stating that “[t]his type of threat to use explosives in a city in this type of manner is precisely the type of conduct that anti-terrorism statutes were designed to target.”
How later courts described this case
- stating that “[t]his type of threat to use explosives in a city in this type of manner is precisely the type of conduct that anti-terrorism statutes were designed to target.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA
January 2014 Term
FILED
June 5, 2014
No. 13-0775 released at 3:00 p.m.
RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
OF WEST VIRGINIA
STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA,
Plaintiff Below, Respondent
v.
ZACHARY ALLEN KNOTTS, JR.,
Defendant Below, Petitioner
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Marion County
The Honorable David R. Janes, Judge
Criminal Action No. 11-F-33
AFFIRMED
Submitted: April 22, 2014
Filed: June 5, 2014
S. Sean Murphy, Esq. Patrick Morrisey, Esq.
Morgantown, West Virginia Attorney General
Attorney for the Petitioner Scott E. Johnson, Esq.
Senior Assistant Attorney General
Julie M. Blake, Esq.
Assistant Attorney General
Charleston, West Virginia
Attorney for the Respondent
The Opinion of the Court was delivered PER CURIAM.
Justice Benjamin concurs and reserves the right to file a separate opinion.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. “‘In reviewing challenges to the findings and conclusions of the circuit court
made after a bench trial, a two-pronged deferential standard of review is applied. The final
order and the ultimate disposition are reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard, and
the circuit court’s underlying factual findings are reviewed under a clearly erroneous
standard. Questions of law are subject to a de novo review.’ Syllabus Point 1, Public
Citizen, Inc. v. First Nat. Bank in Fairmont, 198 W. Va. 329, 480 S.E.2d 538 (1996).” Syl.
Pt. 1, State v. Mechling, 219 W. Va. 366, 633 S.E.2d 311 (2006).
2. “The function of an appellate court when reviewing the sufficiency of the
evidence to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at trial to
determine whether such evidence, if believed, is sufficient to convince a reasonable person
of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Thus, the relevant inquiry is whether
after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier
of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proved beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Syl. Pt. 1, State v. Guthrie, 194 W. Va. 657, 461 S.E.2d 163 (1995).
Per Curiam:
On September 30, 2010, the Petitioner, Zachary Allen Knotts, Jr., was arrested
and charged with the offense of threats of terrorist acts in violation of West Virginia Code
§ 61-6-24 (2013).1 The Petitioner was indicted on February 7, 2011, and the State filed a
motion for a competency evaluation.2 The Circuit Court of Marion County, West Virginia,
held a hearing on the issue of the Petitioner’s competency on March 11, 2011. By order
1
West Virginia Code § 61-6-24(b) provides:
Any person who knowingly and willfully threatens to
commit a terrorist act, with or without the intent to commit the
act, is guilty of a felony and, upon conviction thereof, shall be
fined not less than $5,000 nor more than $25,000 or confined in
a state correctional facility for not less than one year nor more
than three years, or both.
Additionally “[t]errorist act” is defined within the statute to mean:
(A) Likely to result in serious bodily injury or damage to
property or the environment; and
(B) Intended to:
(i) Intimidate or coerce the civilian population;
(ii) Influence the policy of a branch or level of government by
intimidation or coercion;
(iii) Affect the conduct of a branch or level of government by
intimidation or coercion; or
(iv) Retaliate against a branch or level of government for a
policy or conduct of the government.
Id. (emphasis added).
2
The appendix record does not contain any of the competency motions, evaluations,
hearing transcripts on the competency issue.
1
entered March 23, 2011,3 the circuit court determined that the Petitioner was not competent
to stand trial and he was committed to William R. Sharpe, Jr. Hospital until either the circuit
court lost jurisdiction over him or until such time as he was found competent to stand trial,
whichever event occurred sooner. On March 4, 2013, the Petitioner filed a Motion for
Opportunity to Offer a Defense to the Charges Pending Against the Defendant4 pursuant to
W. Va. Code § 27-6A-6 (2013).5 Pursuant to the statute,6 the circuit court conducted a bench
3
An additional competency hearing was held on June 29, 2011, based on a
competency evaluation from William R. Sharpe, Jr. Hospital. The circuit court again found
that the Petitioner was not competent to stand trial and was not substantially likely to attain
competency. The circuit court again ordered that the Petitioner be committed to a mental
health facility until the circuit court loses jurisdiction over the Petitioner on February 1, 2014,
or whenever the Petitioner regained competency, whichever was sooner. The Petitioner’s
counsel reported to the Court that the Petitioner was released from his criminal commitment
on or around February 1, 2014, but was thereafter civilly committed in a proceeding
instituted by the prosecutor.
