In Re The Parentage Of H.a.a., A.k.a. And B.m.a.

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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DIVISION II

In re the Parentage of: No. 43920 -4 -II

H.A.A., A.K.A., and B. M.A.

Minor Children, UNPUBLISHED OPINION

and

MICHAEL J. AMARAL,

Appellant /

Father,

and

DEBORAH M. PARLARI,

Respondent /

Mother.

MAXA, J. — Michael Amaral appeals a final parenting plan appointing the children' s

mother, Deborah Parlari, as the primary residential parent. He assigns error to many of the trial

court' s factual findings in the final parenting plan, the trial court' s conclusion that Parlari should

be the primary residential parent, and various other rulings and pretrial decisions. Finding no

errors, we affirm.

43920 -4 -II

FACTS

Amaral and Parlari are the parents of three minor children, HAA (born 2000), AKA (born

2002), and BMA (born 2006). Amaral and Parlari had a tumultuous relationship during which

they separated and reconciled a number of times between 1998 and 2008.

In May 2008, Parlari accused Amaral of forcing her to have sex against her will. As a

result, Amaral was charged with rape, false imprisonment, and assault. Parlari and the children

moved to her parents' home in Buckley. The felony charges against Amaral were dismissed,

apparently after Amaral produced a tape of an illegally recorded telephone conversation in which

Parlari made statements that arguably called into doubt her rape allegations.

In September 2008, Amaral filed this parentage action seeking to establish his parentage

and to develop a parenting plan for the three children. The case was extremely contentious and

took nearly four years from its filing date to the trial date. Amaral ultimately moved for

summary judgment on the parentage issue. The trial court granted his motion and entered an

order adjudicating him the father of all three children. That order is not challenged on appeal.

The case went to trial on the parenting plan issues. Both Amaral and Parlari sought to be

the children' s primarily residential parent. Amaral, Parlari, and the court- appointed Guardian Ad

Litem ( GAL) testified at the trial.' The parties' testimony about their relationship with each

other and with the children conflicted. Amaral testified that he was a devoted father and had

served as the children' s primary caretaker until the parties separated in May 2008. He testified

1

There are references in the report of proceedings to other witnesses testifying at the trial, but

the report of proceedings designated and provided to this court on appeal does not include any

other witness testimony.

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that Parlari usually left for work about 2: 30 p.m. and worked until midnight, and that he stayed

home and watched the kids full time because he did not want them in daycare. According to

Amaral, Parlari neglected the children, inflicted domestic violence upon him, and fabricated rape

allegations against him in May 2000 and again in May 2008.

On the other hand, Parlari testified that she was the children' s primary caretaker and that

she arranged for child care while she was at work even though Amaral only worked sporadically.

She stated that Amaral watched the children only during a three month period in the fall of 2006.

According to Parlari, Amaral was interested in spending time with the children only in public, he

ignored the children in private, and he was controlling and abusive to her. The GAL testified

that the children were doing well in Parlari' s care and recommended that Parlari continue to be

the primary residential parent and that Amaral receive supervised visitation.

In its oral ruling, which was incorporated by reference into the final findings of fact and

conclusions of law, the trial court analyzed the requisite factors under RCW 26. 09. 187( 3) and

made detailed findings of fact. The court ruled that based on the statutory criteria as well as

other factors, it would be in the best interest of the children to primarily reside with Parlari. The

court stated that Amaral' s proposed parenting plan would be a material disruption in the

children' s routine and could potentially separate siblings, and that transferring custody would not

outweigh the advantage of keeping the children in their current home and family setting.

Based on its findings, the court issued a final parenting plan designating Parlari as the

primary residential parent for the children. The court limited Amaral' s residential time to every

other weekend. The court also made a finding that pursuant to RCW 26. 09. 191, Amaral' s

residential time and decision making authority must be limited because of his ( 1) history of acts

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of domestic violence or an assault or sexual assault, and ( 2) abusive use of conflict. The court

further ruled that Amaral was required to submit to a complete psychological evaluation and a

domestic violence assessment before a full residential schedule was designated. Amaral

unsuccessfully moved for reconsideration, 'a new trial, reopening of the trial, amendment of the

findings and conclusions, and presentation of additional findings and conclusions. Amaral

appeals.

ANALYSIS

A. PRETRIAL ORDERS, RULINGS, AND OMISSIONS

1. Allowance of Argument in Motion Hearings

Amaral argues that allowing Parlari to " present her version of the facts and argument" at

every motion hearing, despite failing to file documents responsive to his motions, violated basic

principles of due process of law and the court rules. Br. of Appellant at 18 -21. Specifically, he

alleges that the trial court violated Pierce County Local Rule ( PCLR) 94. 04( c)( 1), which

provides that family law motions shall be " heard on the basis of affidavit and /or declaration."

He argues that the trial court' s allowing Parlari to respond orally at the hearing deprived him of

an opportunity to present a formal written reply, and it prejudiced him because Parlari was not

forced to go on the record with a written response, which would have confirmed her responsive

allegations and pinned down her testimony.

However, Amaral does not contend, and nothing in the appellate record indicates, that he

brought the alleged rule violation to the attention of the trial court by objecting to Parlari' s oral

argument at motion hearings. Therefore, the issue is waived unless it is a manifest error

affecting a constitutional right. RAP 2. 5( a). Amaral alleges that the procedure violated due

4

43920- 4- 11

process, but he provides no authority for this argument. "[ P] arties ... raising constitutional

issues must present considered arguments to this court. [ N] aked castings into the constitutional

sea are not sufficient to command judicial consideration and discussion.' " State v. Bonds, 174

Wn. App. 553, 567 n. 3, 299 P. 3d 663 ( 2013) ( second alteration in original) ( citation omitted)

quoting State v. Johnson, 119 Wn.2d 167, 171, 829 P. 2d 1082 ( 1992)). Therefore, we do not

2

further consider Amaral' s argument.

