The opinion
[Cite as Barbee v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 130 Ohio St.3d 96, 2011-Ohio-4914.]
BARBEE ET AL., APPELLEES, v. NATIONWIDE MUTUAL
INSURANCE COMPANY, APPELLANT.
[Cite as Barbee v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co.,
130 Ohio St.3d 96, 2011-Ohio-4914.]
Underinsured-motorist policy—Alleged conflict between insurance-contract
provisions—Exhaustion of the tortfeasor’s liability limits is a condition
precedent to an insured’s right to payment, but it is not a precondition to
filing suit by the insured against his insurer within the limitation period—
Judgment reversed.
(No. 2010-1091—Submitted May 24, 2011—Decided September 29, 2011.)
APPEAL from the Court of Appeals for Lorain County,
Nos. 09 CA 009594 and 09 CA 009596, 2010-Ohio-2016.
__________________
CUPP, J.
{¶ 1} We are asked to decide whether a provision in an automobile
insurance policy involving uninsured/underinsured-motorist coverage is
ambiguous when read in conjunction with another policy provision. The policy
provision at issue requires that an action for uninsured/underinsured-motorist
coverage be brought against the insurer within three years of the date of the
accident. Other provisions, however, require that proceeds from any other
available insurance be exhausted first and that the insured must fully comply with
all policy terms before filing suit. For the reasons that follow, we conclude that
the policy provision is unambiguous and is enforceable. The judgment of the
court of appeals is reversed, and this matter is remanded to the trial court for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO
I. Facts and Procedural History
{¶ 2} On October 12, 2002, appellees, Edward Barbee, Darlene Barbee,
Thomas Barbee, and Margaret Barbee (“the Barbees”), were involved in an
automobile accident in Madison, Wisconsin.1 Edward was operating the
automobile, which was owned by Margaret. Thomas, Margaret, and Darlene
were passengers.
{¶ 3} Appellant, Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, provided
insurance for the automobile, which included coverage for uninsured motorists.
Under the policy definitions, “uninsured motor vehicle” includes “one which is
underinsured.”2 The policy also contained the following “exhaustion provision”:
{¶ 4} “Limits and Conditions of Payment
{¶ 5} “ * * *
{¶ 6} “6. No payment will be made until the limits of all other liability
insurance and bonds that apply have been exhausted by payments.
{¶ 7} The policy also contained the following “compliance provision”:
{¶ 8} “10. SUIT AGAINST US
{¶ 9} “No lawsuit may be filed against us by anyone claiming any of the
coverages provided in this policy until the said person has fully complied with all
the terms and conditions of this policy, including but not limited to the protection
of our subrogation rights.
{¶ 10} “Subject to the preceding paragraph, under the Uninsured
Motorists coverage of this policy, any lawsuit must be filed against us:
{¶ 11} “a) within three (3) years from the date of the accident.”
1. Matthew and Harvey Barbee were also involved in the accident. They were riding in another
automobile, which was insured by Allstate Insurance Company. A separate suit was filed against
Allstate, and the cases were consolidated. Allstate has settled all claims and is not involved in this
appeal.
2. As the issue in this case arose because the tortfeasor was underinsured, in the facts, we will
refer to “underinsured-motorist coverage” and not “uninsured-motorist coverage.”
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{¶ 12} The Barbees’ counsel had placed Nationwide on notice of potential
underinsured-motorist claims within one year of the accident but did not then file
suit.
{¶ 13} Nationwide filed suit separately against the tortfeasors to recover
the medical payments that Nationwide had paid on behalf of appellees. Then,
more than two years after the accident, the Barbees filed suit against the
tortfeasors in federal court in Wisconsin. One defendant was an estate, and the
other was the United States of America, by and through its insured, a member of
the Armed Forces.
{¶ 14} Faith C. Donley was also injured in the automobile accident. She
filed a separate action against the tortfeasors in federal court in Wisconsin, and
that suit was consolidated with the Nationwide case. Additionally, within two
years of the date of the accident, Donley filed suit against her insurer in the Lorain
County Court of Common Pleas, asserting an underinsured-motorist claim. That
action was stayed pending resolution of the actions in federal court.
