Cody Walton v. Robert Dawson

United States Court of Appeals

For the Eighth Circuit

___________________________

No. 12-4000

___________________________

Cody Lee Walton

lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

Robert Dawson

lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant

Jon Dwiggins; Nathaniel Eugene Flennory; Drew Belt; Alan R. Wyatt; Unknown Deputy

lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants

David Moore

lllllllllllllllllllll Defendant - Appellant

Michael Shively, Macon County Deputy Sheriff in his official and individual

capacity; Adair County Commission, in their official capacity; Unknown Macon

County Deputy, Sheriff in his official and individual capacity; Gary D. Jones,

Commissioner of Adair County, Missouri, in his individual and official capacity;

Robert T. Hardwick, Sheriff of Adair County, Missouri, in his individual and

official capacity

lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants

____________

Appeal from United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Missouri - Hannibal

____________

Submitted: September 26, 2013

Filed: May 20, 2014

____________

Before RILEY, Chief Judge, BYE and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.

____________

RILEY, Chief Judge.

While in pretrial detention at the Macon County Jail (jail) in Missouri, Cody

Lee Walton was the victim of a sexual assault. A troubled youth who bounced in

and out of foster care, Walton was nineteen years old and weighed 135 pounds at

the time of the assault. The thirty five year old rapist, Nathan Flennory, was a 195-

pound registered sex offender with a history of violence: he stood convicted of

second-degree assault on a law enforcement officer, domestic assault, and unlawful

use of a weapon, and just four days before his assault on Walton, he pled guilty to

forcible rape. Because the jailer did not lock the cell doors at night, Flennory was

able to enter Walton’s cell, threaten to “kill [Walton] in [his] sleep,” and leave

Walton physically bloodied and emotionally bruised.

Walton brought federal claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and pendent state law

claims against those he considers responsible for the assault. At issue in this

interlocutory appeal are Walton’s Fourteenth Amendment failure to train claims

against Robert Dawson, the sheriff of Macon County, and David Moore, the jail

administrator (collectively, officials). On summary judgment, the district court

denied both officials qualified immunity, concluding the facts showed the officials

were indifferent to the known risk posed by leaving cell doors unlocked overnight

while Flennory was an inmate. Although the district court denied Moore qualified

immunity based on a careful, individualized assessment, the district court offered

no particularized basis to deny Sheriff Dawson qualified immunity. We exercise

our limited interlocutory jurisdiction, affirming in part and reversing in part.

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I. BACKGROUND1

Walton arrived in the jail on August 25, 2010, after extradition from Indiana,

to face charges relating to the theft of an automobile and carrying a gun without a

permit—charges to which Walton later pled guilty and received a sentence of

probation and community service. At the time of the sexual assault, Walton had

not yet been arraigned. Before the assault, the individual cell doors were never

locked while Walton was an inmate.

The rape occurred in the predawn hours of August 30, 2010. Flennory left

his own unlocked cell, entered Walton’s unlocked cell, and had Walton follow him

back to his cell. Walton did not call for help because he “was really terrified” and

Flennory threatened, “Don’t say a word, or I’ll kill you.” Flennory sodomized

Walton and again threatened to kill him. After Flennory left him alone, Walton

used toilet paper to wipe himself and saw blood running down his leg. Walton

then wrote a message on a piece of paper: “Please get me out of this cell. I’ve been

raped. I’m bleeding . . . . I’m afraid that the man in the cell next to me is going to

kill me.” Fearing Flennory might return, Walton hid the paper until a female guard

delivered breakfast. Presumably because Flennory in a nearby cell could overhear,

Walton simply handed the paper to the guard and said nothing. The guard left

before reading the note, but quickly returned and removed Walton from the cell

block. Another officer took Walton to the local hospital, where he received

treatment.

