepts, Inc. v.
United States, 216 F.3d 1054, 1057-58 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g denied (Fed. Cir. 2000))); Info.
Tech. & Applications Corp. v. United States, 316 F.3d at 1319 (“Consequently, our
inquiry is whether the Air Force’s procurement decision was ‘arbitrary, capricious, an
abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.’ 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A)
(2000).”).
The United States Supreme Court has identified sample grounds which can
constitute arbitrary or capricious agency action:
[W]e will not vacate an agency’s decision unless it “has relied on factors
which Congress has not intended it to consider, entirely failed to consider
an important aspect of the problem, offered an explanation for its decision
that runs counter to the evidence before the agency, or is so implausible
that it could not be ascribed to a difference in view or the product of
agency expertise.”
Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife, 551 U.S. 644, 658 (2007) (quoting
Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983));
see also F.C.C. v. Fox Television Stations, Inc., 556 U.S. 502, 552 (2009); Ala. Aircraft
Indus., Inc.-Birmingham v. United States, 586 F.3d 1372, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2009), reh’g
and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2010); In re Sang Su Lee, 277 F.3d 1338, 1342
(Fed. Cir. 2002) (“The agency must present a full and reasoned explanation of its
decision. . . . The reviewing court is thus enabled to perform a meaningful
review . . . .”), aff’d on subsequent appeal, 262 F. App’x 275 (Fed. Cir. 2008); Textron,
Inc. v. United States, 74 Fed. Cl. 277, 285-86 (2006), appeal dismissed sub nom.
Textron, Inc. v. Ocean Technical Servs., Inc., 222 F. App’x 996 (Fed. Cir.), and
dismissed per stipulation sub nom. Textron, Inc. v. Ocean Technical Servs., Inc., 223 F.
App’x 974 (Fed. Cir. 2007). The United States Supreme Court also has cautioned,
however, that “courts are not free to impose upon agencies specific procedural
requirements that have no basis in the APA.” Pension Benefit Guar. Corp. v. LTV
16
Corp., 496 U.S. 633, 654 (1990).
A disappointed bidder has the burden of demonstrating the arbitrary and
capricious nature of the agency decision by a preponderance of the evidence. See
Grumman Data Sys. Corp. v. Dalton, 88 F.3d 990, 995-96 (Fed. Cir. 1996); Davis Boat
Works, Inc. v. United States, 111 Fed. Cl. 342, 349 (2013); Contracting, Consulting,
Eng’g LLC v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl. at 340. The Federal Circuit has made clear
that “[t]his court will not overturn a contracting officer’s determination unless it is
arbitrary, capricious, or otherwise contrary to law. To demonstrate that such a
determination is arbitrary or capricious, a protester must identify ‘hard facts;’ a mere
inference or suspicion . . . is not enough.” PAI Corp. v. United States, 614 F.3d at 1352
(citing John C. Grimberg Co. v. United States, 185 F.3d 1297, 1300 (Fed. Cir. 1999);
see also Turner Const. Co., Inc. v. United States, 645 F.3d at 1387; Sierra Nevada
Corp. v. United States, 107 Fed. Cl. 735, 759 (2012); Filtration Dev. Co., LLC v. United
States, 60 Fed. Cl. 371, 380 (2004).
Furthermore, to prevail in a bid protest case, the protestor not only must show
that the government’s actions were arbitrary, capricious, or otherwise not in accordance
with the law, but the protestor also must show that it was prejudiced by the
government’s actions. See 5 U.S.C. § 706 (“[D]ue account shall be taken of the rule of
prejudicial error.”); see also Glenn Def. Marine (ASIA), PTE Ltd. v. United States, 720
F.3d at 907 (“In a bid protest case, the inquiry is whether the agency's action was
arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law
and, if so, whether the error is prejudicial.”); Linc Gov’t Servs., LLC v. United States, 96
Fed. Cl. 672, 694-96 (2010). Recognizing the two-step analysis of bid protest cases,
the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has stated that:
A bid protest proceeds in two steps. First . . . the trial court determines
whether the government acted without rational basis or contrary to law
when evaluating the bids and awarding the contract. Second . . . if the
trial court finds that the government’s conduct fails the APA review under
5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), then it proceeds to determine, as a factual matter, if
the bid protester was prejudiced by that conduct.
Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d at 1351; Eco Tour Adventures, Inc. v. United
States, 114 Fed. Cl. at 22; Archura LLC v. United States, 112 Fed. Cl. at 496. In
describing the prejudice requirement, the Federal Circuit also has held that:
To prevail in a bid protest, a protester must show a significant, prejudicial
error in the procurement process. See Statistica, Inc. v. Christopher, 102
F.3d 1577, 1581 (Fed. Cir. 1996); Data Gen. Corp. v. Johnson, 78 F.3d
1556, 1562 (Fed. Cir. 1996). “To establish prejudice, a protester is not
required to show that but for the alleged error, the protester would have
been awarded the contract.” Data General, 78 F.3d at 1562 (citation
omitted). Rather, the protester must show “that there was a substantial
chance it would have received the contract award but for that error.”
17
Statistica, 102 F.3d at 1582; see CACI, Inc.-Fed. v. United States, 719
F.2d 1567, 1574-75 (Fed. Cir. 1983) (to establish competitive prejudice,
protester must demonstrate that but for the alleged error, “‘there was a
substantial chance that [it] would receive an award--that it was within the
zone of active consideration.’”) (citation omitted).
Alfa Laval Separation, Inc. v. United States, 175 F.3d 1365, 1367 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g
denied (Fed. Cir. 1999); see also Glenn Def. Marine (ASIA), PTE Ltd. v. United States,
720 F.3d at 912; Allied Tech. Grp., Inc. v. United States, 649 F.3d 1320, 1326 (Fed.
Cir.), reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2011); Info. Tech. & Applications Corp. v. United
States, 316 F.3d at 1319; Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United
States, 238 F.3d at 1332-33; OMV Med., Inc. v. United States, 219 F.3d 1337, 1342
(Fed. Cir. 2000); Advanced Data Concepts, Inc. v. United States, 216 F.3d at 1057;
Stratos Mobile Networks USA, LLC v. United States, 213 F.3d 1375, 1380 (Fed. Cir.
2000).
In Data General Corp. v. Johnson, the United States Court of Appeals for the
Federal Circuit wrote:
We think that the appropriate standard is that, to establish prejudice, a
protester must show that, had it not been for the alleged error in the
procurement process, there was a reasonable likelihood that the protester
would have been awarded the contract . . . . The standard reflects a
reasonable balance between the importance of (1) averting unwarranted
interruptions of and interferences with the procurement process and (2)
ensuring that protesters who have been adversely affected by allegedly
significant error in the procurement process have a forum available to vent
their grievances. This is a refinement and clarification of the “substantial
chance” language of CACI, Inc.-Fed. [v. United States], 719 F.2d at 1574.
Data Gen. Corp. v. Johnson, 78 F.3d 1556, 1562 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g denied, en banc
suggestion declined (Fed. Cir. 1996); see also Glenn Def. Marine (ASIA), PTE Ltd. v.
United States, 720 F.3d at 912; Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d at 1353, 1358
(“The trial court was required to determine whether these errors in the procurement
process significantly prejudiced Bannum . . . . To establish ‘significant prejudice’
Bannum must show that there was a ‘substantial chance’ it would have received the
contract award but for the [government’s] errors” in the bid process. (citing Info. Tech. &
Applications Corp. v. United States, 316 F.3d at 1319; Alfa Laval Separation, Inc. v.
United States, 175 F.3d at 1367; Statistica, Inc. v. Christopher, 102 F.3d at 1581; Data
Gen. Corp. v. Johnson, 78 F.3d at 1562); see also Advanced Data Concepts, Inc. v.