{¶ 15} In Nationwide’s case, the court determined that the service
member was 30 percent liable for causing the damages in the accident, and the
estate was 70 percent liable.
{¶ 16} The Barbees’ case then proceeded to trial. Judgment was awarded
in their favor. The United States government paid 30 percent of the amounts
awarded to the Barbees, and the estate’s $75,000 policy coverage was split among
them. After this payment, outstanding amounts remained on each of the Barbees’
judgments.
{¶ 17} On January 18, 2007, more than four years after the accident, the
Barbees filed suit against Nationwide in the Lorain County Court of Common
Pleas to recover, under the policy’s underinsured-motorist coverage, the
outstanding amounts on each of their judgments. Nationwide filed a motion for
summary judgment, arguing that the Barbees’ claims were barred for failure to
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bring the claims within the three-year period required by the policy’s limitation
provision, a period authorized by R.C. 3937.18(H). The trial court denied
Nationwide’s motion for summary judgment, concluding that the limitation
provision was tolled until the exhaustion provision was satisfied.
{¶ 18} Nationwide appealed the decision to the Ninth District Court of
Appeals. In affirming the denial of Nationwide’s motion for summary judgment,
the court of appeals held that the exhaustion and limitation provisions of
Nationwide’s underinsured-motorist coverage conflicted, and the conflict created
an ambiguity under the facts of the case. Barbee v. Allstate Ins. Co., Lorain App.
Nos. 09 CA 009594 and 09 CA 009596, 2010-Ohio-2016, ¶ 33. Therefore, the
Ninth District determined, the limitation provision was not enforceable against the
Barbees’ claims. It held that the trial court had correctly determined that the
Barbees did not have a claim for underinsured-motorist coverage until all other
liability insurance had been exhausted, and exhaustion did not occur in this case
until after the federal court case was concluded. Id. at ¶ 36.
{¶ 19} We accepted Nationwide’s appeal under our discretionary
jurisdiction. Barbee v. Allstate Ins. Co., 126 Ohio St.3d 1581, 2010-Ohio-4542,
934 N.E.2d 354. Nationwide presents the following proposition of law: “A
policy provision that requires uninsured/underinsured actions to be brought
against the insurer within three years from the date of the accident is
unambiguous and enforceable even when read in conjunction with the exhaustion
provision and the provision requiring the insured to fully comply with the terms
of the policy before filing suit.”
II. Relevant Statute
{¶ 20} R.C. Chapter 3937 sets forth the laws governing motor-vehicle
insurance. R.C. 3937.18 specifically deals with uninsured- and underinsured-
motorist coverage. In subsection (H), the General Assembly authorizes a three-
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January Term, 2011
year limitation period within which an insured must bring suit against his insurer
for underinsured-motorist coverage:
{¶ 21} “Any policy of insurance that includes uninsured motorist
coverage, underinsured motorist coverage, or both uninsured and underinsured
motorist coverages may include terms and conditions requiring that, so long as the
insured has not prejudiced the insurer's subrogation rights, each claim or suit for
uninsured motorist coverage, underinsured motorist coverage, or both uninsured
and underinsured motorist coverages be made or brought within three years after
the date of the accident causing the bodily injury, sickness, disease, or death, or
within one year after the liability insurer for the owner or operator of the motor
vehicle liable to the insured has become the subject of insolvency proceedings in
any state, whichever is later.”
III. Analysis
{¶ 22} Our analysis begins with some well-settled principles. “ ‘[T]he
legal basis for recovery under the uninsured motorist coverage of an insurance
policy is contract and not tort.’ ” Kraly v. Vannewkirk (1994), 69 Ohio St.3d 627,
632, 635 N.E.2d 323, quoting Motorists Mut. Ins. Co. v. Tomanski (1971), 27
Ohio St.2d 222, 222-223, 56 O.O.2d 133, 271 N.E.2d 924.