The jailer on duty the night of the assault was Ryszard Bilinski. That was

not the first night Bilinski left the cell doors unlocked. Though the jail had an

unwritten policy that doors were to be locked at night, Walton presented evidence

the policy was routinely ignored. On a prior occasion, Moore arrived at the end of

Bilinski’s night shift and learned Bilinski left the cell doors unlocked overnight.

1

On this appeal from a denial of summary judgment under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56,

we recite the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, Walton. See

Brown v. Fortner, 518 F.3d 552, 557-58 (8th Cir. 2008).

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Moore says he verbally reprimanded Bilinski, and Bilinski “indicated that he

understood and that he would lock the jail cells down at night.” Bilinski said that

during the “almost three months” before the rape, Moore “never questioned [his]

not-adhering to that rule.” (Emphasis added).

Three months before the rape at issue in this case, Flennory entered another

inmate’s unlocked cell at night while the inmate was asleep and bit the inmate’s

penis. The inmate awoke and pushed Flennory away, then reported he had “been

sexually assaulted.” Moore admits he knew about this incident, but claims he did

not know the inmate suffered “any physical injury . . . as a result of the incident.”

The inmate avers the assault drew blood. Flennory was temporarily placed in

segregation, then returned to the general population shortly before Walton’s rape

after Flennory displayed suicidal tendencies and promised to behave.

Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to Walton, the district

court saw enough “to refute [the officials’] claim” that “they had no knowledge the

jail cells were not being locked down at night.” Based on Moore’s personal

knowledge of Bilinski’s failure to lock the cell doors and the relatively recent

assault involving another inmate, the district court found “Walton’s submissions

[on the failure to train claim] sufficient to survive summary judgment.” Much of

the district court’s analysis focused specifically on Moore’s culpability, and the

district court only discussed Sheriff Dawson’s knowledge in general terms. The

district court “recognize[d] Walton’s claim against Moore is stronger than that

against Dawson.”

It is undisputed that upon learning of Walton’s rape, Sheriff Dawson issued

written reprimands to both the jail administrator, Moore, and the jailer on duty,

Bilinski. In his reprimand to Bilinski, the sheriff noted Walton’s rape “was a very

tragic event”—“one of the most serious events to occur in the jail during [his] time

as Sheriff”—and emphasized “[t]he fact that another employee may not be

following policy is no reason for [Bilinski] not to follow it.” Bilinski “cited

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training and equipment as well as the fact [he was] a new employee as [his]

primary reason[s] for not following policy.” Sheriff Dawson “w[ould] not accept

them as a legitimate excuse for not following . . . the policy of locking the inmates

down at night.”

In his reprimand to Moore, Sheriff Dawson explained that had the “policy

been followed[,] it may have prevented this very serious incident.” The sheriff

took “disciplinary action, for [Moore] not enforcing [the] policy,” and “plac[ed]

[Moore] on probation for the next 90 days.” Sheriff Dawson noted that he had

“learned from talking to [Moore] after the [sexual assault of Walton], [that] some

of the jailers ha[d] not been adhering to th[e] policy on a regular basis.” (Emphasis

added).

Both officials appeal the denial of qualified immunity, and Walton moves to

dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Jurisdiction

We begin with jurisdiction, which is always our “‘first and fundamental

question.’” Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 94 (1998)

(quoting Great S. Fire Proof Hotel Co. v. Jones, 177 U.S. 449, 453 (1900)). A

denial of qualified immunity at the summary judgment stage “is immediately

appealable if it ‘resolve[s] a dispute concerning an abstract issu[e] of law relating

to qualified immunity.’” Lockridge v. Bd. of Trustees of Univ. of Ark., 315 F.3d

1005, 1008 (8th Cir. 2003) (en banc) (alterations in original) (quoting Behrens v.

Pelletier, 516 U.S. 299, 313 (1996)). Such a denial is not immediately appealable

if it rests solely on a determination of “whether or not the pretrial record sets forth

a ‘genuine’ issue of fact for trial.” Johnson v. Jones, 515 U.S. 304, 320 (1995).