United States, 216 F.3d at 1057 (using a “reasonable likelihood” rule); Stratos Mobile
Networks USA, LLC v. United States, 213 F.3d at 1380 (using a “substantial chance”
test); Archura LLC v. United States, 112 Fed. Cl. 487, 496 (2013) (using a “substantial
chance” test); Info. Scis. Corp. v. United States, 73 Fed. Cl. 70, 96 (2006) (using a
“substantial chance” test), recons. in part, 75 Fed. Cl. 406 (2007).
18
Under an arbitrary or capricious standard, the reviewing court should not
substitute its judgment for that of the agency, but should review the basis for the agency
decision to determine if it was legally permissible, reasonable, and supported by the
facts. See Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. at 43
(“The scope of review under the arbitrary and capricious standard is narrow and a court
is not to substitute its judgment for that of the agency.”); see also Turner Const. Co.,
Inc. v. United States, 645 F.3d 1377, 1383 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir.
2011); R & W Flammann GmbH v. United States, 339 F.3d 1320, 1322 (Fed. Cir. 2003)
(citing Ray v. Lehman, 55 F.3d 606, 608 (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 916 (1995)).
“‘“If the court finds a reasonable basis for the agency’s action, the court should stay its
hand even though it might, as an original proposition, have reached a different
conclusion as to the proper administration and application of the procurement
regulations.”’” Weeks Marine, Inc. v. United States, 575 F.3d at 1371 (quoting
Honeywell, Inc. v. United States, 870 F.2d 644, 648 (Fed. Cir. 1989) (quoting M.
Steinthal & Co. v. Seamans, 455 F.2d 1289, 1301 (D.C. Cir. 1971))); Davis Boat Works,
Inc. v. United States, 111 Fed. Cl. at 349; Norsat Int’l [America], Inc. v. United States,
111 Fed. Cl. 483, 493 (2013); HP Enter. Servs., LLC v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl. 230,
238 (2012); Vanguard Recovery Assistance v. United States, 101 Fed. Cl. 765, 780
(2011).
As stated by the United States Supreme Court:
Section 706(2)(A) requires a finding that the actual choice made was not
“arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in
accordance with law.” To make this finding the court must consider
whether the decision was based on a consideration of the relevant factors
and whether there has been a clear error of judgment. Although this
inquiry into the facts is to be searching and careful, the ultimate standard
of review is a narrow one. The court is not empowered to substitute its
judgment for that of the agency.
Citizens to Pres. Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 416 (1971), abrogated on
other grounds by Califano v. Sanders, 430 U.S. 99 (1977); see also U.S. Postal Serv. v.
Gregory, 534 U.S. 1, 6-7 (2001); Bowman Transp., Inc. v. Arkansas-Best Freight Sys.,
Inc., 419 U.S. 281, 285 (1974), reh’g denied, 420 U.S. 956 (1975); Co-Steel Raritan,
Inc. v. Int’l Trade Comm'n, 357 F.3d 1294, 1309 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (In discussing the
“arbitrary, capricious, and abuse of discretion otherwise not in accordance with the law”
standard, the Federal Circuit stated that “the ultimate standard of review is a narrow
one. The court is not empowered to substitute its judgment for that of the agency.”); In
re Sang Su Lee, 277 F.3d at 1342; Advanced Data Concepts, Inc. v. United States, 216
F.3d at 1058 (“The arbitrary and capricious standard applicable here is highly
deferential. This standard requires a reviewing court to sustain an agency action
evincing rational reasoning and consideration of relevant factors.” (citing Bowman
Transp., Inc. v. Arkansas-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 419 U.S. at 285)); Lockheed Missiles
& Space Co. v. Bentsen, 4 F.3d 955, 959 (Fed. Cir. 1993); BCPeabody Constr. Servs.,
Inc. v. United States, 112 Fed. Cl. 502, 508 (2013) (“The court ‘is not empowered to
19
substitute its judgment for that of the agency,’ and it must uphold an agency's decision
against a challenge if the ‘contracting agency provided a coherent and reasonable
explanation of its exercise of discretion.’” (quoting Keeton Corrs., Inc. v. United States,
59 Fed. Cl. 753, 755, recons. denied, 60 Fed. Cl. 251 (2004), and Axiom Res. Mgmt.,
Inc. v. United States, 564 F.3d at 1381)), appeal withdrawn, 559 F. App’x 1033 (Fed.
Cir. 2014) (internal citations omitted); Supreme Foodservice GmbH v. United States,
109 Fed. Cl. 369, 382 (2013); Alamo Travel Grp., LP v. United States, 108 Fed. Cl. 224,
231 (2012); ManTech Telecomms. & Info. Sys. Corp. v. United States, 49 Fed. Cl. 57,
63 (2001), aff’d, 30 F. App’x 995 (Fed. Cir. 2002); Ellsworth Assocs., Inc. v. United
States, 45 Fed. Cl. 388, 392 (1999) (“Courts must give great deference to agency
procurement decisions and will not lightly overturn them.” (citing Fla. Power & Light Co.
v. Lorion, 470 U.S. 729, 743-44 (1985))), appeal dismissed, 6 F. App’x 867 (Fed. Cir
2001), and superseded by regulation as recognized in MVS USA, Inc. v. United States,
111 Fed. Cl. 639 (2013).
According to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit:
Effective contracting demands broad discretion. Burroughs Corp. v.
United States, 617 F.2d 590, 598 (Ct. Cl. 1980); Sperry Flight Sys. Div. v.
United States, 548 F.2d 915, 921, 212 Ct. Cl. 329 (1977); see NKF Eng’g,
Inc. v. United States, 805 F.2d 372, 377 (Fed. Cir. 1986); Tidewater
Management Servs., Inc. v. United States, 573 F.2d 65, 73, 216 Ct. Cl. 69
(1978); RADVA Corp. v. United States, 17 Cl. Ct. 812, 819 (1989), aff’d,
914 F.2d 271 (Fed. Cir. 1990). Accordingly, agencies “are entrusted with
a good deal of discretion in determining which bid is the most
advantageous to the Government.” Tidewater Management Servs., 573
F.2d at 73, 216 Ct. Cl. 69.
Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. v. Bentsen, 4 F.3d at 958-59; see also Res-Care, Inc.
v. United States, 735 F.3d 1384, 1390 (Fed. Cir.) (“DOL [Department of Labor], as a
federal procurement entity, has ‘broad discretion to determine what particular method of
procurement will be in the best interests of the United States in a particular situation.’”
(quoting Tyler Const. Grp. v. United States, 570 F.3d 1329, 1334 (Fed. Cir. 2009))),
reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2014); Grumman Data Sys. Corp. v. Dalton, 88 F.3d at
995; Kingdomware Techs., Inc. v. United States, 107 Fed. Cl. 226, 231 (2012)
(“‘Federal procurement entities have “broad discretion to determine what particular
method of procurement will be in the best interests of the United States in a particular
situation.”’” (quoting K-Lak Corp. v. United States, 98 Fed. Cl. 1, 8 (2011) (quoting Tyler
Const. Grp. v. United States, 570 F.3d at 1334)), aff’d, 754 F.3d 923 (Fed. Cir. 2014).
Similarly, the Federal Circuit further has indicated that:
Contracting officers “are entitled to exercise discretion upon a broad range
of issues confronting them in the procurement process.” Impresa
Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d 1324,
1332 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (internal quotation marks omitted). Accordingly,
20
procurement decisions are subject to a “highly deferential rational basis
review.” CHE Consulting, Inc. v. United States, 552 F.3d 1351, 1354 (Fed.
Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). Applying this highly
deferential standard, the court must sustain an agency action unless the
action does not “evince[ ] rational reasoning and consideration of relevant
factors.” Advanced Data Concepts, Inc. v. United States, 216 F.3d 1054,
1058 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (alterations added).