2. Denial of Motion to Remove or Disqualify the GAL

Amaral argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion to remove the GAL, based

on his allegations that the GAL failed to treat him in a fair and impartial manner, failed to

perform her job, was unprofessional in her conduct, and was prejudiced against him in violation

of RCW 26. 12. 175 ( which governs the interactions of courts and GALs) and the Guardian ad

Litem Rules ( GALR) adopted by our Supreme Court. We hold that the trial court did not abuse

its discretion in denying Amaral' s motion.

2

Even if Amaral preserved the issue for appeal, he has not demonstrated that a rule violation

occurred or that it prejudiced him. PCLR 94. 04( c)( 1) provides that hearings on motions shall be

heard on the basis of affidavit and /or declaration. This means that any evidence presented in

motion hearings will be by sworn affidavits or declarations rather than presented by live

testimony under penalty of perjury. Amaral has not shown that Parlari presented evidence in the

form of live testimony at the motion hearings. And even if we assume that Parlari was allowed

to provide live testimony and argue at motion hearings in which she did not file responsive

documents, Amaral has not directed us to any authority that restricts a party from doing so.

Moreover, a party is not required to respond in writing to an opposing party' s motion. See PCLR

94.04( c)( 3) ( " Response documents, including briefs or memoranda, if any, shall be filed with the

Clerk ") (emphasis added). In addition, if Amaral wished to " pin[ ] down" Parlari' s testimony, he

could have done so in a deposition. Br. of Appellant at 19. Parlari' s decision not to respond to

his pretrial motions did not prejudice Amaral.

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43920 -4 -II

Initially, Amaral did not provide us with either the trial court' s written order or the

transcripts of the hearing on his motion to remove the GAL. Therefore, we do not have the

benefit of the trial court' s reasoning for its decision and do not know if the trial court instructed

the GAL to take any specific action in response to Amaral' s grievances. Under RAP 9.2(b) the

appellant has the burden to provide a record sufficient to review the issues raised on appeal, and

the trial court' s decision must stand if this burden is not met. State v. Tracy, 158 Wn.2d 683,

690 -91, 147 P. 3d 559 ( 2006); Stiles v. Kearney, 168 Wn. App. 250, 259, 277 P. 3d 9, review

denied, 175 Wn.2d 1016 ( 2012). Because Amaral has failed to provide a record to support his

challenge to the order denying his motion to remove the GAL, we are not required to address this

claim.

Nevertheless, based on the record we do have, Amaral' s argument fails. The decision to

remove a GAL is within the trial court' s discretion. In re Marriage ofBobbitt, 135 Wn. App. 8,

23, 144 P. 3d 306 ( 2006). The trial court' s decision will not be disturbed absent an abuse of

discretion, which occurs when the court' s discretion is " ` manifestly unreasonable, or exercised

on untenable grounds, or for untenable reasons.' " Bobbitt, 135 Wn. App. at 24 ( quoting State ex

rel. Carroll v. Junker, 79 Wn.2d 12, 26, 482 P. 2d 775 ( 1971)).

Amaral argues that the trial court should have removed the GAL because she failed to

treat him in a fair and impartial manner, failed to perform her job, and was prejudiced against

him in violation of RCW 26. 12. 175 and the GALRs. In the trial court, Amaral referenced a

grievance letter he filed with the WSBA making several similar allegations. Amaral also

provides numerous examples of the GAL' s alleged shortcomings throughout the case in his

appellate briefing. The majority of Amaral' s grievances concern his disagreement with the

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GAL' s judgment and his view that the GAL was prejudiced against him and unfairly supported

Parlari. A thorough review of the record reveals that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

denying Amaral' s motion to remove the GAL despite Amaral' s allegations of misconduct.

We do note Amaral' s troubling allegation that the GAL did not meet or interview him

which, if true, would violate GALR 2( b), ( f),and ( g). See Bobbitt, 135 Wn. App. at 26 ( GAL' s

refusal to interview Bobbitt violated GALR). Although the limited record before us on appeal

confirms that the. GAL did not meet Amaral in person or interview him over the phone, it does

show that she had substantial contact with him by e -mail, that she had frequent contact with both

parties, and that she reported both parties' positions to the trial court. As a result, the trial court' s

refusal to remove the GAL on this basis was not an abuse of discretion. Nevertheless, the GAL

should have given the parties similar opportunities and access to her, which in Parlari' s case

included an in person interview and phone contact. Maintaining the appearance of fairness and

impartiality is an end in itself and more efforts in that regard may have reduced Amaral' s

escalating anxiety and frustration about the case.

We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Amaral' s motion to

remove the GAL.

3. Independent Review of GAL' s Performance

Amaral asks us to independently review the GAL' s performance throughout the case.

However, that is not the function of the appellate court and we will not undertake such review.

Nevertheless, we partially address Amaral' s claim to the extent that he is arguing that the

alleged deficiencies caused the GAL' s trial testimony and recommendations to be biased and

uninformed. In Bobbitt, we reiterated that the impact of the GAL' s actions and inactions

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43920- 4- 11

depends on the circumstances of the case. 135 Wn. App. at 28. Where, as here, the case is heard

judge than jury the GAL' impact is less significant because " [ j]udges understand

by a rather a s

that the GAL presents one source of information among many, that credibility is the province of

the judge, and can without difficulty separate and differentiate the evidence they hear.' "

Bobbitt, 135 Wn. App. at 28 ( quoting In re Guardianship ofStamm, 121 Wn. App. 830, 841, 91

P. 3d 126 ( 2004)).

Through his own testimony as well as cross -examination of the GAL, Amaral had the

opportunity to convey to the trial court why he thought the GAL was uninformed and biased

against him. The GAL' s credibility and the persuasiveness of her testimony were for the judge

to determine and are not subject to review on appeal. State v. Thomas, 150 Wn.2d 821, 874 -75,

83 P. 3d 970 ( 2004). Therefore, we decline to reverse the trial court' s denial of Amaral' s motion

to remove the GAL on this basis.