Questions of law may be appealed right away, but questions of fact may not. See,

e.g., id. at 313-18.

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This does not mean a district court can guide a case to trial without ever

deciding the “essentially legal question” whether a defendant is entitled to

qualified immunity. Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 526 (1985). Where a

district court “simply d[oes] not rule on the qualified immunity issue,” we have

jurisdiction to require the district court to issue such a ruling. Craft v. Wipf, 810

F.2d 170, 173 (8th Cir. 1987) (per curiam). But it does mean that if the parties

agree on the law but disagree about the facts, there is no issue for us to decide on

an interlocutory appeal. See Aaron v. Shelley, 624 F.3d 882, 884 (8th Cir. 2010).

Applying these principles to this case, we have no jurisdiction at this

juncture to decide whether “the district court’s determination of evidentiary

sufficiency” was correct. Thomas v. Talley, 251 F.3d 743, 747 (8th Cir. 2001).

We can, however, accept the district court’s factual findings as true and decide

whether those facts, as a “purely legal issue,” involve a clearly established

violation of federal law. Johnson, 515 U.S. at 313. Because this is what the

officials’ appeal asks us to do, we have jurisdiction over this case under the

collateral order doctrine. See Mitchell, 472 U.S. at 528-30.

We therefore deny Walton’s motion to dismiss the appeal for lack of

jurisdiction and now proceed to the legal merits.

B. Merits

On summary judgment, a defendant official is entitled to qualified immunity

unless “(1) the facts, viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff,

demonstrate the deprivation of a constitutional or statutory right; and (2) the right

was clearly established at the time of the deprivation.” Howard v. Kan. City Police

Dep’t, 570 F.3d 984, 988 (8th Cir. 2009). District courts may consider these two

questions in any order, but may not deny qualified immunity without answering

both questions in the plaintiff’s favor. See Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236

(2009). District courts must make reasoned “findings of fact and conclusions of

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law” sufficient to permit meaningful appellate review of the qualified immunity

decision. Robbins v. Becker, 715 F.3d 691, 694 & n.2 (8th Cir. 2013).

Faced with an interlocutory appeal from the denial of qualified immunity,

we accept as true the district court’s findings of fact to the extent they are not

“blatantly contradicted by the record,” Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007),

and review the district court’s conclusions of law de novo, see Jones v. McNeese,

675 F.3d 1158, 1161 (8th Cir. 2012). If the district court fails to make a factual

finding on an issue relevant to our purely legal review, we “determine what facts

the district court, in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, likely

assumed.” Johnson, 515 U.S. at 319 (emphasis added). Occasionally, a district

court provides such scant factual analysis that this task is impossible, and we must

remand for additional explanation. See, e.g., Jones, 675 F.3d at 1162-63. More

often, we can decipher the district court’s assumptions “by viewing the record

favorably to the plaintiff as in any other summary judgment motion.” Lockridge,

315 F.3d at 1008 (emphasis added).

Undertaking an individualized assessment of each defendant’s entitlement to

immunity, we review the applicable constitutional standard, then consider in turn

each of the two officials’ claims to qualified immunity.

1. Constitutional Standard

As a pretrial detainee, Walton necessarily rests his failure to train claim

against the officials on the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. See

City of Revere v. Mass. Gen. Hosp., 463 U.S. 239, 244 (1983). Although “the

Eighth Amendment has no application” until there has been a “formal adjudication

of guilt,” the Fourteenth Amendment gives state pretrial detainees—just as the

Fifth Amendment gives federal pretrial detainees—rights which are “at least as

great as the Eighth Amendment protections available to a convicted prisoner.” Id.

(emphasis added). The Constitution affords greater protection to a pretrial detainee

compared to a convicted inmate in the sense that “[d]ue process requires that a

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pretrial detainee not be punished.” Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 535 n.16 (1979).