PAI Corp. v. United States, 614 F.3d at 1351; see also Weeks Marine, Inc. v. United
States, 575 F.3d at 1368-69 (“We have stated that procurement decisions ‘invoke[ ]
“highly deferential” rational basis review.’ Under that standard, we sustain an agency
action ‘evincing rational reasoning and consideration of relevant factors.’” (quoting CHE
Consulting, Inc. v. United States, 552 F.3d at 1354 (quoting Advanced Data Concepts,
Inc. v. United States, 216 F.3d at 1058))); Cohen Fin. Servs., Inc. v. United States, 112
Fed. Cl. 153, 162 (2013); McVey Co., Inc. v. United States, 111 Fed. Cl. 387, 402
(2013).
The wide discretion afforded contracting officers extends to a broad range of
procurement functions, including the determination of what constitutes an advantage
over other proposals. See L-3 Commc’ns EOTech, Inc. v. United States, 83 Fed. Cl.
643, 650 (2008) (“The deference afforded to an agency’s decision must be even greater
when a trial court is asked to review a technical evaluation.”), appeal dismissed, 356 F.
App’x 390 (Fed. Cir. 2009); Textron, Inc. v. United States, 74 Fed. Cl. at 286 (in which
the court considered technical ranking decisions as “‘minutiae of the procurement
process’” not to be second guessed by a court (quoting E.W. Bliss Co. v. United States,
77 F.3d 445, 449 (Fed. Cir. 1996))). This is because “[t]he evaluation of proposals for
their technical excellence or quality is a process that often requires the special expertise
of procurement officials, and thus reviewing courts give the greatest deference possible
to these determinations.” Beta Analytics Int’l, Inc. v. United States, 67 Fed. Cl. 384, 395
(2005) (citing E.W. Bliss Co. v. United States, 77 F.3d at 449); see also Unisys Corp. v.
United States, 89 Fed. Cl. 126, 142 (2009) (holding that an agency’s “exercise of such
technical judgment and expertise . . . . is entitled to the greatest possible deference
under E.W. Bliss”); CRAssociates, Inc. v. United States, 102 Fed. Cl. 698, 717 (2011),
aff’d, 475 F. App’x 341 (Fed. Cir. 2012). The question is not whether the court would
reach the same conclusions as the agency regarding the comparison of proposals, but,
rather, whether the conclusions reached by the agency lacked a reasonable basis and,
therefore, were arbitrary or capricious, in which case, courts have a role to review and
instruct. See WorldTravelService v. United States, 49 Fed. Cl. 431, 441 (2001)
(“Therefore, this court’s main task is to ensure that the [agency] examined the relevant
data and articulated a ‘rational connection between the facts found and the choice
made.’” (quoting Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S.
at 43 (internal citations omitted))); Cybertech Grp., Inc. v. United States, 48 Fed. Cl.
638, 646 (2001) (“The court recognizes that the agency possesses wide discretion in
the application of procurement regulations.”); JWK Int’l Corp. v. United States, 49 Fed.
Cl. 371, 388 (2001), aff’d, 279 F.3d 985 (Fed. Cir), reh’g denied (Fed. Cir. 2002).
21
In addition, the court “assume[s] that the government acts in good faith while
contracting.” Galen Med. Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 56 Fed. Cl. 104, 108 (2003),
aff'd, 369 F.3d 1324 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g denied (Fed. Cir. 2004); Madison Servs, Inc. v.
United States, 92 Fed. Cl. 120, 129 (quoting Aero Corp. v. United States, 38 Fed. Cl.
408, 413 (1997) (“The court's review is thus guided by the “well-established principle
that contracting officials are presumed to act in good faith when executing their
procurement functions.”)), relief from judgment denied, 94 Fed. Cl. 501 (2010). A
protestor must show “‘well-nigh irrefragable proof’ that the government had an intent to
injure it to overcome this presumption.” Galen Med. Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 56
Fed. Cl. at 108 (quoting Knotts v. United States, 128 Ct. Cl. 489, 492, 121 F. Supp. 630,
631 (1954)); see also Caldwell & Santmyer, Inc. v. Glickman, 55 F.3d 1578, 1581 (Fed.
Cir. 1995) (“We assume the government acts in good faith when contracting. Torncello
[v. United States], 681 F.2d [756,] 770 [(1982)]; Librach v. United States, 147 Ct. Cl.
605, 1959 WL 7633 (1959). A contractor can overcome this presumption only if it shows
through ‘well-nigh irrefragable proof’ that the government had a specific intent to injure
it. Torncello, 681 F.2d at 770.”); Madison Servs, Inc. v. United States, 92 Fed. Cl. at
129.
In Octo’s protest, protestor alleges that the “Agency improperly failed to award
Octo a contract,” because “either the Agency improperly rated its proposal or Octo's
original self-assessment was incorrect.” Octo calculated it’s self-assessment score as
5,875 points. Upon evaluation of Octo’s self-evaluation score, the Agency deducted
100 points from Octo’s past performance, lowering Octo’s score to 5,775, which placed
Octo outside the top 40 proposals eligible for contract award. The February 24, 2014,
Unsuccessful Offeror Notification and Post Award Debriefing Letter from the Agency to
Octo, however, incorrectly indicated Octo’s evaluated score as 5,6259 and deducted
350 points for past performance.
Following receipt of the debriefing letter, “Octo thoroughly re-examined the
documentation submitted with its original proposal and identified areas where either the
Agency improperly rated its proposal of [sic] Octo’s original self-assessment was
incorrect.” Octo informed the Agency of its conclusions. In a March 5, 2014 letter, the
agency agreed that the debriefing letter had incorrectly calculated Octo’s past
performance score, and notified Octo that its corrected evaluated score should be
5,775.
Subsequently, in a March 12, 2014 letter, Octo indicated to the Agency that Octo
had again reexamined the documentation submitted with its original proposal and
identified areas regarding which its original self-assessment was incorrect, specifically
additional mistakes related to Volume 3 of its proposal. Octo identified three new
9
As indicated in the Joint Stipulations of Fact, “[t]he debriefing letter incorrectly asserted
a 350 point deduction for Past Performance Project 2. Instead, the deduction for that
project should have been 200 points, as indicated by the agency’s evaluation of Octo
prior to the award.” (internal citation omitted).
22
changes to its score: a 25 point addition for “Octo Self-Assessment Correction to P2E
Project Value,” a 50 point deduction for “Octo Self-Assessment Correction to Mission
Spaces,” and a 275 point addition for “Octo Self-Assessment Correction to Core
Disciplines.” Therefore, Octo claimed that it should have received an additional 250
points, which would have adjusted Octo’s score to 6,025 and, according to protestor,
“would be 150 points higher than GSA’s minimum threshold for contract awards.” The
Agency declined to make the adjustments and noted, although it could examine any
evaluation adjustments that were made to Octo’s self-score as part of a clarification
process, an offeror was not permitted to change or amend the proposal documentation
submitted unless discussions are conducted. In its complaint, Octo alleges that “[t]he
Court should find that Octo is entitled to the additional points, raising Octo’s score to
6,025 points,” and “[w]ith the additional points, the Court should find that Octo is entitled
to award of a contract under the RFP.”
In its response to protestor’s motion for judgment on the administrative record,
defendant argued that:
Even if GSA committed error by not evaluating Octo’s entire proposal,
which it did not, Octo cannot establish prejudice. The record reveals that
there are additional deductions that GSA could have applied to Octo’s
proposal totaling 500 points if GSA had reviewed all of Octo’s supporting
documentation. Even if Octo is entitled to the additional 250 points, which
it is not, a 500 point deduction places Octo in 52 nd place, well outside the
Top 40.