4. Case Files of Other Parentage Actions

Amaral argues that the trial court erred by failing to issue subpoenas for pleadings and

documents from parentage proceedings ( relating to Parlari' s other children) in other counties.

He asserts that those case files contained valuable information about Parlari' s parenting of her

Parlari3

older children, and that one contained a psychological evaluation of that substantially

contributed to her losing custody of her son. Amaral also asserts that those case files were sealed

and that a court order was necessary to obtain them. He states that the trial court refused his

3

The court ordered Parlari to provide Amaral' s attorney with her psychological evaluation.

Parlari' s attorney eventually filed the psychological evaluation with the court.

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repeated requests to order the release to Amaral or the GAL of those files from actions involving

Parlari' s other children. This argument fails.

The record shows that Amaral moved the court for an order requiring Parlari to surrender

her complete parentage files. A memorandum ofjournal entry shows that on that same day the

court heard Amaral' s motion for an ex parte restraining order, but declined to sign any orders

because an agreed order already was in place. The record does not reflect if the court ruled on

Amaral' s motion for Parlari to surrender the parentage action files. The record also contains an

Order [ on Amaral' s] Motion Filed May 16, 2012," which provides that "[ t] he court has no

authority to request such production records as it presumes said records are public [ and] anyone

can access them." Clerk' s Papers ( CP) at 595 -96.

Because the record before us on appeal does not contain Amaral' s motion, it is difficult

for us to discern the meaning of the trial court' s order. And because Amaral' s claim of error is

not supported by pertinent authority, references to the record, or meaningful analysis, we do not

4

consider it. RAP 10. 3( a)( 6).

5. Dentist Visits

Amaral argues that the trial court erred by denying his motions to order Parlari to take the

children to the dentist. But the final parenting plan requires that the children be taken to the

dentist at least twice a year unless the dentist recommends otherwise, and Amaral does not

appear to challenge this provision of the final parenting plan. Therefore, the trial court' s failure

4 See also Cowiche Canyon Conservancy v. Bosley, 118 Wn.2d 801, 809, 828 P.2d 549 ( 1992)

arguments not supported by authority); State v. Elliott, 114 Wn.2d 6, 15, 785 P. 2d 440 ( 1990)

insufficient argument); State v. Camarillo, 54 Wn. App. 821, 829, 776 P. 2d 176 ( 1989) ( no

references to the record), aftd, 115 Wn.2d 60, 794 P. 2d 850 ( 1990).

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to enter a temporary order regarding the children' s dental care is mooted by its entry of the final

order ( discussed below). See State ex rel. Carroll v. Simmons, 61 Wn.2d 146, 149, 377 P. 2d 421

1962) ( the temporary order merges with the final judgment and any question as to the propriety

of the temporary order becomes moot).

6. Benedetti Contact with Children

Amaral argues that the trial court failed to restrain Parlari from allowing her friend

Benedetti to have contact with the children. Amaral argues that he filed several motions urging

such restraint, but the trial court denied the motions. Amaral sought the restraining order

because Benedetti allegedly had a history of domestic violence, and a Whitman County order

had allowed him only limited supervised visitation with his own child. The GAL also

recommended that Benedetti should not have unsupervised contact with HAA. As we have

noted in the preceding section of this analysis, to the extent Amaral challenges the trial court' s

denial of his motions filed prior to trial, those arguments are mooted by entry of the final

5

parenting plan. See Simmons, 61 Wn.2d at 149.

7. Trial Court' s Comments Related to Not Retrying the Rape Case

Amaral argues that the trial court erred by ruling that " this is not going to be a retrial of a

rape case," and " I' m not going to retry this case in terms of whether a rape occurred or did not

occur." Report of Proceedings ( RP) at 400; Supplemental Report of Proceedings ( SRP) ( Apr.

10, 2012) at 4. However, the two statements by the trial court were not rulings, but merely

5 Amaral' s claim that the trial court erred by not restricting contact with Benedetti in the final

parenting plan is addressed below. See infra C. 2.

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directions to counsel that the court preferred the parties to focus on the parenting plan issues

rather than on whether or not Amaral had raped Parlari.

Amaral alleges that the trial court' s refusal to retry the rape case and its limiting the

number of witnesses allowed ( addressed in the next section) prevented him from defending

himself from the rape allegations, which he considered the paramount issue in the parenting case.

However, he does not allege with any particularity that the trial court' s comments prevented him

from presenting important evidence, such as if the court would have excluded relevant evidence

related to the rape allegation. The trial court ruled that the audio recording was inadmissible, but

that ruling was based on a statute ( discussed later), not because the evidence was related to the

rape allegation. Amaral' s general and speculative assertion that he would have presented more

and better evidence if he would have been able to " try" the rape case is not persuasive.

Amaral fails to show that the trial court' s comments had any real effect on the parenting

plan proceedings, let alone a prejudicial effect. Accordingly, Amaral' s claim fails.

8. Limiting Number of Witnesses

Amaral argues that the trial court erred by limiting to five the number of witnesses each

party could call at trial. He argues that he needed additional witnesses to effectively refute the

rape allegation and show that Parlari was using the allegations to gain an advantage in the

proceedings. Amaral also asserts that the limited number of witnesses prevented him from

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rebutting the GAL' s testimony and reports because he could not examine the persons who made

6

of - ourt statements

out - c that she relied on to form her opinions.

Amaral does not provide argument and citation to authority to support his argument that

the trial court committed error by limiting the number of witnesses. Therefore, we do not need

to consider his assignment of error further. RAP 10. 3( a)( 6). Accordingly, Amaral' s claim fails.