4
The State did not respond to this motion.
5
W. Va. Code § 27-6A-6 provides:
If a defendant who has been found to be not competent
to stand trial believes that he or she can establish a defense of
not guilty to the charges pending against him or her, other than
the defense of not guilty by reason of mental illness, the
defendant may request an opportunity to offer a defense thereto
on the merits before the court which has criminal jurisdiction. If
the defendant is unable to obtain legal counsel, the court of
record shall appoint counsel for the defendant to assist him or
her in supporting the request by affidavit or other evidence. If
the court of record in its discretion grants such a request, the
evidence of the defendant and of the state shall be heard by the
court of record sitting without a jury. If after hearing such
petition the court of record finds insufficient evidence to support
a conviction, it shall dismiss the indictment and order the
(continued...)
2
trial on June 26, 2013. By order entered July 2, 2013, the circuit court found sufficient
evidence to sustain a conviction of a terrorist threat pursuant to West Virginia Code § 61-6-
24. The Petitioner argues that the circuit court erred by finding that his statements to
employees of a credit union amounted to a threat against the civilian population as set forth
in West Virginia Code § 61-6-24. Having reviewed the parties’ briefs and arguments, the
appendix record and all other matters before the Court, we affirm the decision of the circuit
court.
I. Facts
The Petitioner had been a member of the Fairmont Federal Credit Union (“the
credit union”) located in Fairmont, West Virginia. Due to the Petitioner’s odd behavior of
confronting customers and employees, which was caused by a brain injury he sustained in
2002, the credit union terminated his membership and closed his accounts. On September
30, 2010, the Petitioner made at least three phone calls to the credit union. Randi Lynn
Morris, a call service representative for the credit union, testified that the first call she had
with the Petitioner lasted about thirty minutes. The call concerned the Petitioner’s account
5
(...continued)
release of the defendant from criminal custody. The release
order, however, may be stayed for ten days to allow civil
commitment proceedings to be instituted by the prosecutor
pursuant to article five of this chapter: Provided, That a
defendant committed to a mental health facility pursuant to
subsection (f) or (h), section three of this article shall be
immediately released from the facility unless civilly committed.
6
See id. (emphasis added).
3
being closed by the credit union. Ms. Morris stated that during the second call, the Petitioner
asked to speak to management and became more upset. Also during this call, the Petitioner
told her
we were horrible people and he was going to come in and he
was going to let the world know how he felt about the credit
union. At which point he said that he was going to place
devices on our car to explode the cars and then he would let
everybody see what he was going to do, because he was going
to put DVD’s across our property to let everybody watch.7
Ms. Morris reported the explosives threat to her supervisor. The credit union was placed on
lock-down. The Petitioner called a third time and Ms. Morris immediately terminated the
call, which is what she was instructed to do by her supervisor.
Chief Investigating Officer Clarence Phillips of the Marion County Sheriff’s
Department testified that he interviewed multiple bank employees on September 30, 2010.
The employees told the officer that the credit union had decided to close the Petitioner’s
account because he had been approaching pregnant employees and customers and attempting
to engage in conversations regarding circumcision with them. The officer testified that Ms.
7
Ms. Morris never mentioned the threat of explosives in her statement to law
enforcement; however, she did tell the investigating officer about the threat when he arrived
at the scene. Ms. Morris was cross-examined by the Petitioner’s counsel regarding the lack
of any mention of the placement of explosives on employees’ cars in her written statement.
She could not explain why the statement about explosive devices was not included in the
written statement. Nevertheless, she stated that she had no doubt that the Petitioner made
that statement to her about placing explosive devices on the cars at the credit union. Ms.
Morris’s written statement is not in the appendix record before this Court.
4
Morris told him that the Petitioner threatened to place explosive devices on credit union
employees’ vehicles.
The Petitioner testified and denied telling Ms. Morris that he would place
explosives on the employees’ vehicles. The Petitioner claimed that all he wanted to do was
place copies of e-mails and DVDs on the vehicles in the credit union parking lot to expose
the credit union’s violation of his First Amendment8 right to freely speak about
circumcision.