When this assault occurred, Walton had not been arraigned, much less convicted,

so the Constitution shielded him not only from “cruel and unusual punishments,”

U.S. Const. amend. VIII, but from any punishment whatsoever. See Revere, 463

U.S. at 244; Bell, 441 U.S. at 535 n.16.

To succeed on a claim under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth

Amendment, a pretrial detainee such as Walton must show the defendant official

was deliberately indifferent to his rights. See Butler v. Fletcher, 465 F.3d 340, 345

(8th Cir. 2006). “Deliberate indifference” is a polysemous phrase. As applied to a

prison official in the Eighth Amendment context, the Supreme Court has made it

clear “deliberate indifference” requires subjective knowledge: no liability attaches

“unless the official knows of and disregards an excessive risk to inmate health and

safety.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 837 (1994) (emphasis added).

However, as applied to a municipality in the Fourteenth Amendment context,

“deliberate indifference” is purely objective: “liability [may] be premised on

obviousness or constructive notice.” Id. at 841 (emphasis added); see also City of

Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 390 (1989). But the Supreme Court has never

specified whether “deliberate indifference” is subjective or objective in the context

of a Fourteenth Amendment claim against a municipal prison official. See, e.g.,

Spencer v. Knapheide Truck Equip. Co., 183 F.3d 902, 905-06 (8th Cir. 1999).

Without expressly answering this question,2 we have used Farmer’s

subjective measure of deliberate indifference to evaluate Fourteenth Amendment

claims by pretrial detainees against prison officials. See, e.g., Holden v. Hirner,

663 F.3d 336, 341 & n.3 (8th Cir. 2011). We recognize the potential inconsistency

2

While Butler answered the question whether “deliberate indifference” is the

appropriate test under the Fourteenth Amendment—identifying both objective and

subjective components—what the phrase means, whether it is subjective or objective,

was not disputed. See Butler, 465 F.3d at 345. After Butler we noted our “court has

yet to establish a clear standard for pretrial detainees,” Morris v. Zefferi, 601 F.3d

805, 809 (8th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation omitted).

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this approach creates: the same claim (failure to train) by the same plaintiff (a

pretrial detainee) arising under the same constitutional provision (the Due Process

Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment) uses the same standard (deliberate

indifference) in different ways depending on whether the defendant is the

municipality or its employee. Theoretically, this could make a municipality liable

for a risk it should have known even if all of its employees in supervisory roles did

not know of the risk and are thus not liable. Compare Canton, 489 U.S. at 390 &

n.10 (explaining a municipality may be liable because the risk was “obvious” or

“must have been plainly obvious”), and id. at 396 (O’Connor, J., concurring and

dissenting) (emphasizing that “actual or constructive notice” is enough), with

Farmer, 511 U.S. at 841 (“Canton’s objective standard . . . is not an appropriate test

for determining the liability of prison officials under the Eighth Amendment.”).

Despite this theoretical concern, our repeated practice of using Farmer in the

Fourteenth Amendment context has been followed too long to be reconsidered

here. See, e.g., Vaughn v. Greene Cnty., Ark., 438 F.3d 845, 850 (8th Cir. 2006).

We therefore conclude Walton’s failure to train and supervise claims must be

judged by Farmer’s subjective deliberate indifference standard. Which is to say,

Walton must prove the prison officials personally knew of the constitutional risk

posed by their inadequate training or supervision and proximately caused him

injury by failing to take sufficient remedial action.3 See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837-

39.

2. Moore

Considering Moore’s entitlement to qualified immunity, “the district court

carefully explained the material disputed facts which, when viewed most favorably

to [Walton], would permit a reasonable jury to find that” Moore’s deliberate

indifference violated Walton’s constitutional rights. Aaron, 624 F.3d at 884. On

3

By contrast, under Canton’s less stringent objective standard, a defendant may

be liable after receiving sufficient notice of the risk, even if that defendant does not

personally know the risk exists.