9. Telephonic Testimony

Amaral argues that the trial court erred by not allowing some of his witnesses to testify

telephone. For he to CR 43( 1), that "[ fJor good cause in

by support, points a)( which states

compelling circumstances and with appropriate safeguards, the court may permit testimony in

open court by contemporaneous transmission from a different location." We review a trial

court' s ruling on whether or not to permit telephonic testimony for an abuse of discretion. In re

Marriage of Swaka, 179 Wn. App. 549, 553, 319 P. 3d 69 ( 2014). We find no abuse of discretion

here.

6 Amaral also alleges that the trial court improperly criticized his witness and exhibit list. The

court was critical of both parties for failing to provide their witness lists in a timely manner. The

court was concerned with avoiding a trial by surprise and remaining within the allotted time for

trial. Obviously, Amaral' s 60- person witness list was more problematic in this regard than

Parlari' s list, which included only the parties, the GAL, and the reunification counselor.

However, the record shows that the trial court resolved the witness list issue respectfully and did

not improperly criticize Amaral. We reject his assertions to the contrary.

7 Even were we to address the merits of this claim, Amaral failed to object to the trial court' s

ruling and the record does not show that he was prejudiced by it. If Amaral needed additional

witnesses, he should have taken exception to the trial court' s pretrial ruling, requested additional

witnesses, and made a detailed offer of proof of what the witness would have testified to and

why the testimony was needed. In addition, Amaral fails to show prejudice because he has not

shown that he exhausted his allotment of five witnesses. The record designated on appeal

contains testimony only from the parties and the GAL. And based on the record provided to us,

the only witness Amaral called to testify was himself.

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During trial, Amaral sought permission from the court to have an expert witness, Bill

Notarfrancisco, testify by telephone later that morning, as scheduled. Amaral told the trial court

that Notarfrancisco was in town but he had a full schedule and was unable to cancel any

appointments to testify in court. Parlari objected to the proposed telephonic testimony. The trial

court inquired whether the witness could come in and testify another day, and Amaral indicated

r

that he would be available on a later date.

The trial court ruled that Notarfrancisco could not testify telephonically but offered to

allow him to testify out of order, including after Amaral rested his case and any time before

Parlari rested hers. 8 The trial court explained that it was important for the witness to testify live

so that the court could assess the witness' s credibility. The trial court also indicated that it was

generally more lenient with lay witnesses, but it expected expert witnesses to be available for

live testimony or to have dealt with availability issues well in advance.

Amaral also requested that his priest, Father Peter, be allowed to testify telephonically.

After the trial court had taken its noon break, Amaral stated, " Father Peter has contacted us, and

he' s interested in testifying by phone this afternoon. Is that something that' s acceptable to

counsel ?" RP at 430 -31. Again Parlari objected to the proposed telephonic testimony. The trial

court inquired whether the priest would be testifying as a fact witness or in the capacity of a

treating expert. Amaral stated that he had a counseling relationship with the priest and that the

priest would be testifying about those counseling sessions. The trial court denied Amaral' s

request to allow the priest to testify by telephone and made reference to the court' s earlier

8 The record does not reflect whether Notarfrancisco did later testify live.

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statement that it expected expert witnesses to be available for live testimony. Because Amaral

did not provide this court with the full trial transcript, we do not know if Father Peter testified at

some later point. Amaral pointed out that the GAL was allowed to testify telephonically9 and

argued that not similarly accommodating Amaral' s witnesses was unfair. The trial court

explained that the circumstances were different —the GAL' s unavailability and issues regarding

her appearing live were the subject of a pretrial motion while Amaral' s request was a last minute

request on the morning the expert witness was scheduled to testify and there was no advance

notice that the witness would not be available to testify live.

Because Amaral did not present the trial court with " good cause in compelling

circumstances" as required under CR 43( a)( 1), we hold that the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in denying Amaral' s requests to allow Notarfrancisco and Father Peter to testify by

telephone.

10. Ignoring Allegations of Perjury

Amaral argues that the trial court erred by ignoring allegations that Parlari had committed

perjury. He argues that Parlari testified at trial that she had given birth to only six children born

alive, but she had previously " testified" on April 23, 2010, that she had given birth to nine

children. This claim fails.

The right to a fair trial includes the exclusion of perjured testimony. In re Pers. Restraint

of Benn, 134 Wn.2d 868, 936, 952 P. 2d 116 ( 1998). But no perjury has been established here.

Amaral cites to an excerpt of an April 23, 2010 hearing in which Parlari states that she had nine

9 Amaral does not assign error to the trial court' s allowing the GAL to testify by telephone, nor

could he, because the record does not show that he preserved the issue by objecting at trial.

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children. The record on appeal does not include the entire hearing transcript and the part that is

included does not show that Parlari was providing sworn testimony. Parlari was pro se at the

time and was most likely responding to the court' s inquiry in open court without having been

placed under oath.

Moreover, Amaral' s claim here is nothing more than a disagreement with the trial court' s

credibility assessments and the weight the trial court placed on Parlari' s allegedly inconsistent

statements about the number of children she had. Parlari testified that she had been pregnant

nine times, had given birth to six children ( including one child that she gave up for adoption as

an infant), and she did not know why the GAL and Amaral thought she had given birth to ten

children. Amaral also questioned her on these issues during cross- examination.10 We cannot

retry the facts on appeal, and we will defer to the trier of fact for purposes of resolving

conflicting testimony and evaluating the persuasiveness of the evidence and credibility of the

witnesses. Thompson v. Hanson, 142 Wn. App. 53, 60, 174 P. 3d 120 ( 2007), aff'd, 168 Wn.2d

738, 239 P. 3d 537 ( 2010). Therefore, Amaral' s claim fails.