By order entered July 2, 2013, the circuit court determined that sufficient
evidence existed to conclude that the Petitioner made a threat of terrorist acts. Specifically,
the circuit court concluded that:
there is sufficient circumstantial evidence in this case from
which a jury could infer that Mr. Knotts made a terroristic threat
to employees at the Credit Union. Specifically, a Credit Union
employee testified that Mr. Knotts called the bank frequently on
the day of the alleged threat, and that she spoke with Mr. Knotts
on three separate occasions that day. More persuasive, however,
was testimony from Ms. Morris that the defendant stated to her
that he would “come in and let the world know what he thought
about the Credit Union” by placing “explosive devices” on all
of the Credit Union employees’ vehicles. Additionally,
Sergeant C.L. Phillips testified that he was the investigating
officer on September 30, 2010, and that Ms. Morris gave a
verbal statement to him wherein she informed him that Mr.
Knotts said he would place explosive devices on the Credit
8
U.S Const. amend I.
5
Union employees’ vehicles. Finally, although he denied making
any threat regarding explosives to bank employees, during Mr.
Knotts’s direct testimony, Mr. Knotts admitted that he called the
Credit Union eleven (11) times one day.
Further, the Court is of the opinion that, although the
alleged threat was made to members in a certain class, i.e., bank
employees, there is sufficient evidence that the threat pertained
to the civilian population at large. Mr. Knotts allegedly
threatened to place explosive devices on employees’ vehicles in
a parking lot used by the bank’s employees and customers. The
Court cannot ignore the large risk that such a threat poses to
citizens in the community who are not employees of the Credit
Union.
It is from this order that the Petitioner now appeals.
II. Standard of Review
This Court recognized in State v. Mechling, 219 W. Va. 366, 633 S.E.2d 311
(2006), that the standard of review of a circuit court’s judgment following a bench trial is as
follows:
In reviewing challenges to the findings and conclusions
of the circuit court made after a bench trial, a two-pronged
deferential standard of review is applied. The final order and the
ultimate disposition are reviewed under an abuse of discretion
standard, and the circuit court’s underlying factual findings are
reviewed under a clearly erroneous standard. Questions of law
are subject to a de novo review. Syllabus Point 1, Public Citizen,
Inc. v. First Nat. Bank in Fairmont, 198 W. Va. 329, 480 S.E.2d
538 (1996).
Mechling, 219 W. Va. at 371, 633 S.E.2d at 316 and Syl. Pt. 1.
Additionally, because the Petitioner’s claim challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence presented to the circuit court during the bench trial and because under the
6
provisions of West Virginia Code § 27-6A-6, a circuit court is permitted to release a
defendant from criminal custody if it “finds insufficient evidence to support a conviction[,]”
we review the sufficiency of the evidence under the standard of review established in State
v. Guthrie, 194 W. Va. 657, 461 S.E.2d 163 (1995); see also State v. White, 228 W. Va. 530,
539-40, 722 S.E.2d 566, 575-76 (2011) (applying standards of review set forth in Guthrie to
petitioner’s argument that trial court erred in failing to grant both his pre-verdict and
post-verdict motions for judgment of acquittal, which were based upon insufficiency of the
evidence). Thus, as this Court held in Guthrie,
[t]he function of an appellate court when reviewing the
sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction is to
examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine whether
such evidence, if believed, is sufficient to convince a reasonable
person of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Thus,
the relevant inquiry is whether after viewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the crime proved
beyond a reasonable doubt.
194 W. Va. at 663, 461 S.E.2d at 169, Syl. Pt. 1. We will now consider the issue before us.
III. Discussion
The issue before the Court is whether there was sufficient evidence to support
the circuit court’s determination that the Petitioner knowingly and willfully threatened to
commit a terrorist act, with or without the intent to commit the act. W. Va. Code § 61-6-24.
More particularly at issue is whether the Petitioner’s conduct falls within the statutory
definition of “[t]errorist act.” Id. § 61-6-24(a)(3). “Terrorist act” is defined within the
statute as “[l]ikely to result in serious bodily injury or damage to property or the
7
environment; and . . . [i]ntended to . . . [i]ntimidate or coerce the civilian population[.]”9 Id.
(emphasis added).
The Petitioner argues that his statements to an employee of the credit union
did not amount to a threat against a civilian population under the statute. The Petitioner
maintains that “becoming angry with the employees at a branch of the local credit union and
threatening to blow up their cars is not an effort to intimidate the civilian population.”
Instead, according to the Petitioner, the statements were “the rantings [sic] of a mentally
disabled person who was angry and who is incapable of articulating his displeasure in a
socially acceptable manner.” Conversely, the State argues that it produced sufficient
evidence that the Petitioner’s threat to blow up cars of credit union employees was intended
to “intimidate or coerce the civilian population.” Id.
The Petitioner, relying upon People v. Morales, 982 N.E.2d 580 (N.Y. 2012),10
9
The State only offered evidence that the Petitioner’s action intended to “intimidate
or coerce a civilian population[,]” as there was no evidence that the Petitioner’s action was
in any way directed at “a branch or level of government.” W. Va. Code § 61-6-24(a)(3)(B)(i)
and (ii)-(iv).