At oral argument, protestor’s counsel conceded “as to the issue of Octo receiving
250 points in additional [points], I think that issue is somewhat moot now because the
Government had come back and found 500 points deducting. And we agree with their
deductions, which means that even if we were right with our 250 points, we aren’t going
to be one of the awardees.” As indicated in the uncontested, sworn affidavit from Todd
Richards, the Lead Evaluator for the Oasis SB procurement, “[a]t the request of counsel
for the Government, I conducted an evaluation of Volume Three of Octo Consulting
Inc.'s (Octo) proposal, entitled Relevant Experience, for the purpose of determining
whether the points that Octo claimed for Relevant Experience were substantiated by
documentation.”10 Mr. Richards determined that: “My evaluation of Octo's Relevant
Experience, as discussed below, reveals that there are a host of deductions that I would
have made, totaling 500 points, due to Octo's claims with respect to having performance
in multiple locations and outside the United States (OCONUS) that are not
substantiated by documentation.”11
10
As explained by Mr. Richards, “[p]rior to this request, GSA had not conducted an
evaluation of Volume Three (Relevant Experience) because Octo dropped out of the
Top 40 following the evaluation of its past performance. Under the solicitation, the
evaluation process ceases for offerors who fall out of the Top 40 due to point
deductions.”
11
At oral argument, counsel for protestor, again, conceded the 500 points of deductions
23
Octo concedes that it could not demonstrate prejudice, in other words, protestor
could not demonstrate that but for the alleged errors by the Agency, there is a
substantial chance it could have received an award. See Alfa Laval Separation, Inc. v.
United States, 175 F.3d at 1367; see also Glenn Def. Marine (ASIA), PTE Ltd. v. United
States, 720 F.3d at 912; Allied Tech. Grp., Inc. v. United States, 649 F.3d at 1326;
Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d at 1358.
In its complaint, protestor also argued that
[e]ven if the Agency did properly determine Octo’s score, based upon the
mistakes that Octo discovered the Agency made in evaluating its
proposal, the Agency probably improperly evaluated the proposals of
some of the 43 awardees. The evaluation methodology is complex and the
self-scoring spreadsheet lacked mathematical checks to prevent offerors
and GSA from making errors.
At oral argument, protestor’s counsel argued that “based on the complexity of the
scoring system, the number of points, the fact that they made mistakes with us, the
number of mistakes that offerors made themselves in their self-evaluation,” protestor,
through its counsel, should have the opportunity to review ten, identified12 awardees’
proposals to check for errors. Protestor’s counsel indicated that the ten proposals
protestor sought to review would be for awardees who scored towards the bottom of the
43 awardees. The protestor suggested that it would “have a question about whether
those could even be awardees,” based on “their knowledge of those companies and
their belief that those companies couldn’t possibly have the capabilities to get the score
they got.” Moreover, protestor’s counsel indicated as grounds for identifying the ten
proposals, that for “some of them just because we’re not very far off points-wise from
them, and we believe that there were mistakes made in doing the evaluation,” although
protestor’s counsel agreed with the court that the foregoing were “all pretty vague
accusations.”
Although protestor’s counsel conceded he could not be sure that mistakes were
made with any of the ten identified proposals, and admitted that he had “no specific
knowledge” of any mistakes, protestor argued that “we also know that out of the 43
awardees, 15 of them from their self-score had dramatic reductions when the agency
looked at it. So, obviously, there was a big difference between what people propose and
what the agency found.”13 Protestor’s counsel argued that “we know there were
identified by the government, stating: “If we would go forward and they would do that
evaluation, I believe that would be correct, yes.”
12
Although protestor’s counsel identified by name the ten awardees’ proposals to be
reviewed, the court does not include the names of those awardees in this opinion.
13
At oral argument protestor’s counsel alleged that “for 15 of the 43 awardees, after
their proposal was initially evaluated, they had their scores reduced at least 325 points.”
24
mistakes they made when they [GSA] came back and told us what our score was in the
debriefing.” At oral argument protestor’s counsel summarized his position that “based
on the totality of those factors and the probability of there [sic] were mistakes made with
us and all of these other things, that there were additional mistakes.”
Defendant’s counsel argued that “tremendous fairness objections” would be
raised if the court were to allow protestor to review the ten identified proposals.
Defendant’s counsel asserted the awardees “received the solicitation, they presumably
followed it, they relied upon the solicitation in submitting their proposals.” Defendant’s
counsel emphasized that to review the proposals, and potentially “redo the evaluation is
to act in a way that’s inconsistent with the solicitation, with the process that was set forth
in the solicitation.” Defendant’s counsel also asserted that “you don’t get to further
evaluations and certainly don’t get to open up evaluations that have already been
completed per the solicitation without acting in a way that’s contrary to the solicitation.
So, I do think that it would be improper and unfair to offerors who followed the
procedures. . . .” Defendant also reiterated that the additional, uncontested deductions
identified by Mr. Richards would place protestor well outside the Top 40 proposals
eligible for award, which demonstrates protestor cannot establish prejudice.
As protestor has conceded that more than 500 points may have been deducted
from its proposal if it were more fully evaluated, the protestor cannot show the requisite
prejudice to gain access to ten additional proposals. See Alfa Laval Separation, Inc. v.
United States, 175 F.3d at 1367; see also Glenn Def. Marine (ASIA), PTE Ltd. v. United
States, 720 F.3d at 912; Allied Tech. Grp., Inc. v. United States, 649 F.3d at 1326;
Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d at 1358. Eco Tour Adventures, Inc. v. United
States, 114 Fed. Cl. at 22; Archura LLC v. United States, 112 Fed. Cl. at 496. Protestor
has not demonstrated any specific allegations that would entitle protestor’s counsel to
review the ten proposals he identified and sought to review or to conclude that other
proposals were incorrectly scored, regarding which the protestor would have the burden
of proof. Although protestor’s counsel claims that for the ten proposals he identified
“those companies couldn’t possibly have the capabilities to get the score they got,”
counsel admits to “no specific knowledge” of any mistakes in the other evaluations by
the agency in any of the ten other proposals, making its claims entirely speculative.
In AM General, LLC v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl. 653 (2014), this court
determined that speculative allegations by the protestor were insufficient to demonstrate
prejudice. Protestor AMG submitted four proposals in response to the solicitation for
the design, production and delivery of military vehicles. See id. at 661. After receipt of
AMG’s third proposal, the agency provided a review to AMG, “in which the agency rated
AMG's Factor 3 as Outstanding, with both Subfactors 1 and 2 rated as Outstanding, and
Subfactor 3 rated as Acceptable.” Id. at 678. AMG alleged that between submitting its
third proposal and the submission of its fourth and final proposal, the agency conducted
misleading discussions, because in “its review of plaintiff's final proposal, the agency
made no change to the ratings of the underlying subfactors, but nonetheless lowered
the Factor 3 rating to Good.” Id. The court determined that AMG “had the information it
needed to improve its proposal on Subfactor 3 well before the submission of its final
25
proposal, but it managed to effect only modest improvement, and “[i]n any event,
plaintiff fails to establish that it was prejudiced by the purported misleading discussions,
as it is far too speculative to assume it would have been able to achieve a higher
rating.” Id. at 679. The court concluded that “AMG's view that it was prejudiced by
misleading discussions is much too speculative and thus cannot support a finding that it
would have had a substantial chance to receive the contract, but for the improper
discussions.” Id. at 680. Moreover, in Allied Materials & Equipment, Co. v. United
States, a Judge of this court noted that “[i]n addition to demonstrating a violation of
regulation or procedure, to prevail in its bid protest in the circumstances of this case,
plaintiff must demonstrate that, absent the error, it would have had a chance of
receiving the contract award that is more than merely speculative.” Allied Materials &
Equip., Co. v. United States, 81 Fed. Cl. 448, 460 (2008) (applying “a standard for the
showing of prejudice that lies between Weeks Marine [v. United States], 79 Fed. Cl.
[22,] 35 [(2007), aff’d in part, rev’d in part, 575 F.3d 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2009)] (the
identification of ‘a non-trivial competitive injury capable of being redressed by judicial
relief’) and Bannum [v. United States], 404 F.3d at 1353 (the ‘substantial chance’ test)”).