{¶ 23} "In Ohio, the statutory limitation period for a written contract is 15
years. R.C. 2305.06. However, the parties to a contract may validly limit the time
for bringing an action on a contract to a period that is shorter than the general
statute of limitations for a written contract, as long as the shorter period is a
reasonable one.” Sarmiento v. Grange Mut. Cas. Co., 106 Ohio St.3d 403, 2005-
Ohio-5410, 835 N.E.2d 692, ¶ 11, citing Miller v. Progressive Cas. Ins. Co.
(1994), 69 Ohio St.3d 619, 624, 635 N.E.2d 317, and Colvin v. Globe Am. Cas.
Co. (1982), 69 Ohio St.2d 293, 295, 23 O.O.3d 281, 432 N.E.2d 167, overruled
on other grounds by Miller. “A contract provision that reduces the time provided
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in the statute of limitations must be in words that are clear and unambiguous to
the policyholder.” Id., citing Colvin at 296.
{¶ 24} The parties do not dispute that the policy clearly and
unambiguously limits to three years the time in which the Barbees may sue
Nationwide for underinsured-motorist benefits and complies with R.C.
3937.18(H). Instead, the dispute is about when the three-year period began to
run.
{¶ 25} Nationwide argues that the exhaustion, compliance, and limitation
provisions unambiguously declare that the Barbees’ causes of action for
underinsured-motorist benefits arise on the date of the accident. Moreover, the
provisions, when read together, plainly require an insured to (1) fully comply
with the terms and conditions of the policy, (2) which include, but are not limited
to, protecting Nationwide’s subrogation rights, and (3) file suit within three years
of the date of the accident.
{¶ 26} The Barbees contend that reading the exhaustion, compliance, and
limitation provisions in concert dictates that an insured’s underinsured-motorist
claim does not arise until all other liability-insurance limits are exhausted. They
assert that under the factual circumstances of this case, the claim accrued three
years after the conclusion of the federal litigation. Only at the end of the federal
litigation, the Barbees argue, did they know that they had an underinsured-
motorist claim.
{¶ 27} Nationwide, however, contends that the exhaustion provision
limits and conditions the timing of its payments to its insured but does not impose
any duties or responsibilities on the insureds. In other words, the exhaustion
provision is not a term or condition of the policy that must be satisfied prior to
filing suit against Nationwide for determining coverage.
{¶ 28} Accepting that Nationwide’s interpretation is plausible, the
Barbees nevertheless assert that their construction of the provisions, when read in
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January Term, 2011
pari materia, is as reasonable as Nationwide’s. And when two plausible
interpretations of policy language exist, they say, the uncertainty must be resolved
in favor of the insured. See Neal-Pettit v. Lahman, 125 Ohio St.3d 327, 2010-
Ohio-1829, 928 N.E.2d 421, ¶ 17, citing Buckeye Union Ins. Co. v. Price (1974),
39 Ohio St.2d 95, 68 O.O.2d 56, 313 N.E.2d 844, syllabus. Alternatively, the
Barbees assert that the cases upon which Nationwide relies are all distinguishable,
and they argue that Kraly, 69 Ohio St.3d 627, 635 N.E.2d 323, is the appropriate
precedent.
{¶ 29} We commence our analysis by first examining whether Kraly is
dispositive. The Kralys’ contract of insurance with State Farm Mutual
Automobile Insurance Company provided uninsured/underinsured-motorist
coverage. The policy required that a claim for uninsured-motorist coverage be
brought within two years of the date of the accident. Id. at 629.
{¶ 30} The Kralys were injured in an automobile accident by an insured
tortfeasor. Id. at 629-630. The Kralys filed suit against the tortfeasor within two
years of the date of the accident. Id. at 630. However, shortly before the end of
the policy’s two-year limitation period, the Kralys were notified that the
tortfeasor's insurance carrier was insolvent. Id. Consequently, the Kralys
amended their complaint, pursuant to Civ.R. 15(C) (“relation back of
amendments”), to include a claim against State Farm for uninsured-motorist
coverage. But the amendment did not occur until after the expiration of the two-
year limitation period.