10
The Petitioner actually relies upon the decision of the New York Supreme Court,
Appellate Division. See Morales, 911 N.Y.S.2d 21 (N.Y. App. Div. 2010). That decision,
however, was ultimately appealed to the New York Court of Appeals. See 982 N.E.2d 580.
Even though the New York Court of Appeals affirmed the lower court’s decision that the
defendant’s offenses in a gang-related shooting were not acts of terrorism, the language and
reasoning from the New York Court of Appeals is controlling and relied upon herein, not the
(continued...)
8
maintains that the threat to blow up cars belonging to the credit union employees was not
“intended to intimidate or coerce the civilian population.”11 In Morales, the defendant went
with a fellow gang member to a christening party. While at the party, the defendant
confronted the victim whom the defendant thought was a rival gang member. The rival gang
was responsible for the death of one of the defendant’s friends. Id. at 583. The defendant
and his gang told the rival gang member to leave the party and, when he refused, the
defendant and his gang decided to assault him. Id. After leaving the party the defendant and
his gang again confronted the rival gang member. Id. A fight broke out and during the fight
a rival gang member and a child were shot. Id. The rival gang member was paralyzed and
10
(...continued)
language of the lower court that was relied upon by the Petitioner.
11
We cited and favorably discussed Morales in State v. Yocum, 2014 WL 2017843,
___ W. Va. ___, ___ S. E.2d ___ (W. Va. filed May 12, 2014), a case in which the Petitioner
had threatened a member of a police officer’s family and was charged with the crime of a
terrorist act against a branch or level of government. We ultimately held in syllabus point two
of Yocum that
A threat to sexually assault the child of an individual
police officer by a person who is under arrest, handcuffed, and
in the patrol car, does not constitute a terrorist act within the
meaning of West Virginia Code § 61-6-24(a)(3)(B)(iii)(2010)
because the threatened action was not directed at intimidating or
coercing the conduct of a branch or level of government.
9
the child died. Id.
The prosecution, in Morales, charged the defendant with crimes of terrorism
under New York Penal Law § 490.25 (McKinney 2001)(establishing “crime of terrorism”
as “[a] person is guilty of a crime of terrorism when, with intent to intimidate or coerce a
civilian population, influence the policy of a unit of government by intimidation or coercion,
or affect the conduct of a unity of government by murder, assassination or kidnapping, he or
she commits a specified offense.”). The jury convicted the defendant. Upon appeal, the
intermediate appellate court reversed the defendant’s conviction, finding insufficient
evidence to prove “an intent to intimidate or coerce a civilian population because the People
established only gang-related street crimes, not terrorist acts.” 982 N.E.2d at 583-84.
Upon the state’s appeal to the New York Court of Appeals, the court affirmed
the intermediate court’s determination that insufficient evidence existed to establish the
defendant’s guilt of committing crimes of terrorism. Id. at 586. In reaching its decision, the
New York court acknowledged that “civilian population” found within the New York statute
“could be read broadly to encompass a variety of communities depending on how the
relevant ‘area’ is defined and who lives within that territory. Conceivably, it could range
from the residents of a single apartment building to a neighborhood, city, county, state or
even a country.” Id. at 584. The court, however, ultimately found it unnecessary to define
the contours of the phrase “civilian population” for two reasons. Id. First, the evidence
10
offered by the state showed that the only reason that the defendant attacked the victims was
because they were rival gang members and one member of the rival gang refused to leave a
party. There was no evidence to support a more panoptical intent “to intimidate or coerce
the entire Mexican-American community in this Bronx neighborhood.” Id. Further, the
court found that the terrorism statute was not enacted “with the intention of elevating gang-
on-gang street violence to the status of terrorism as that concept is commonly understood.”
Id.
The Morales court discussed the New York legislature’s purposeful use of a
more general definitions used within the terrorism statute and the court’s reluctance to
precisely define “civilian population” as follows:
If we were to apply a broad definition to “intent to
intimidate or coerce a civilian population,” the People could
invoke the specter of “terrorism” every time a Blood assaults a
Crip or an organized crime family orchestrates the murder of a
rival syndicate’s soldier. But the concept of terrorism has a
unique meaning and its implications risk being trivialized if the
terminology is applied loosely in situations that do not match
our collective understanding of what constitutes a terrorist act.