The court notes that when examining the review by the agency, “[t]he court ‘is not
empowered to substitute its judgment for that of the agency,’ and it must uphold an
agency's decision against a challenge if the ‘contracting agency provided a coherent
and reasonable explanation of its exercise of discretion.’” BCPeabody Constr. Servs.,
Inc. v. United States, 112 Fed. Cl. at 508 (quoting Keeton Corrs., Inc. v. United States,
59 Fed. Cl. at 755, and Axiom Res. Mgmt., Inc. v. United States, 564 F.3d at 1381).
See also Supreme Foodservice GmbH v. United States, 109 Fed. Cl. at 382; Ellsworth
Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 45 Fed. Cl. at 392 (“Courts must give great deference to
agency procurement decisions and will not lightly overturn them.” (citing Fla. Power &
Light Co. v. Lorion, 470 U.S. at 743-44)).
Although not specifically alleged in protestor’s complaint, Octo briefly alleges that
the “Agency failed to consider Octo’s price when making award decisions” in its motion
for judgment on the administrative record. At oral argument, the protestor also stated
that in the Solicitation, “the agency says they’re going to do a best value continuum, and
they cite FAR 15.101. FAR 15.101 is a best value continuum.” Therefore, protestor
argued there is an inconsistency in not evaluating Octo’s price. As articulated by
protestor’s counsel, “[t]he inconsistency is once they put FAR 15.101 in, you have to
also -- you know, price has to become a determining factor, by the language in FAR
15.101.”
Although it is not clear, as demonstrated above, that Octo could demonstrate the
requisite prejudice in order to prevail, the court, nevertheless, examines Octo’s
price/best value allegation. As noted above, that a contracting officer is afforded broad
discretion and deference by the courts extends to a broad range of procurement
functions, including the determination of what constitutes an advantage over other
proposals. See E.W. Bliss Co. v. United States, 77 F.3d at 449; Ellsworth Assocs., Inc.
v. United States, 45 Fed. Cl. at 392. The amount of discretion afforded the contracting
officer is greater in some circumstances as compared to others. For example, in a
negotiated procurement, contracting officers are generally afforded greater decision
26
making discretion, in comparison to their role in sealed bid procurements. See Glenn
Def. Marine (ASIA), PTE Ltd. v. United States, 720 F.3d at 907 (“The protestor's burden
is greater in negotiated procurement, as here, than in other types of bid protests
because ‘“the contracting officer is entrusted with a relatively high degree of
discretion.”’” (quoting Galen Med. Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 369 F.3d at 1330
(quoting Burroughs Corp. v. United States, 223 Ct. Cl. 597-98, 617 F.2d 590, 597
(1980)))); Galen Med. Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 369 F.3d at 1330 (“Because the
bid protest at issue here involved a ‘negotiated procurement,’ the protestor’s burden of
proving that the award was arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not
in accordance with law is greater than in other types of bid protests.” (citations omitted));
Am. Tel. & Tel. Co. v. United States, 307 F.3d 1374, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (“Moreover,
in a negotiated procurement, as in this case, this court has held that the regulations
entrust the contracting officer with especially great discretion, extending even to his
application of procurement regulations.”), reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied,
540 U.S. 937 (2003).
The Federal Circuit has explained that procurement officials have an even
greater degree of discretion when it comes to best-value determinations, as compared
to deciding on price alone. See Galen Med. Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 369 F.3d at
1330 (noting that because “the contract was to be awarded based on ‘best value,’ the
contracting officer had even greater discretion than if the contract were to have been
awarded on the basis of cost alone”); see also CHE Consulting, Inc. v. United States,
552 F.3d 1351, 1354 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (citing E.W. Bliss Co. v. United States, 77 F.3d at
449); Banknote Corp. of Am. Inc. v. United States, 365 F.3d at 1355 (“It is well-
established that contracting officers have a great deal of discretion in making contract
award decisions, particularly when, as here, the contract is to be awarded to the bidder
or bidders that will provide the agency with the best value.” (citing TRW, Inc. v. Unisys
Corp., 98 F.3d 1325, 1327-28 (Fed. Cir. 1996))); Am. Tel. & Tel. Co. v. United States,
307 F.3d at 1379; E.W. Bliss Co. v. United States, 77 F.3d at 449 (“Procurement
officials have substantial discretion to determine which proposal represents the best
value for the government.”); AM Gen., LLC v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl. 653, 697
(2014); Amazon Web Servs., Inc. v. United States, 113 Fed. Cl. 102, 110 (2013)
(“Contracting officers are afforded ‘an even greater degree of discretion when the award
is determined based on the best value to the agency.’” (quoting Galen Med. Assocs.,
Inc. v. United States, 369 F.3d at 1330)); Akal Sec., Inc. v. United States, 103 Fed. Cl.
310, 329 (2011) (“The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has
recognized that ‘[p]rocurement officials have substantial discretion to determine which
proposal represents the best value for the government.’” (quoting E.W. Bliss Co. v.
United States, 77 F.3d at 449)); Blackwater Lodge & Training Ctr., Inc. v. United States,
86 Fed. Cl. 488, 514 (2009).14
14
Although the Agency did not conduct negotiations with the offerors to the Solicitation,
protestor acknowledges that the Solicitation was a negotiated procurement. In its
motion for judgment on the administrative record, protestor, citing Galen Medical
Associates, Inc. v. United States, 369 F.3d at 1330, states, “in a negotiated
procurement like this one, where there are best-value determinations, procurement
officials are afforded a great deal of discretion, as compared to deciding on price alone.”
27
In E.W. Bliss Co. v. United States, the United States Court of Appeals for the
Federal Circuit offered guidance on the applicable standard of review in best value
determinations:
Procurement officials have substantial discretion to determine which
proposal represents the best value for the government. See Lockheed
Missiles & Space Co., Inc. v. Bentsen, 4 F.3d 955, 958 (Fed. Cir. 1993);
cf. Widnall v. B3H, 75 F.3d 1577 (Fed. Cir. 1996) (holding that Board of
Contract Appeals should defer to agency’s best value decision as long as
it is “grounded in reason . . . even if the Board itself might have chosen a
different bidder”); In re General Offshore Corp., B-251969.5, B-251969.6,
94-1 Comptroller Gen.’s Procurement Decisions (Federal Publications
Inc.) ¶ 248, at 3 (Apr. 8, 1994) (“In a negotiated procurement, any
proposal that fails to conform to material terms and conditions of the
solicitation should be considered unacceptable and may not form the
basis for an award. Where an evaluation is challenged, we will examine
the agency’s evaluation to ensure that it was reasonable and consistent
with the evaluation criteria and applicable statutes and regulations, since
the relative merit of competing proposals is primarily a matter of
administrative discretion.”) (citations omitted).
...
Bliss’ [other challenges to the procurement] deal with the minutiae of the
procurement process in such matters as technical ratings ... which involve
discretionary determinations of procurement officials that a court will not
second guess. See Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., 4 F.3d at 958;
Grumman Data Systems Corp. v. Widnall, 15 F.3d 1044, 1048 (Fed. Cir.
1994) (“[S]mall errors made by the procuring agency are not sufficient
grounds for rejecting an entire procurement.”).
E.W. Bliss Co. v. United States, 77 F.3d at 449; see also Vanguard Recovery
Assistance v. United States, 101 Fed. Cl. at 780; Galen Med. Assocs., Inc. v. United
States, 74 Fed. Cl. 377, 383-84 (2006); JWK Int’l Corp. v. United States, 49 Fed. Cl. at
388.
When the contracting officer’s discretion grows, so does the burden on the
protestor to overturn the contracting officer’s decisions. As noted in D & S Consultants,
Inc. v. United States:
The protestor’s burden becomes more difficult the greater the degree of
discretion vested in the contracting officer. DynCorp Int’l v. United States,
76 Fed. Cl. 528, 537 (2007). Negotiated procurements afford the
contracting officer a “breadth of discretion;” “best-value” awards afford the
contracting officer additional discretion. Id. Therefore, in a negotiated,
best-value procurement, the “protestor’s burden is especially heavy.” Id.