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interlocutory appeal, we are bound to accept the accuracy of the district court’s

findings because none is so “blatantly contradicted by the record . . . that no

reasonable jury could believe it.” Scott, 550 U.S. at 380; see also Johnson, 515

U.S. at 319. These findings adequately support the district court’s legal conclusion

that Moore is not presently entitled to qualified immunity.

a. Moore’s Failure to Train Violation

There is no doubt the right at issue—a pretrial detainee’s right to be

protected from sexual assault by another inmate—is clearly established. See, e.g.,

Curry v. Crist, 226 F.3d 974, 977 (8th Cir. 2000). It is equally beyond dispute that

“[r]ape or sexual assault at the hands of other prisoners is . . . ‘sufficiently serious

to amount to a deprivation of constitutional dimension.’” Spruce v. Sargent, 149

F.3d 783, 785 (8th Cir. 1998) (quoting Jensen v. Clarke, 94 F.3d 1191, 1197 (8th

Cir. 1996)). This leaves just one purely legal question relating to Walton’s claim

against Moore: Do the facts, as found by the district court, permit a reasonable jury

to find that Moore violated this clearly established right?

“A prison official may be held liable under the Eighth Amendment if he or

she knows that an inmate faces a substantial risk of serious harm and disregards

that risk by failing to take reasonable measures to abate it.” Coleman v. Rahija,

114 F.3d 778, 785 (8th Cir. 1997). This knowledge need not be

particularized—Moore did not need to know Walton “was especially likely to be

assaulted by the specific prisoner who eventually committed the assault.” Farmer,

511 U.S. at 843. Moore only needed to know (1) the jail cells were not being

locked at night, and (2) leaving the cells unlocked overnight was “an obvious,

substantial risk to inmate safety.” Id. The district court’s specific factual findings

satisfy this knowledge requirement at both steps.

At the first step, as the district court emphasized, Walton’s evidence

indicates the jail cells were never locked overnight even though unlocked cells led

to a prior assault incident involving Flennory. Moore admits he was personally

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aware of Bilinski’s failure to lock the doors overnight on at least one occasion. At

least three key pieces of evidence could lead a reasonable jury to reject Moore’s

testimony that he verbally reprimanded Bilinski and never discovered Bilinski

continued to leave the inmates under his care in unlocked cells and at risk of being

assaulted while they slept.

First, a reasonable jury could rely on Bilinski’s unequivocal statement

contradicting Moore’s testimony: “For the period of almost three months [before

the rape,] releasing officers[,] which in my case are Dave Moore[] and [another

officer,] never questioned my not-adhering to th[e overnight cell locking] rule.”4

(Emphasis added). Even if the jury believed Moore reprimanded Bilinski once for

failing to lock the doors, the jury could still infer from Moore’s failure to verify

whether Bilinski complied with his promise to follow the policy that Moore

purposely avoided obtaining direct confirmation of what he “strongly suspected,”

id. at 843 n.8. Farmer’s subjective standard does not invite prison supervisors to

bury their heads in the sand. See id. (explaining “a prison official . . . would not

escape liability if the evidence showed that he merely refused to verify underlying

facts that he strongly suspected to be true, or declined to confirm inferences of risk

that he strongly suspected to exist”).

Second, a reasonable jury, crediting testimony that the doors were never

locked, could find the risk was so obvious that Moore, who personally worked in

the jail, knew about that risk. See id. at 842 (“[A] factfinder may conclude that a

prison official knew of a substantial risk from the very fact that the risk was

obvious.”).

Third, a reasonable jury could reject Moore’s testimony based on the tone

and content of Sheriff Dawson’s written reprimand. The sheriff reported he had

4

Bilinski’s statement indicates the “releasing officers,” including Moore, must

have known the doors were not locked overnight because they were responsible for

unlocking the doors at 8:00 a.m., approximately two hours after relieving Bilinski.