11. Excluded Audio Recording

Amaral argues that the trial court erred by excluding a key piece of evidence —an audio

recording of a phone call between him and Parlari. According to Amaral, the recording was a

major factor in the prosecutor' s dropping the rape charges against him. As a result of the

recording, Amaral was charged and pleaded guilty to unlawful recording of a private

10 Amaral alleges that the trial court denied him the opportunity to examine Parlari about what

happened to the other children. The trial court stopped Amaral from questioning Parlari about

the adopted infant because the information was not relevant to the proceeding. In addition,

Parlari could provide no relevant information about children that she denied ever having had.

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conversation in violation of RCW 9.73. 030, . 080, which is a gross misdemeanor. Parlari moved

to exclude the recording and any discussion of the conversation at trial because it was the result

of an illegal recording. The trial court agreed and suppressed the evidence.

We review a trial court' s legal conclusions on a motion to suppress de novo. State v.

Roden, 179 Wn.2d 893, 898, 321 P. 3d 1183 ( 2014) ( reviewing de novo whether evidence was

admitted in violation of the Washington Privacy Act). Washington' s Privacy Act, chapter 9. 73

RCW, prohibits recording of any "[ p] rivate conversation, by any device electronic or otherwise

designed to record or transmit such conversation regardless how the device is powered or

actuated without first obtaining the consent of all the persons engaged in the conversation."

RCW 9. 73. 030( 1)( b). Evidence obtained in violation of the act is inadmissible for any purpose

in any civil or criminal trial with certain exceptions not applicable here. RCW 9.73. 050; Roden,

179 Wn.2d at 899.

Amaral does not claim that the Privacy Act does not apply to the recording. Instead, he

argues that the trial court erred in excluding it because constitutional considerations override the

Privacy Act. He relies on State v. Baird, 83 Wn. App. 477, 922 P. 2d 157 ( 1996). In Baird,

Division One of this court balanced the interests promoted by the Privacy Act against a criminal

defendant' s constitutional right to present a defense. 83 Wn. App. at 483. To do so, the court

examined the purposes for which the defendant sought introduction of the protected evidence

and the likely effect on the outcome to determine the effect of exclusion on his defense. Baird,

83 Wn. App. at 483. The defendant in Baird, who was accused of brutally attacking and

disfiguring his wife, argued that hearing the tape the day before the assault " triggered" the

assault because he concluded from it that his wife was having an affair. 83 Wn. App. at 479,

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483. The court noted that the tape did not clearly show she was having an affair, but even if it

could be interpreted that way or to give the defendant a reason for believing so, other evidence

provided the same inference. Baird, 83 Wn. App. at 483. The defendant' s theory of the case

was that he did not intend to cause great bodily harm because he was impaired by his years of

drinking and his paranoid personality disorder. Baird, 83 Wn. App. at 484. His experts

supported his medical disorder and testified that he was probably experiencing an alcoholic

blackout at the time of the assault; but no expert testified that there was a specific triggering

event, such as hearing the tape. Baird, 83 Wn. App. at 483 -84.

The court held that in this evidentiary context, exclusion of the tape did not significantly

constrict the vitality of his defense. Baird, 83 Wn. App. at 484. The tape did nothing more than

confirm his paranoid belief in his wife' s infidelity. Baird, 83 Wn. App. at 484. The court held

that the tape was not so connected to the issue of guilt or innocence that its exclusion prevented

the defendant from relating his version of the events and thus affected the outcome of the trial.

Baird, 83 Wn. App. at 484. Because the tape was merely collateral, the interests served by the

privacy act justified the limitation of the defendant' s right to present his defense, and it was

properly excluded. Baird, 83 Wn. App. at 484.

Here, Amaral argues it was inappropriate to exclude the recorded conversation because

unlike in Baird, the audio recording was central to the issue in the case — whether he had raped

Parlari —and that the enforcement of the Privacy Act resulted in an unconstitutional limitation on

his constitutional right to present his custody case. Amaral is correct that he has a fundamental

interest in parenting his children. See In re Marriage ofKing, 162 Wn.2d 378, 383, 174 P. 3d

659 ( 2007) ( recognizing that the fundamental nature of the parent -child relationship is entitled to

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constitutional significance); In re Dependency ofJ.A.F., 168 Wn. App. 653, 667, 278 P. 3d 673

2012) ( parental rights are a fundamental liberty interest protected by the United States

Constitution). Whether a parent is a perpetrator of domestic violence and whether a parent has

falsely accused the other parent of domestic violence in order to gain an advantage in custody

proceedings are relevant in an action to determine the primary residential parent. However, the

trial court' s objective was to determine what was in the best interest of the children based on all

of the circumstances presented. Here, the tape did not clearly convey that Parlari had falsely

accused Amaral of rape, although it could be interpreted that way. And there was already other

evidence in the record that, if believed, supported Amaral' s contention that Parlari had falsely

accused him of rape. For example, Amaral testified that he did not rape Parlari and he testified

in detail about her alleged motivations for making the allegations. He also testified that the

prosecutor dropped the felony charges.

We hold the tape was not so vital to the parentage action that its exclusion prevented

Amaral from presenting .his case that it was in the children' s best interests to make him the

primary residential parent. As in Baird, 83 Wn. App. at 484, the tape was collateral and the

interests served by the Privacy Act justified the limitation on Amaral' s right to present the tape in

li

his parentage action. Therefore, we hold that the trial court did not err in excluding the tape.

Amaral also argues that even if the tape was excludable, the trial court should not have

excluded his testimony about the contents of the conversation. We do not address his argument

because it is moot. Despite the trial court' s ruling, Amaral testified to the contents of the

recorded conversation, the fact that it was recorded, and the reason why he recorded it without

Parlari' s knowledge. Parlari objected after the fact, and then stated, "[ I] t' s out there, you heard

it, and I withdraw any objection I had to it." RP at 249. Because Amaral testified to the contents

of the conversation ( and more) and Parlari acquiesced to its admissibility, there is no need to

review the trial court' s unenforced ruling.