28
D & S Consultants, Inc. v. United States, 101 Fed. Cl. 23, 33 (2011), aff’d, 484 F. App’x
558 (Fed. Cir. 2012); see also Galen Med. Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 369 F.3d at
1330 (noting that contracting officers have great discretion in negotiated procurements
but even greater discretion in best-value determinations than in procurements based on
cost alone); PHT Supply Corp. v. United States, 71 Fed. Cl. 1, 11 (2006) (“It is critical to
note that ‘a protestor’s burden is particularly great in negotiated procurements because
the contracting officer is entrusted with a relatively high degree of discretion, and
greater still, where, as here, the procurement is a “best-value” procurement.’” (citations
omitted)). “It is well-established that contracting officers have a great deal of discretion
in making contract award decisions, particularly when, as here, the contract is to be
awarded to the bidder or bidders that will provide the agency with the best value.”
Banknote Corp. of Am. Inc. v. United States, 365 F.3d at 1355 (citing TRW, Inc. v.
Unisys Corp., 98 F.3d at 1327-28; E.W. Bliss Co. v. United States, 77 F.3d at 449; and
Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. v. Bentsen, 4 F.3d at 958-59); see also Am. Tel. & Tel.
Co. v. United States, 307 F.3d at 1379; Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. v. United
States, 4 F.3d at 958; Brooks Range Contract Servs., Inc. v. United States, 101 Fed. Cl.
699, 707 (2011) (“[A] plaintiff’s burden ‘is elevated where the solicitation contemplates
award on a “best value” basis.’” (internal citations omitted)); PlanetSpace Inc. v. United
States, 96 Fed. Cl. 119, 125 (2010) (citing Galen Med. Assocs., Inc. v. United States,
369 F.3d at 1330 (“An agency's contract award is thus least vulnerable to challenge
when based upon a best value determination.”)); Matt Martin Real Estate Mgmt. LLC v.
United States, 96 Fed. Cl. 106, 113 (2010); Serco v. United States, 81 Fed. Cl. 463, 496
(2008) (“To be sure, as noted at the outset, plaintiffs have a significant burden of
showing error in that regard because a court must accord considerable deference to an
agency’s best-value decision in trading off price with other factors.”).
As indicated in the Joint Stipulations of Fact: “The source selection process for
OASIS SB was based upon achieving best value by determining the Highest
Technically Rated offerors with a Fair and Reasonable Price.” The Solicitation’s “BASIS
FOR AWARDS,” (capitalization in original) indicated that
[t]he source selection process on OASIS SB will neither be based on the
Lowest Price Technically Acceptable (LPTA) nor Tradeoffs. Within the
best value continuum, FAR 15.101 defines best value as using any one or
a combination of source selection approaches. For OASIS SB, the best
value basis for awards will be determined by the Highest Technically
Rated Offerors with a Fair and Reasonable Price.
The Highest Technically Rated, Fair and Reasonable Price approach will
best achieve the objective of awarding contracts to Offerors of varying
core expertise in a variety of professional services disciplines with
qualities that are most important to GSA and our customers, such as Past
Performance, Relevant Experience, and Systems, Certifications, and
Clearances.
29
The Source Selection Plan expanded on the Solicitation’s “BASIS FOR
AWARDS,” (capitalization in original) and explained that:
Work to be performed under OASIS SB are articulated and awarded by
federal customers at the task order level. As a result, non-price factors like
Past Performance, Relevant Experience, and Systems, Certifications, and
Clearances play a dominant role in the basis for the OASIS SB awards.
Accordingly, the source selection process will neither be based on the
Lowest Price Technically Acceptable (LPTA) or Tradeoffs. The LPTA
approach is in direct contrast and detrimental to obtaining the quality and
expertise of professional service employees needed for successful task
order performance across the federal Government for a variety of
integrated professional services for all contract types and pricing.
Tradeoffs allow for a subjective analysis to consider awards to other than
the lowest priced Offeror or other than the highest technically rated
Offeror, however, this subjective approach is better suited for single award
contracts or task orders when risks associated with the actual work to be
performed and actual prices to be paid are being analyzed. Furthermore,
in a tradeoff scenario, you can’t predetermine a number of awards
because you don’t know in advance where the logical trade-offs will occur.
Given the breadth and depth of OASIS SB a more “Objective” approach
rather than a “Subjective” approach will be used for the basis of awards,
focusing primarily on the non-price factors. Within the best value
continuum, FAR 15.101 defines best value as using any one or a
“combination” of source selection approaches. As the best value
continuum points out, technical capability becomes a more dominant
factor in procurements where the requirement is not definitive and contract
type and pricing is accomplished at the task order level.
For OASIS SB, the best value basis for award will be determined by the
Highest Technically Rated (HTR) Offerors with Fair and Reasonable
Pricing.
(emphasis in original).
Best value is addressed in FAR 15.100 et seq. FAR 15.101 (2013) states that:
An agency can obtain best value in negotiated acquisitions by using any
one or a combination of source selection approaches. In different types of
acquisitions, the relative importance of cost or price may vary. For
example, in acquisitions where the requirement is clearly definable and
the risk of unsuccessful contract performance is minimal, cost or price
may play a dominant role in source selection. The less definitive the
requirement, the more development work required, or the greater the
performance risk, the more technical or past performance considerations
30
may play a dominant role in source selection.
FAR 15.101; see also Linc Gov’t Serv., LLC v. United States, 96 Fed. Cl. 672, 683 n.6
(2010); Info. Scis. Corp. v. United States, 86 Fed. Cl. at 286.
In its motion for judgment on the administrative record, Octo emphasizes that the
Agency failed to consider Octo’s price when making award decisions. At oral argument,
defendant’s counsel argued that “[o]ur position is that neither Octo nor any other
offerors is entitled to -- once they get knocked out of the top 40 -- have any evaluation
done of their proposal.”
Notably, protestor does not argue that the Agency did not follow the language or
criteria of the Solicitation in its evaluation of the submitted proposals. The Solicitation
and the Source Selection Plan made clear how the Agency intended to conduct the
evaluation.15 Moreover, protestor does not argue that the Agency failed to consider
price at all, when evaluating the proposals during the initial evaluation stage just that the
Agency failed to consider price for protestor’s proposal. The Agency, faced with a large
number of awards to make, and anticipating a large number of offers,16 announced to all
that the self-evaluation and two-step process would be utilized. It allowed for the
offerors to submit a self-scoring worksheet, which the evaluation team reviewed and
verified that supporting documentation exists for all evaluation elements. As described
in the Solicitation, the evaluation team would “verify that Top 40 awards for Pools
1,2,3,4, and 6 and the Top 20 awards for Pools 5.A. and 5.B. have successfully passed
all of the Acceptability Review requirements in Section M.4. of the solicitation.”
(emphasis in original). The Solicitation made clear, and Octo has not challenged, that
only offerors whose self-evaluated scores were in the Top 40, were subject to the
Acceptability Review, which required that all the requested proposal submission
information be current, accurate, and complete. Nor does Octo disagree that the source
selection process was based upon achieving best value by determining the Highest
Technically Rated offerors with a Fair and Reasonable Price, or that the Agency did not
follow that approach.
The Solicitation also required that
Any Offeror in the Top 40 and/or Top 20 based upon score, who fails any
of the criteria listed in the Acceptability Review in Section M.4., will be
removed from consideration for award and notified, in writing, as soon as
15
The court at oral argument noted that the self-evaluation approach used by the
agency was the one “they announced to everybody. That’s what everybody consented
to utilize.”
16
As noted above, the Agency received 330 proposals and there were 125 awardees
for all seven Pools.
31
practicable. The next highest rated Offeror(s) (based upon score) who
passes the Acceptability Review shall be added in the eliminated Offerors
place. Only Offerors who initially pass all the criteria in the Acceptability
Review in a given Pool in accordance with Section M.4. shall be
considered eligible for award.