{¶ 31} The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of State Farm,
holding that the Kralys' claim for uninsured-motorist benefits was not commenced
within two years of the date of the accident. Reversing, this court held that a
contractual period of limitations is per se unreasonable if the time allotted for
filing suit “expires before or shortly after the accrual of a right of action for
[uninsured-motorist] coverage.” Kraly, 69 Ohio St.3d 627, 635 N.E.2d 323,
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paragraph four of the syllabus. The court reasoned that the Kralys' claim for
uninsured-motorist benefits did not accrue until the date they received notice that
the tortfeasor's insurance company was insolvent. Id. at 634. Because only three
and one-half months remained before the end of the contract-limitations period
when the Kralys received the insolvency notice, the court determined that the time
remaining for the Kralys to bring a claim for uninsured-motorist coverage was
unreasonable. Id. at 635.
{¶ 32} Since Kraly, however, this court has repeatedly distinguished its
holding on the facts. In Ross v. Farmers Ins. Group. of Cos (1998), 82 Ohio St.3d
281, 695 N.E.2d 732, Farmers argued, just as the Barbees do here, “that [the
Rosses’] claims for underinsured motorist coverage did not accrue until they had
settled with the tortfeasor, thereby exhausting the tortfeasor’s available liability
coverage.” Id. at 285. Farmers relied on Kraly in support of its argument. Id.
{¶ 33} We found Farmers’ argument unpersuasive and held that Kraly
was “clearly distinguishable.” We stated, “Kraly unarguably involved a unique
factual situation, and this court accordingly fashioned a remedy based upon
concepts of fairness and public policy. * * * An automobile liability insurance
policy will typically require exhaustion of the proceeds of a tortfeasor's policy
before the right to payment of underinsured motorist benefits will occur.
However, the date that exhaustion of the tortfeasor's liability limits occurs is not
determinative of the applicable law to a claim for underinsured motorist
coverage.” (Emphasis sic.) Id. at 287.
{¶ 34} We also distinguished Kraly in Angel v. Reed, 119 Ohio St.3d 73,
2008-Ohio-3193, 891 N.E.2d 1179. Teresa Angel was in an automobile accident
with Eric Reed. The police report indicated that Reed was insured. Angel filed
suit against Reed, and although she repeatedly tried to serve him with the
complaint, she was unsuccessful. After the time for asserting an uninsured-
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January Term, 2011
motorist claim with Angel’s insurance carrier had expired, Angel learned that
Reed had not had a valid automobile-insurance policy.
{¶ 35} Angel argued to this court that Kraly controlled the outcome of her
case and therefore the period for filing suit did not begin to run until she
discovered that Reed had been uninsured. Rejecting this argument, we held:
{¶ 36} “In that unique factual situation [of Kraly], we differentiated
between the standard situation of an uninsured-motorist claim involving a
tortfeasor with no insurance at the time of the accident and the situation in Kraly,
in which an insured motorist subsequently became uninsured, for all practical
purposes, due to the insurer's insolvency.
{¶ 37} “Unlike Kraly, this case presents a standard uninsured-motorist
claim in which the tortfeasor was uninsured at the time of the accident. No
subsequent event rendered Reed uninsured; he already was uninsured.
Consistency with precedent requires the application of the unambiguous language
in the Allstate policy. Appellee failed to make her uninsured-motorist claim
within the limitations period designated in the Allstate policy.” Id. at ¶ 18-19.
{¶ 38} The Barbees’ reliance on Kraly is misplaced, just as it was in Ross
and Angel, because the rationale of Kraly is not applicable here. In Kraly, a
threshold question was the applicability of Civ.R. 15(C), a matter that is not
implicated here. Similar to Angel, there was no event in the present case that
changed the status of the estate’s coverage. The limits of the estate’s policy,
$75,000, remained the same from the time of the accident through the
announcement of the judgment by the federal court. We have repeatedly
emphasized that Kraly is limited to the unique factual circumstances of that
case—in which the insured tortfeasor was rendered uninsured due to the
insolvency of his insurance carrier shortly before the claimant’s own policy’s time
period for filing an uninsured-motorist claim was to expire. Moreover, we note
that after Kraly, the General Assembly enacted the current version of R.C.