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12. Entry of Final Orders Without Notice

Amaral argues that the trial court erred by entering final orders without notice to him or

his attorney. Amaral is correct that the trial court erred in entering the orders, but the record does

not support that the error was deliberate. And despite the error, Amaral fails to show that it

prejudiced him.. Therefore, his claim fails.

CR 54( f)( provides:

2)

2) Notice ofPresentation. No order or judgment shall be signed or entered until

opposing counsel have been given 5 days' notice of presentation and served with

a copy of the proposed order or judgment unless:

A) Emergency. An emergency is shown to exist.

B) Approval. Opposing counsel has approved in writing the entry of the

proposed order or judgment or waived notice of presentation.

C) After Verdict, etc. If presentation is made after entry of verdict or

findings and while opposing counsel is in open court.

Failing to give notice under CR 54( f)( generally renders a judgment invalid. Burton v. Ascol,

2)

105 Wn.2d 344, 352, 715 P. 2d 110 ( 1986). But such a judgment is valid unless the complaining

party shows resulting prejudice. Burton, 105 Wn.2d at 352. A party alleging injury is not

prejudiced if it is able to timely appeal and argue any issues it wishes to raise. Burton, 105

Wn.2d at 352 -53; Soper v. Knaflich, 26 Wn. App. 678, 681, 613 P. 2d 1209 ( 1980).

Amaral had notice of the presentation hearing because the date was set in open court in

which his counsel was present. However, Amaral' s counsel did not appear at the hearing

because of confusion caused by opposing counsel' s office: Parlari' s counsel informed Amaral' s

counsel that the presentation hearing would have to be postponed and requested that Amaral' s

counsel respond with his availability for three possible dates to set the hearing over, obtained

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from the court' s judicial assistant. But Parlari' s counsel never sought the continuance. And

because of divided responsibilities within his office, Parlari' s counsel was not aware of the mix -

up with opposing counsel and mistakenly represented to the court that Amaral' s counsel had

been provided with a copy of the proposed final orders when in fact he had not. After reviewing

the final orders prepared by Parlari' s counsel, the trial court made a few changes and then signed

and entered the final documents.

Amaral moved for reconsideration of the court' s final orders, including a request to

amend and to make additional findings of fact and conclusions of law. In response, Parlari' s

counsel advised the trial court that his office may have contributed to the confusion about the

original presentation date and that Amaral' s counsel did not receive a copy of the proposed

findings prior to the presentation hearing as Parlari' s counsel had previously stated. For these

reasons Parlari' s counsel requested that the court allow Amaral to make his arguments regarding

presentation anew, without considering the timing and without prejudice to him in regard to the

presentation date. Following these arguments, the trial court denied Amaral' s post -

trial motions.

Here, the final orders were entered in violation of CR 54( f). However, Amaral has not

shown that the error prejudiced him. He presented his own proposed findings and conclusions of

12

law to the trial court on a motion for reconsideration, which were considered and rejected by

the trial court. And he did not allege in the trial court below or in this appeal that the final orders

drafted by Parlari' s counsel and signed by the court were inaccurate. Accordingly, we conclude

that the final orders are valid and Amaral' s claim fails.

12 Amaral sought proposed amendments and additional findings that were not part of the trial

court' s oral ruling.

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13. Parlari' s Violation of Court Orders

Amaral argues that the trial court erred by failing to require Parlari to comply with its

April 23, 2010 order to ( 1) obtain a domestic violence assessment, ( 2) provide a full copy of her

2005 psychological evaluation, and ( 3) obtain a drug and alcohol evaluation. According to

Amaral, Parlari never complied with the trial court' s orders. Parlari did provide her 2005

psychological evaluation as ordered. Amaral has not provided us with the full record, but from

the available record it appears that Parlari did not obtain a domestic violence assessment or a

drug and alcohol assessment as she was required to do.

Amaral argues that Parlari' s failure to comply with the trial court' s order and the trial

court' s failure to address this issue prejudiced his case and deprived the trial court of vital

evidence. But Parlari' s failure to follow the trial court' s order is not an error attributable to the

trial court and not something we can review or grant relief for. We defer to the trial court' s

determinations of the persuasiveness of evidence, In re Knight, 178 Wn. App. 929, 937, 317 P. 3d

1068 ( 2014), including the amount of significance to attribute to Parlari' s ( and Amaral' s) failure

to submit to the trial court ordered assessments. Accordingly, Amaral' s claim fails.

14. Improper Family Law Motion

After the GAL filed her final report, Parlari moved to adopt the GAL' s recommendations,

specifically including that Amaral submit to a complete psychological evaluation, that the

children see a counselor twice a month, and that someone review Amaral' s complete criminal

history and the lawsuits he filed against a Lakewood police officer. According to Amaral, the

motion was brought on the " Family Law Motion Calendar" on April 19, 2012. Br. of Appellant

at 41. A hearing occurred on that date in which evidence was presented by declaration and the

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trial court granted Parlari' s motion. The record provided to us on appeal, however, does not

include Amaral' s response to the motion, if any, or the transcript of the hearing. Our record

includes only a written order granting Parlari' s motion and ordering Amaral to submit to a

psychological evaluation and that the children immediately commence counseling sessions twice

a month.

Amaral contends the trial court' s order was erroneous because " the purpose of a Family

Law motion is to preserve the status quo, not make final rulings." Br. of Appellant at 41. He

further argues that he " had the right to a trial, with live witnesses, on the issues decided at this

hearing." Br. of Appellant at 41. We do not review Amaral' s assignment of error because the

record is insufficient for review, he cites no authority to support his claim of error, there is no

record showing that he preserved this issue before the trial court, and the order at issue was

mooted by the entry of the final parenting plan. RAP 2. 5( a), 9. 2, 10. 3( a)( 6); Tracy, 158 Wn.2d

at 691; Cowiche Canyon, 118 Wn.2d at 809; Simmons, 61 Wn.2d at 149; Stiles, 168 Wn. App. at

259.

B. FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

We review the trial court' s findings of fact and conclusions of law to determine whether

substantial evidence in the record supports the findings and, if so, whether the findings support

the trial court' s conclusions. In re Marriage ofFahey, 164 Wn. App. 42, 55 -56, 262 P. 3d 128

2011). If substantial evidence supports the trial court' s findings of fact, we will not disturb

them on appeal. J. F., 168 Wn.

A. App. at 667. " Substantial evidence exists if the record contains

evidence of a sufficient quantity to persuade a fair -

minded, rational person of the truth of the

declared premise." Fahey, 164 Wn. App. at 55. " Even where the evidence conflicts, a reviewing

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court must determine only whether the evidence most favorable to the prevailing party supports

the challenged findings." State v. Black, 100 Wn.2d 793, 802, 676 P. 2d 963 ( 1984). We defer to

the trial court' s determinations on the persuasiveness of the evidence, witness credibility, and

conflicting testimony. Knight, 178 Wn. App. at 937.

Amaral assigns error to many of the trial court' s findings of fact. Unfortunately, the trial

record he provided to us on appeal is incomplete. For example, he has not provided us with a

record of the testimony of all of the witnesses. Instead, our record includes only the testimony of

Amaral, Parlari, and the GAL. But there are direct references to the testimony of at least three

other witnesses: ( 1) a kindergarten teacher, ( 2) Amaral' s former girlfriend, and ( 3) a woman

named Rolinda who was the children' s caretaker and former neighbor of the parties when they

lived in Tacoma. 13 And there are indications that other witnesses may have testified as well.

In such a situation, our ability to fairly evaluate the findings in light of the record before

the trial court is compromised. Therefore, we treat the findings as verities. See In re Parentage

Custody ofA.F.J., 161 Wn. App. 803, 806 n. 2, 260 P. 3d 889 ( 2011) ( treating findings as

verities where the court was not provided with any of the exhibits admitted at trial nor with a

record of the testimony of numerous witnesses), aff'd, 179 Wn.2d 179, 314 P. 3d 373 ( 2013).

This approach to appellate review of trial court factual determinations is one of long standing."

13

During Parlari' s testimony, counsel asked her, " Now, you heard the kindergarten teacher, that

very nice Mrs. Johnson that testified, right ?" RP at 409. Parlari' s counsel also asked her about

the woman that just testified, Rolinda," who was a neighbor and the children' s caretaker when

the parties lived in Tacoma. RP at 374. And in its oral findings of fact, the trial court made

findings based on the " the testimony of a past schoolteacher and a former girlfriend now

that is simply a friend, they have testified ... based on their observations." CP at

testifying she

691 ( emphasis added).

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A.F.J., 161 Wit. App. at 806 n.2. Therefore, we cannot and will not review Amaral' s challenges

14

to the findings of fact.

C. FINAL PARENTING PLAN

We review a trial court' s decisions on the provisions of a parenting plan for an abuse of

discretion. In re Custody of Halls, 126 Wn. App. 599, 606, 109 P. 3d 15 ( 2005). A trial court

abuses its discretion if the decision rests on unreasonable or untenable grounds. Halls, 126 Wn.

App. at 606.

1. Residential Placement

Amaral argues that the GAL' s breach of her duties and the trial court' s errors caused the

court to enter flawed findings and to enter the wrong parenting plan. In particular, he argues that

the trial court' s conclusion that it would be in the best interest of the children to reside primarily

with Parlari is incorrect. And he challenges the trial court' s designation of Parlari as the primary

residential parent in the final parenting plan.

Decisions regarding residential placement must be made in the best interests of the

children after considering the factors set forth in RCW 26. 09. 187( 3). In re Parentage ofJ.

H.,

112 Wn. App. 486, 492 -93, 49 P. 3d 154 ( 2002). We review a trial court' s decision regarding the

residential placement of children for an abuse of discretion. JH., 112 Wn. App. at 492. " A trial

court abuses its discretion only if its decision is manifestly unreasonable or based on untenable

grounds or untenable reasons." In re Parentage ofSchroeder, 106 Wn. App. 343, 349, 22 P. 3d

14 Amaral appears pro se in this appeal. The law does not distinguish between litigants who elect

to proceed pro se and those who seek assistance of counsel. In re Marriage of Olson, 69 Wn.

App. 621, 626, 850 P. 2d 527 ( 1993). All litigants must comply with applicable statutes and

rules. In re Pers. Restraint of Connick, 144 Wn.2d 442, 455, 28 P. 3d 729 ( 2001).

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1280 ( 2001). Because the trial court hears evidence firsthand and has a unique opportunity to

observe the witnesses, the appellate court should be " ` extremely reluctant to disturb child

placement dispositions.' " Schroeder, 106 Wn. App. at 349 ( quoting In re Marriage of

Schneider, 82 Wn. App. 471, 476, 918 P. 2d 543 ( 1996), overruled on other grounds by In re

Marriage ofLittlefield, 133 Wn.2d 39, 50, 57, 940 P. 2d 1362 ( 1997)).

Here, the trial court weighed the evidence presented at trial and properly applied the

statutory factors in RCW 26. 09. 187( 3)( a). Although Amaral disagrees with the trial court' s

decision, we will not second guess the trial court' s well -supported analysis. We hold that the

trial court did not abuse its discretion in ( 1) concluding the children' s best interests would be

served by residing primarily with Parlari, and (2) designating Parlari as the children' s primary

residential parent in the final parenting plan.

2. Contact with Benedetti

Amaral argues that the trial court failed to restrain Parlari from allowing her friend

Benedetti to have contact with the children. During the trial court' s oral ruling at the conclusion

of trial, Amaral renewed his request to restrain Benedetti' s contact. The trial court declined to do

so and stated that it did not have any evidence that Benedetti' s contact with the children had been

negative in any way.