Following the Acceptability Review screening, the evaluation team will
then evaluate and verify the support documentation for each and every
evaluation element that the Top 40 and/or Top 20 have stated in the
Offeror’s proposal checklist (Section J.4.) and self scoring worksheet (See
Section J.5A.)
In the event that an evaluation element claimed is unsubstantiated or
otherwise not given credit for, the Offeror’s preliminary score shall have
the point value of the refuted evaluation element deducted and the Offeror
will be re-sorted based upon the revised preliminary score. If the Offeror
remains in the Top 40 and/or Top 20 the evaluation of the offer shall
continue. If the Offeror does not remain in the Top 40 and/or Top 20, the
next highest rated Offeror (based upon score) who passes the
Acceptability Review shall be added to the Top 40 and/or Top 20 and
evaluation shall begin on that offer.
The above quoted language demonstrates that for an offeror whose proposal was in the
Top 40, but whose self-evaluation was unsupported, the points associated with the
unsupported evaluation would be deducted and the proposal would be re-sorted based
upon the revised preliminary score. If the proposal was no longer in the Top 40, the
evaluation of the proposal would cease. It is at this stage of the evaluation that Octo
was eliminated from the Top 40 due to its unsupported past performance. Notably, in
its complaint Octo did not allege that the Agency failed to consider its price, merely that
the evaluation of its past performance was incorrect and resulted in Octo being outside
the Top 40 offerors. Protestor does not argue that the Agency acted beyond its
discretion to limit the scope of acceptable offers which would pass on to the phase two
evaluation.
As indicated in FAR 15.306(c):
(1) Agencies shall evaluate all proposals in accordance with 15.305(a),
and, if discussions are to be conducted, establish the competitive range.
Based on the ratings of each proposal against all evaluation criteria, the
contracting officer shall establish a competitive range comprised of all of
the most highly rated proposals, unless the range is further reduced for
purposes of efficiency pursuant to paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
(2) After evaluating all proposals in accordance with 15.305(a) and
paragraph (c)(1) of this section, the contracting officer may determine that
the number of most highly rated proposals that might otherwise be
32
included in the competitive range exceeds the number at which an
efficient competition can be conducted. Provided the solicitation notifies
offerors that the competitive range can be limited for purposes of
efficiency (see 52.215–1(f)(4)), the contracting officer may limit the
number of proposals in the competitive range to the greatest number that
will permit an efficient competition among the most highly rated proposals
(10 U.S.C. [§] 2305(b)(4) and 41 U.S.C. [§] 3703).
(3) If the contracting officer, after complying with paragraph (d)(3) of this
section, decides that an offeror's proposal should no longer be included in
the competitive range, the proposal shall be eliminated from consideration
for award. Written notice of this decision shall be provided to unsuccessful
offerors in accordance with 15.503.
(4) Offerors excluded or otherwise eliminated from the competitive range
may request a debriefing (see 15.505 and 15.506).
FAR 15.306(c) (2013) (as amended by 79 Fed. Reg. 24201 (May 29, 2014)); see also
CMI Mgmt., Inc. v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl. 276, 288 (2014) (“The Federal
Acquisition Regulations describe when a CO [Contracting Officer] may limit the number
of proposals in the competitive range.”).
The Agency determined that only the Top 40 offerors should be evaluated for the
Acceptability Review, and only the Top 40 evaluated scores after the initial evaluation
would be evaluated for price. The Agency, therefore, established a competitive range of
proposals for each Pool and excluded all other offerors who did not have a sufficient,
evaluated, self-score.17 As noted by defendant, “[th]e Government did not consider
Octo’s price because, under the solicitation, only the offerors who are in the Top 40,
based upon their technical score, and remain in the Top 40 following the completion of
the validation and evaluation process, have their prices evaluated. Because Octo was
not one of the Highest Technically Rated, GSA properly declined to consider Octo’s
price.” (internal citation omitted).
The Agency, moreover, was not obligated to examine the price of each offeror.
See Alamo Travel Grp., LP v. United States, 108 Fed. Cl. 224, 234 (2012) (“Price must
be considered without exception when an award is made, it need not be considered for
proposals that are technically unacceptable.”). As the court in Alamo Travel noted:
the GAO has consistently found that an agency can exclude a technically
unacceptable proposal from the competitive range without considering
17
As noted above, the Joint Stipulations of Fact indicated that for Pool 3 “[t]he
awardees consisted of the Top 40 and three companies which were included as
awardees due to their socio-economic status.”
33
price. Ocean Services, LLC, B–406087.2, 2012 CPD ¶ 62, 2012 WL
423603 at *4 (Comp. Gen. Feb. 2, 2012) (citations omitted); see also TMC
Design Corporation, B–296194.3, 2005 CPD ¶ 158, 2005 WL 2108084 at
*4 (Comp. Gen. Aug. 10[,] 2005). This has also been recognized by our
court. Bean Stuyvesant, L.L.C. v. United States, 48 Fed. Cl. 303, 338
(2000) (explaining that “an agency may not exclude a technically
acceptable proposal from the competitive range without taking into
account the relative cost of that proposal to the government” (emphasis
added)) (citing Meridian Management Corp., B–285127, 2000 CPD ¶ 121,
2000 WL 1097129 at *3 (July 19, 2000)); Femme Comp Inc. v. United
States, 83 Fed. Cl. 704, 731 (2008).
Alamo Travel Grp., LP v. United States, 108 Fed. Cl. at 234. The Agency, therefore,
was not arbitrary and capricious for not considering Octo’s price.
In its motion for judgment on the administrative record, Octo argues “[h]ere is
[sic] clear that the procurement was still supposed to be conducted under part 15 of
FAR, although it is unclear exactly how since the RFP states that the source selection
process ‘will neither be based upon the Lowest Price Technically Acceptable nor
Tradeoffs.[’] [sic]” Protestor argues that
FAR 15.101 does provide that an agency can obtain best value in
negotiated acquisitions by using any one or a combination of source
selection approaches, noting that in different types of acquisitions, [“] [sic]
the relative importance of cost or price may vary.” FAR 15.101. But in all
of the examples given in the FAR, price is still a determining factor for
contract award. In some, where the requirement is clearly definable and
the risk of unsuccessful contract performance is minimal, cost or price
may play a dominant role in source selection, and in others, when there is
a less definitive the [sic] requirement, the more development work
required, or the greater the performance risk, the more technical or past
performance considerations may play a dominant role in source selection.
Again though, price is still considered.
In response, defendant, quoting FAR 15.101, notes that “Octo’s argument ignores
the plain language of FAR 15.101, which states that ‘to obtain best value, agencies are
given broad discretion to employ one or a combination of source selection approaches,
depending on the nature of the requirements, relative importance of cost or price, and other
factors.’ Reference to a ‘combination of source selection approaches’ implies that there are
more source selection approaches that are acceptable under the FAR than the two
approaches expressly referenced in FAR 15.101.”18 (emphasis in original). At oral
argument, protestor’s counsel conceded that the language of FAR 15.101 is “very
18
FAR 15.101-1 (2013) specifically addresses the “Tradeoff process,” and FAR
15.101-2 (2013) specifically addresses the “Lowest price technically acceptable source
selection process.”
34
general.” Therefore, the Agency complied with its obligations under FAR 15.101 for its
evaluation of all the evaluated Top 40 proposals. As noted in the Solicitation:
Once the Top 40 and/or Top 20 highest scored offers have been
evaluated and validated, the evaluation team will then check to verify that
these Offerors have proposed fair and reasonable pricing. In the event
that an Offeror has not provided fair and reasonable pricing, the Offeror
shall be eliminated from further consideration for award unless
discussions are conducted.