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3937.18(H), effective October 31, 2001, authorizing a special time frame for
bringing an uninsured/underinsured-motorist claim against an insolvent insurance
carrier. Am.Sub.S.B. No. 97, 149 Ohio Laws, Part I, 779, 784, 791.
{¶ 39} However, as explained in Ross, an insured’s right to payment of
the underinsured-motorist benefits only upon exhaustion of the tortfeasor’s policy
is distinct from the accrual of the claim itself to underinsured-motorist benefits.
“An automobile liability insurance policy will typically require exhaustion of the
proceeds of a tortfeasor's policy before the right to payment [emphasis sic] of
underinsured motorist benefits will occur. However, the date that exhaustion of
the tortfeasor's liability limits occurs is not determinative of the applicable law to
a claim [emphasis added] for underinsured motorist coverage.” Ross, 82 Ohio
St.3d at 287, 695 N.E.2d 732.
{¶ 40} In the case at bar, Nationwide’s exhaustion provision states, “No
payment will be made until the limits of all other liability insurance and bonds
that apply have been exhausted by payments.” The plain meaning is that the
exhaustion of a tortfeasor’s limits of liability is a condition that must be satisfied
before an insured has a right to receive payment of underinsured-motorist benefits
from his own insurer. It does not, however, impose exhaustion of the tortfeasor’s
insurance as a condition that must be satisfied before an insured can file suit
against his insurer to establish his claim under the policy for underinsured-
motorist benefits.
{¶ 41} Because the exhaustion clause does not affect when the insured
may commence suit against his insurer for determination of underinsured-motorist
benefits, no conflict exists among the exhaustion, compliance, and limitation
provisions of the Barbees’ policy with Nationwide so that an ambiguity is created.
The plain meaning of the policy provisions is that an insured must file the action
within three years of the date of the accident and, within that three-year period,
fully comply with the terms and conditions of the policy, including, but not
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January Term, 2011
limited to, protecting the insured’s subrogation rights. Failure to fully comply
with the terms and conditions of the policy and/or to file suit within three years of
the date of the accident will bar the underinsured-motorist claim. The provision
requiring exhaustion of all other liability insurance and bonds before payment of
an underinsured-motorist claim provides only for the order, timing, and amount of
payments under the underinsured-motorist coverage of the insured’s policy and
does not establish a condition precedent to filing an action to claim such benefits.
{¶ 42} Additional support for this conclusion is found in the following
language of R.C. 3937.18(H): “Any policy of insurance * * * may * * * require[ ]
that * * * each claim or suit for * * * underinsured motorist coverage * * * be
made or brought within three years after the date of the accident * * * .”
(Emphasis added.) The language “date of the accident” was chosen by the
General Assembly after our decision in Ross. The General Assembly was aware
that underinsured-motorist-coverage provisions routinely require exhaustion of
the tortfeasor’s limits of liability. If the General Assembly had wanted to run the
three-year period from the date that liability limits are exhausted, rather than from
the date of the accident, it could easily have drafted the statute to reflect this
intention. It did not.
{¶ 43} Finally, the Barbees argue that unless this court holds that
exhaustion of a tortfeasor’s liability limits is a condition that must occur before an
insured’s claim accrues, there will be a flood of unnecessary cases onto the
dockets of the courts.
{¶ 44} It appears, however, that filing within the three-year policy period
from the date of the accident to preserve an insured’s underinsured-motorist claim
is an existing practice. Donley, for example, filed an underinsured-motorist claim
against her insurer in Ohio before the federal suits were concluded. The Ohio
trial court stayed the case pending the resolution of the federal suits. In many
cases, counsel will likely be able to learn about a party’s coverage through
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discovery. Counsel’s knowledge of the extent of injuries and damages sustained
by the claimant will further determine whether an action for underinsured-
motorist coverage must be asserted to preserve the policyholder’s underinsured-
motorist-coverage rights. And because the trial court can stay proceeding on the
underinsured-motorist claim until the claims against the tortfeasor are resolved,
there is little extra burden on the court’s docket in preserving the insured’s claim
for underinsured-motorist coverage in this manner.