History and experience have shown that it is impossible for us
to anticipate every conceivable manner in which evil schemes
can threaten our society. Because the legislature was aware of
the difficulty in defining or categorizing specific acts of
terrorism, it incorporated a general definition of the crime and
referenced seven notorious acts of terrorism13 that serve as
13
See N.Y. Penal Law § 490.00 (McKinney 2001) (“The devastating consequences of
the recent barbaric attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon underscore the
(continued...)
11
guideposts for determining whether a future incident qualifies
for this nefarious designation.
Id. (emphasis and footnote added). Thus, the New York court, rather than establishing a
firm definition of “civil population,” essentially determined, based upon the facts before it,
what was not a civilian population – gang-on-gang street violence.
In contrast to Morales, in State v. Laber, 2013 WL 3283218 (Ohio Ct. App.
June 11, 2013), relied upon by the State in the instant case, an employee questioned another
employee regarding whether “she ever thought of shooting someone or bombing their place
of employment.” Id. at *1. The employee also commented that he “thought of shooting two
co-workers and that he had three bombs and ‘would start at the front office.’” Id. The
employee was charged and convicted of making terrorist threats in violation of Ohio’s
statute.14
13
(...continued)
compelling need for legislation that is specifically designed to combat the evils of terrorism.
Indeed, the bombings of American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998, the federal
building in Oklahoma City in 1995, Pan Am Flight number 103 in Lockerbie in 1988, the
1997 shooting atop the Empire State Building, the 1994 murder of Ari Halberstam on the
Brooklyn Bridge and the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center, will forever serve to
remind us that terrorism is a serious and deadly problem that disrupts public order and
threatens individual safety both at home and around the world. Terrorism is inconsistent with
civilized society and cannot be tolerated.”).
14
See Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2909.23(A)(1)(a)(LexisNexis 2010) (“No person shall
threaten to commit or threaten to cause to be committed a specified offense when both of the
following apply: (1) The person makes the threat with the purpose to do any of the
following: (a) Intimidate or coerce a civilian population[.]”).
12
Upon appeal, the Court of Appeals of Ohio determined, again based upon the
facts before it and without defining “civilian population,” that the “appellant conveyed
threats to a fellow employee against his employer while at his place of employment. These
facts are sufficient for the trier of fact to conclude that appellant meant to intimidate the
population at the workplace.” Id. at *3.
Turning to the facts before us, like the courts in Morales and Laber, we find
it unnecessary to precisely define what constitutes a “civilian population” within the confines
of West Virginia Code § 61-6-24. Instead, this matter is before the Court based upon the
sufficiency of the evidence. In resolving this challenge, under the statute, the State had the
burden of proving that the Petitioner “knowingly and willfully threatened to commit a
terrorist act, with or without the intent to commit the act . . . .” Id. Further, according to the
statute, a “terrorist act” is “[l]ikely to result in serious bodily injury or damage to property
or the environment; and [][i]ntended to . . . [i]ntimidate or coerce the civilian population. .
. .” Id.
The evidence showed that the Petitioner threatened to use explosive devices
on cars belonging to employees of the credit union, which was located in Fairmont, West
Virginia. A threat of this nature involved conduct that was likely to result in both serious
bodily injury as well as damage to property. Id. Further, even though the threat was made
to a credit union employee, by the express words used by the Petitioner it was “intended to
13
intimidate or coerce the civilian population” as the Petitioner threatened “to let the world
know how he felt about the credit union,” by not only using explosive devices, but also by
“let[ting] everybody see what he was going to do, because he was going to put DVD’s across
our property to let everybody watch.” Id. When the Petitioner threatened to use explosive
devices in a parking lot located within a municipality, he intended his actions to “[i]ntimidate
or coerce” more than just the employees of the credit union. Id. The Petitioner was
unequivocal in his desire to seek retribution for what he viewed was the credit union’s
violation of his First Amendment right to freely speak about circumcision. This type of
threat to use explosives in a city in this manner is precisely the type of conduct that anti-
terrorism statutes were designed to target. See Yocum, 2014 WL 2017843 at 6 , ___ W. Va.
at ___, ___ S.E.2d at ___ (quoting Morales, 982 N.E.2d at 585 (footnote omitted)) (“The
federal antiterrorism statutes were designed to criminalize acts such as ‘the detonation of
bombs in a metropolitan area’ or ‘the deliberate assassination of persons to strike fear into
others to deter them from exercising their rights’—conduct that is not akin to the serious
offenses charged in this case.”). Accordingly, we affirm the circuit court’s determination that
sufficient evidence existed to support a conviction.
IV. Conclusion
Based upon the foregoing, the decision of the Circuit Court of Marion County
is affirmed.
Affirmed.
14