Amaral disputes this and argues that the trial court erred by not restricting contact with

Benedetti. For support, Amaral points to Benedetti' s Whitman County parenting plan, which

restricts time with his daughter to supervised visitation based on his history of domestic violence,

the GAL' s recommendation that Benedetti not have unsupervised contact with HAA due to the

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Whitman County restrictive parenting plan, and psychologist Loren McCollom' s alleged finding

that harm was caused to HAA from his contact with Benedetti.

First, Amaral misconstrues McCollom' s findings. McCollum expressed serious concern

for HAA due to having three father figures: Amaral, Benedetti, and Parlari' s live - boyfriend.

in

But there was no finding that Benedetti' s character was a cause for concern. Second, neither the

Whitman County records nor McCollom' s letter were admitted at trial. The GAL' s report

recommending that contact should be restricted was admitted at trial, and she reiterated her

concern at trial, but her opinion was based on only the Whitman County records, which did not

relate to the Amaral children and were not before the court at trial. Amaral does not direct us to

any evidence before the trial court that the Amaral children' s contact with Benedetti had been

negative. Therefore, substantial evidence ( or lack of it) supports the trial court' s finding that

there was no evidence of negative contact between Benedetti and the Amaral children.

Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to make a

restriction on contact between Benedetti and the Amaral children in the final parenting plan. See

Halls, 126 Wn. App. at 606 ( provisions of parenting plans are reviewed for abuse of discretion).

D. ATTORNEY FEES

Amaral argues that the trial court erred by failing to award him attorney fees based on

Parlari' s" dilatory, intransigent, and contemptuous conduct" throughout the case. 15 Br. of

15 For example, Amaral asserts that Parlari did not respond to a single one of his 25 motions,

failed to obey court orders, failed to produce evidence, failed to cooperate with court- ordered

visitation, insisted on unnecessary supervised visitation that he had to pay for, and falsely

accused him of rape. Amaral states that Parlari' s actions forced him to bring four motions for

contempt and a motion for an order to compel answers to discovery.

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II

Appellant at 30. An award of attorney fees must be based on contract, statute, or a recognized

ground in equity. Kaintz v. PLG, Inc., 147 Wn. App. 782, 785, 197 P. 3d 710 ( 2008). We review

a trial court' s denial of attorney fees for an abuse of discretion, which occurs if the court bases its

denial on untenable grounds or untenable reasons. Emmerson v. Weilep, 126 Wn. App. 930, 940,

110 P. 3d 214 ( 2005).

Although Amaral does not direct this court to the information, our independent review

shows that he requested attorney fees at least in his motion for summary judgment on the

parentage issues and in his trial brief before trial on the final parenting plan. The trial court

reserved a finding of costs and fees on the summary judgment motion. And the trial court' s

findings of fact and conclusions of law on the final parenting plan states "[ d] oes not apply" under

a section for costs and fees. CP at 682. Amaral argues that he incurred substantial attorney fees

due to Parlari' s conduct, and that the trial court erred by not awarding him reasonable attorney

fees and costs.

It appears that the trial court did not make an adequate record of the reason for its denial

of Amaral' s request for fees. However, because Amaral did not provide the trial court with any

authority supporting his requests for attorney fees and did not provide authority supporting a fee

award in his briefing to this court, we hold that the court' s denial of his request was not an abuse

of discretion.

E. INSUFFICIENT ARGUMENT /AUTHORITY

Amaral also assigns error to various other orders and memoranda of journal entries,

including temporary orders granting supervised visitation and allocating the cost to Amaral, an

order denying his motion for recusal of Judge Culpepper, an order denying his motion for

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contempt, an order denying his post -trial motions, and the final order of child support. But he

does not provide argument or authority to support those assignments of error. Therefore, we do

not review them. RAP 10. 3( a)( 6); Cowiche Canyon, 118 Wn.2d at 809; Elliott, 114 Wn.2d at 15.

F. NEW ARGUMENTS IN REPLY BRIEF

Amaral raises two new arguments in his reply brief: ( 1) substantial evidence does not

support the trial court' s findings on the reason it took four years to bring the parentage case to

trial, and ( 2) the GAL was not qualified to serve as a GAL during the pendency of his case

because she resigned in 2009 and the Pierce County Superior Court refused to act on his,

grievances about the GAL. Issues raised and argued for the first time in a reply brief are too late

to warrant consideration. Cowiche Canyon, 118 Wn.2d at 809. Therefore, we do not review

them.

G. ATTORNEY FEES ON APPEAL

Parlari requests an award of reasonable attorney fees under RAP 18. 9, asserting that

Amaral' s appeal is meritless. But Parlari does not argue how Amaral' s appeal is meritless, does

not respond to the majority of his assignments of error, and does not provide argument and

citation to authority to establish that the award is warranted. Therefore, we agree with Amaral

that Parlari' s request for fees is inadequate to support an award of attorney fees on appeal. See

RAP 18. 1; Phillips Bldg. Co. v. An, 81 Wn. App. 696, 704 -05, 915 P. 2d 1146 ( 1996). Moreover,

although Amaral' s appeal was unsuccessful, it was not wholly meritless. Accordingly, we deny

Parlari' s request for reasonable attorney fees on appeal.

Amaral also requests that he be awarded all of his attorney fees and costs incurred in

this action. But Amaral' s bare request for fees in the conclusion section of his briefs is also not

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an adequate request for fees and will not be considered by this court. Under RAP 18. 1, a party

must cite authority for a fee request and set it out in a separate section of his opening brief.

Accordingly, we do not consider Amaral' s request for fees.

We affirm.

A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports but will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW 2. 06. 040, it is

so ordered.

We concur:

29