IV. Conclusion
{¶ 45} A provision in an automobile insurance policy requiring an action
for uninsured/underinsured-motorist coverage to be brought against the insurer by
the policyholder within three years of the date of the accident is unambiguous and
enforceable. The provision does not conflict with coexisting policy provisions
that require the insured to fully comply with the policy terms before filing suit and
that require the tortfeasor’s insurance assets to be exhausted before payment by
the policyholder’s own insurer. Although exhaustion of the tortfeasor’s liability
limits is a condition precedent to an insured’s right to payment, it is not a
precondition to filing suit by the insured against his insurer within the limitation
period.
{¶ 46} Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals that
the three-year limitation provision was not enforceable because the Barbees’
claim for underinsured-motorist coverage did not arise until all other liability
insurance was exhausted. This cause is remanded to the trial court for further
proceedings consistent with our decision herein.
Judgment reversed
and cause remanded.
O’CONNOR, C.J., and LUNDBERG STRATTON, O’DONNELL, and
LANZINGER, JJ., concur.
PFEIFER and MCGEE BROWN, JJ., dissent.
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January Term, 2011
_________________
PFEIFER, J., dissenting.
{¶ 47} Insurance companies are extremely resourceful at collecting
premiums and exceedingly reluctant to pay claims—even when an accident is
known to them and the claim is meritorious. Today, this court aids and abets
Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company in avoiding payment of one relatively
modest claim while opening all insurance companies up to massive ongoing legal
costs. It’s all so unnecessary.
I
{¶ 48} The Barbees were injured in an automobile accident. Some were
covered by insurance policies from Allstate, which has now settled all claims, and
others were covered by Nationwide. Among the various misfortunes to befall the
Barbees is that one of the people who caused the accident was an employee of the
federal government. This circumstance caused the Barbees to file suit in federal
court in Wisconsin, which—well, the majority opinion has ably recited the facts.
Suffice it to say, the Barbees did not learn that they had an underinsured-motorist
claim until almost three years after the accident. When the suit was filed,
Nationwide was quick to point out that it could no longer be sued, based on the
three-year limitations period in its insurance policy. Never mind that Nationwide
had collected premiums for underinsured-motorist coverage, that it knew about
the accident (having paid medical claims), that its insureds had suffered grievous
injuries, or that it had written a policy that appeared to require the insured to
establish that it needed underinsured-motorist coverage before asking for it.
There was an opportunity to avoid coverage, and Nationwide snatched it.
{¶ 49} The insurance policy unequivocally contains a provision that states
that Nationwide cannot be sued more than three years after the accident.
Although the three-year limitation period is unambiguous, it is much less clear,
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given other provisions in the policy and the circumstances of this case, when the
three years should start to run.
{¶ 50} The policy contains a compliance clause, which provides that suit
cannot be filed unless all provisions of the policy have been complied with.
Among the provisions to be complied with is an exhaustion provision, which
states that Nationwide is not required to pay until the Barbees have exhausted all
other sources of payment. Nationwide, not unreasonably, states that the
exhaustion provision does not prohibit the insured from filing suit; it merely
allows the insurance company to defer payment. The Barbees, not unreasonably,
assert that they shouldn’t be required to file suit to collect something that they
might not be entitled to. If the Wisconsin lawsuit had gone differently—if, for
example, the federal employee had been found 51 percent liable, instead of 30
percent liable—then all damages would have been paid by the federal
government, and no suit for underinsured-motorist coverage would have been
warranted.
{¶ 51} At a minimum, I consider the interplay of the various insurance-
policy provisions ambiguous. Nationwide’s argument makes sense, from a
certain perspective, and so does the Barbees’. In such a situation, this court has
long deferred to a venerable principle: “Language in a contract of insurance
reasonably susceptible of more than one meaning will be construed liberally in
favor of the insured and strictly against the insurer.” Faruque v. Provident Life &
Acc. Ins. Co. (1987), 31 Ohio St.3d 34, 31 OBR 83, 508 N.E.2d 949, syllabus.