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“learned from talking to [Moore] after the [rape of Walton that] some of the jailers

have not been adhering to th[e] policy [of locking cell doors overnight] on a

regular basis.” (Emphasis added). The sheriff’s comment supports the reasonable

inference that Moore knew jailers were not adhering to the locked door policy, but

did not come clean to his superior (Sheriff Dawson) or react to the problem until

after the assault at issue in this case.

At the second step, Bilinski’s failure to lock the doors overnight, and

Moore’s failure to train him to do so, presented an objectively obvious, substantial

risk to detainees’ safety in the particular context of this jail. See id. at 843.

Detainees are most vulnerable when asleep, and the Constitution guarantees a

minimum right to sleep without legitimate fear of a nighttime assault by another

detainee. See, e.g., Hutto v. Finney, 437 U.S. 678, 681-82 & n.3 (1978); Harper v.

Showers, 174 F.3d 716, 720 (5th Cir. 1999). “[S]leep is critical to human

existence, and conditions that prevent sleep have been held to violate the Eighth

Amendment.” Walker v. Schult, 717 F.3d 119, 126 (2d Cir. 2013); see also, e.g.,

Obama v. Burl, 477 F. App’x 409, 411 (8th Cir. 2012) (unpublished per curiam)

(finding an inmate’s allegation “regarding constant lighting,” which “caused

inability to sleep, emotional distress, and constant headaches,” was sufficient

preliminarily to state an Eighth Amendment claim); Meloy v. Schuetzle, 230 F.3d

1363, 2000 WL 1160446, at *1 (8th Cir. 2000) (unpublished per curiam)

(recognizing an inmate suffering from sleep apnea stated a deliberate indifference

claim when denied “a Continuous Positive Air Pressure machine (CPAP) to use

when sleeping”).

Whether unlocked cell doors pose an unconstitutional risk to detainees, such

that “potential victims dare[] not sleep” or risk attack if they do, is always a factual

question dependent on the totality of the specific prison’s circumstances and the

prison officials’ awareness of the risk. Hutto, 437 U.S. at 682 n.3. There is no

sweeping constitutional rule that every cell in every prison must be locked as soon

as the sun sets. Prison officials retain wide latitude to determine how best to

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protect detainees from the risk of a nighttime assault. In this case, although the jail

did not have cameras permitting visual monitoring, jail officials had several

options to protect detainees overnight. The officials could remove violent inmates

from the general population, leaving non-violent inmates and detainees to sleep in

peace; conduct cell checks frequent enough to prevent nighttime assaults; lock

every cell door to prevent violent inmates from leaving their cells and entering the

cells of other detainees or coercing victims into the violent inmate’s cell; rely on a

combination of these methods; or perhaps develop a different approach not

apparent from the record. What the officials could not do, without creating an

unconstitutional safety risk, was nothing to assure detainees “safe conditions” of

confinement. Youngberg v. Romeo, 457 U.S. 307, 315-16 (1982); see also, e.g.,

Spruce, 149 F.3d at 785 (“[P]rison officials have a duty to protect inmates from

violence at the hands of other inmates.” (citing Farmer, 511 U.S. at 833-34)).

Despite prison policies requiring frequent cell checks with nighttime

lockdowns, Moore and his jailers actually did next to nothing. At night, cells were

rarely checked and never locked. Bilinski’s brief walkthroughs before the assault

occurred at most every two hours, leaving dangerous inmates not only access

through unlocked doors but also unmonitored accessibility for long stretches of the

night. The risk was both obvious and known to prison officials, given Flennory’s

prior nighttime assault and Bilinski’s first-hand observations of Walton’s fear.

Under the totality of the circumstances, failing to do anything to mitigate this

risk—whether by locking doors, increasing cell checks, installing cameras,

segregating violent prisoners, or some other approach—potentially fell below

minimum constitutional standards. See, e.g., Farmer, 511 U.S. at 833-34;

Youngberg, 457 U.S. at 315-16; Hutto, 437 U.S. at 682 n.3; Blackmon v.