To the extent that the Agency did not consider Octo’s price, Octo already had
been eliminated from consideration. It would have been arbitrary and capricious for the
Agency to have considered Octo’s price, as the Agency would have ignored the
evaluation format announced in the Solicitation.19 Moreover, as protestor’s counsel
conceded at oral argument, based on the review by Mr. Richards, even if the Evaluation
Team and an Acceptability Review had conducted a full evaluation of Octo’s proposal,
Octo’s proposal would not have been among the Top 40 proposals.
Furthermore, unlike protestor’s general challenge that mistakes were most likely
made to the self-evaluation scores of the other offerors, protestor does not allege that
the Agency did not consider the price for the eventual awardees. Even if protestor had
made such a claim, as discussed above, the deference for the Agency’s best value
determinations is even higher than the standard deference afforded to procurement
officials. See Galen Med. Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 369 F.3d at 1330; E.W. Bliss
Co. v. United States, 77 F.3d at 449 (“Procurement officials have substantial discretion
to determine which proposal represents the best value for the government.”); AM Gen.,
LLC v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl. at 697; Amazon Web Servs., Inc. v. United States,
113 Fed. Cl. at 110.
At oral argument, protestor’s counsel repeatedly cited to the decision in Serco
Inc. v. United States, 81 Fed. Cl. 463, for the proposition that it was arbitrary and
capricious for the agency to eliminate Octo without consideration of Octo’s price. In a
post-argument submission, the protestor emphasized that, “[a]s forcefully explained in
Serco, price must always be an important or significant factor in the evaluation for a
negotiated procurement, with a price analysis not satisfying this requirement as it is
different than the consideration of prices in making award decisions.” Protestor argued:
“Thus, per the law in Serco, because the procurement is under FAR part 15 price must
be a significant factor in the evaluation process. Stated another way, price must be a
determinative factor in the award decision,” and in a negotiation procurement, “[t]here
are no cases that hold otherwise nor any cases where GAO or a court has found a
19
Although defendant argues “Octo’s belated challenge to that source selection
approach is a challenge to the solicitation, which has been waived because Octo could
have brought it pre-award,” citing COMINT Systems v. United States, 700 F.3d at 1381,
the court does not need to reach the issue of waiver as the Agency complied with the
terms of the Solicitation and the applicable regulations.
35
procurement with an evaluation scheme of Highest Technically Rated Offers with a Fair
and Reasonable Price to be legal.” The court notes, however, that protestor does not
cite to any cases, either in this court, or at the GAO, in which an evaluation scheme of
Highest Technically Rated Offers with a Fair and Reasonable Price is held to be per se
improper.
In Serco, at issue was “a government-wide acquisition contract (GWAC) awarded
by the General Services Administration (GSA) to provide technology products and
services to the entire Federal government. Sixty-two offerors competed for a chance to
perform task orders under this GWAC.” Id. at 465 (footnote omitted). Eight unsuccessful
offerors filed suit in the Court of Federal Claims, protesting GSA’s decisions. See id.
The court explained that, “[i]n ranking the technical proposals of these offerors, GSA
teams assigned adjectival ratings to various subfactors and then converted them into
whole numbers (e.g., 3, 4, 5). Combining, averaging and weighting these figures, the
agency ended up with technical scores that were carried out to three decimal points
(e.g., 3.817)—and it made critical distinctions among the sixty-two offerors based upon
the thousandths of a point.” Id. The court noted, however,
[b]ased upon these technical scores, twenty-eight contractors were
designated by the agency as “presumptive awardees.” GSA then
purported to conduct price reasonableness and tradeoff analyses to take
into account price—but, conspicuously, none of these comparisons
resulted in any of the “presumptive awardees” being displaced by a lower-
priced offeror. Indeed, GSA ultimately made awards to offerors whose
prices were 59th, 60th and 61st out of the sixty-two offers—prices that the
agency claims were “fair and reasonable” despite being twice as high as
the lowest winning offer, as much as thirty percent higher than the
independent government cost estimate, and more than two standard
deviations to the mean of the evaluated prices for all the offerors.
Id. The Serco court concluded: “GSA, in attaching talismanic significance to technical
calculations that suffer from false precision, made distinctions that, in their own right,
likely were arbitrary, capricious and contrary to law, but certainly became so when the
agency failed adequately to account for price and to make appropriate tradeoff
decisions.” Id. The court found, therefore, that the plaintiffs were prejudiced and
injunctive relief was warranted. See id. at 503.
Quoting from Serco, Octo contends that “‘[t]he statutory requirement that cost to
the government be considered in the evaluation and selection of proposals for award is
not satisfied by the promise that cost or price will be considered later, during the award
of individual task orders.’” Defendant, quoting Serco v. United States, 81 Fed. Cl. at
492, correctly notes that “the Court’s entire discussion in Serco of whether ‘GSA
adequately consider[ed] price in making the award decisions’ has no bearing on the
OASIS SB procurement because the source selection approach in Serco prevented the
Government from excluding offerors solely on technical grounds, which meant that the
prices of all offerors had to be considered.” (modification in original). Defendant notes
36
that in contrast to what occurred in Serco, the Solicitation in the above-captioned case,
“expressly required the Government to exclude offerors on technical grounds; thereby,
denying a price evaluation to those offerors who failed to meet the technical threshold”
during the initial evaluation stage. (internal citation omitted).
Protestor also cites to Serco for the proposition that “price must be a
determinative factor in making an award decision in a negotiated procurement.” As
noted above, in Serco, GSA, the same procuring agency as in the above captioned
protest, applied a best-value, tradeoff decision. The Serco court noted that the
applicable process for a best-value tradeoff process is FAR 15.101-1. See Serco v.
United States, 81 Fed. Cl. at 496. In determining that the tradeoff analysis was flawed,
the Serco court noted that “most of the relevant tradeoff decisions made in the source
selection process here were materially flawed. The tradeoff analysis was deficient, first,
because, in most instances, ‘it failed to indicate whether the government would receive
benefits commensurate with the price premium it proposed to pay.’” Id. at 498 (quoting
Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. v. Bentsen, 4 F.3d at 959-60). Therefore, the Serco
court determined, “[a]bsent a more detailed rationale, there is simply no way for this
court to determine whether the agency, in fact, conducted a tradeoff analysis that
adequately reflected price and was not arbitrary.” Id.
In the protest currently before the court, defendant argues that:
In Serco, the source selection methodology, unlike here, required the
Government to conduct a tradeoff analysis, in which price and technical
considerations are counterbalanced. [Serco v. United States,] 81 Fed. Cl.
at 466. Thus, the solicitation in Serco did not require the Government to
exclude offerors from further consideration if they failed to meet a
technical threshold. Indeed, such an approach would be inconsistent with
a tradeoff analysis.
The court agrees with defendant that had the Solicitation called for a traditional
trade-off analysis, it could have been arbitrary and capricious not to consider price, but
because the Solicitation was clear that it was evaluated for Highest Technically Rated
Offerors with Fair and Reasonable Pricing, the Agency did not err and the reasoning in
the Serco decision is not applicable to the Solicitation at issue before this court.
Moreover, the court notes even if the facts of this protest were comparable to the facts
in Serco, this court would not be bound by the Serco decision. See Adams v. United
States, 99 Fed. Cl. 700, 709 (2011) (quoting Buser v. United States, 85 Fed. Cl. 248,
259 n.12 (2009) (“‘[T]he court is not bound by other decisions in the Court of Federal
Claims[.]’ ”)); see also Reidell v. United States, 47 Fed. Cl. 209, 212 (2000) (“A decision
here is not binding on other judges in this same court.” (citation omitted)).
37
CONCLUSION
As previously communicated to the parties, and as determined above, protestor
was not able to demonstrate prejudice to warrant injunctive relief. Moreover, protestor
has not demonstrated that the Agency improperly failed to evaluate protestor’s price in
its best value analysis. As a result, protestor’s motion for judgment on the
administrative record is DENIED. Protestor’s complaint is DISMISSED. The Clerk of
Court shall enter JUDGMENT consistent with this opinion.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
s/Marian Blank Horn
MARIAN BLANK HORN
Judge
38