Recently, citing Buckeye Union Ins. Co. v. Price (1974), 39 Ohio St.2d 95, 68
O.O.2d 56, 313 N.E.2d 844, we stated that “insofar as the parties have offered
their own separate interpretations of the language of the policy, both of them
plausible, we must resolve any uncertainty in favor of the insured.” Neal-Pettit v.
Lahman, 125 Ohio St.3d 327, 2010-Ohio-1829, 928 N.E.2d 421, ¶ 17.
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January Term, 2011
{¶ 52} Nationwide and this court see no ambiguity. To them, the issue is
clear: the Barbees should have filed suit for underinsured-motorist coverage even
though they did not know whether they would be underinsured. Nationwide and
this court point to another person injured in the same accident, who filed for
underinsured-motorist coverage before knowing whether she was entitled to it.
This observation seems an odd way to determine that a policy is unambiguous: to
point to someone who acted differently. In fact, this dichotomy actually seems
like proof of how ambiguous the policy is. One party did one thing, another party
did something else. Two lower courts read the policy language and decided that
the policy is ambiguous. The seven justices on this court read the policy language
and, although the court is divided, decide that the policy is not ambiguous. Such
circumstances—different people, all schooled in the law and the language of
insurance policies, reading the same policy language and reaching different
conclusions—amply illustrate the very definition of ambiguity.
II
{¶ 53} Unfortunately, this case has far-reaching ramifications.
Ultimately, Nationwide and this court have determined, as a matter of public
policy, that it is better for insureds to file suit for underinsured-motorist coverage
in all circumstances than to file only when underinsured status is known.
Nationwide and this court have concluded that the trial court can simply stay the
suit for underinsured-motorist coverage until after damages are assessed and it
can be determined whether underinsured-motorist coverage is applicable. Never
mind the waste of time and effort for everyone involved. Apparently, the court’s
time is of no consequence. A far better practice would be to toll the limitations
period relevant to an underinsured-motorist claim until it is known whether that
coverage is needed. See Kraly v. Vannewkirk (1994), 69 Ohio St.3d 627, 635
N.E.2d 323, paragraph three of the syllabus.
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{¶ 54} This case is a minor win for Nationwide, which avoids paying
several thousand dollars on an otherwise meritorious claim. This case is a
significant loss for the Barbees, all of whom were physically injured and who
aren’t able to collect the full extent of their damages from the tortfeasor or—even
though they purposely purchased underinsured-motorist coverage for just such an
eventuality—from their insurance company. And this case is an unmitigated boon
for insurance-company lawyers, whose jobs are now a bit more secure. They will
now be required to answer, however perfunctorily, complaints for underinsured-
motorist coverage in almost every motor-vehicle accident that occurs in Ohio.
According to the Ohio Department of Public Safety, in 2009, there were 298,646
motor-vehicle accidents in Ohio. http://www.publicsafety.ohio.gov/links/
2009CrashFacts.pdf. I am reminded of a Scottish proverb: penny wise and pound
foolish. See Edward Topsell, The Historie of Foure-footed Beastes (1607).
III
{¶ 55} I conclude that the interplay of the various insurance-policy
provisions in this case is ambiguous, even though none of the provisions are
ambiguous when read separately. As this court has always done, I would resolve
the ambiguity in favor of the insured, as the trial court and the court of appeals
properly did. I would affirm the decision of the court of appeals. I dissent.
__________________
Chamberlain Law Firm Co., L.P.A., and Henry W. Chamberlain; and Paul
W. Flowers Co., L.P.A., and Paul W. Flowers, for appellees.
Joyce V. Kimbler, for appellant.
Elk & Elk Co., L.P.A., Peter D. Traska, and Ryan M. Harrell, urging
affirmance for amicus curiae, Ohio Association for Justice.
___________________
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