Lombardi, 527 F. App’x 583, 584-85 (8th Cir. 2013) (unpublished per curiam);

Rollie v. Kemna, 124 F. App’x 471, 473-74 (8th Cir. 2005) (unpublished per

curiam); Spruce, 149 F.3d at 785; Williams v. Mueller, 13 F.3d 1214, 1216 (8th

Cir. 1994); Wade v. Haynes, 663 F.2d 778, 780-81 (8th Cir. 1981), aff’d sub nom.

Smith v. Wade, 461 U.S. 30 (1983).

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This case is analogous to Wade, where a non-violent inmate who, much like

Walton, “was approximately 18 years old, five feet, eight inches tall and weighed

approximately 130 pounds,” was left in the same rarely monitored cell as a violent

inmate, who “beat and sexually assaulted him.” 663 F.2d at 780-81. A jury found

the responsible correctional officer liable for compensatory and punitive damages,

and, denying the officer’s immunity request, we affirmed. See id. at 780-81, 786.

Although Walton was not housed in the same cell as Flennory, leaving the cells

unlocked and largely unmonitored overnight created essentially the same unsafe

conditions as in Wade: a slight, non-violent youth was at the mercy of a strong,

experienced, and violent predator. See id.

In other cases decided before the conduct at issue, we recognized that prison

officials have an obligation, in a variety of circumstances, to protect non-violent

inmates from violent inmates by keeping cell doors locked. In Irving v. Dormire,

519 F.3d 441, 447 (8th Cir. 2008), we affirmed the denial of qualified immunity to

correctional officers who “failed to protect [an inmate] by opening the cell doors so

that [another inmate] could attack him.” To be sure, Irving involved intent by the

officers to cause harm, which is not present here. See id. But the objective

conduct—leaving a weak inmate in an unlocked cell at risk of attack—is the same

as in this case. Indeed, in Newman v. Holmes, 122 F.3d 650, 651, 653 (8th Cir.

1997), we found sufficient evidence that a correctional officer violated the Eighth

Amendment by simply unlocking the cell door of a violent inmate, who rushed out

and committed an “unanticipated” attack against two other inmates.

Other circuits have reached similar results. For example, the Eleventh

Circuit held two inmates “sufficiently allege[d] a constitutional violation by [the

county responsible for the jail]” after they were assaulted by other inmates because

“the locks on the doors to cells did not work,” which “prevented the isolation of

prisoners from each other and gave attackers ready access to” victims. Marsh v.

Butler Cnty., Ala., 268 F.3d 1014, 1028 (11th Cir. 2001) (en banc), abrogated on

other grounds by Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007); see also, e.g.,

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Pavlick v. Mifflin, 90 F.3d 205, 208-09 (7th Cir. 1996) (affirming judgment

against prison guard who “knew he was exposing [an inmate] to a substantial risk

of serious harm” by “opening [the] sleeping inmate’s cell door”); Riley v. Jeffes,

777 F.2d 143, 146-47 (3d Cir. 1985) (finding inmate stated an Eighth Amendment

claim based on allegations of violence occurring because “inmate cell doors were

left open” and other inmates were “given keys,” allowing “easy access to [the

inmate’s] cell while he [wa]s sleeping”).

We emphasize Bilinski’s and Moore’s disregard for the prison’s door-

locking policy because that policy represents this jail’s choice of how to protect

detainees like Walton from nighttime assaults.5 “We must give substantial

deference to prison officials to determine the best methods for dealing with

dangerous inmates in the volatile environment that is prison life.” Norman v.

Schuetzle, 585 F.3d 1097, 1105 (8th Cir. 2009). Here, Sheriff Dawson determined

the “best method[]” in this old jail, without cameras, was to lock the cell doors

overnight, and he concluded that “[h]ad this policy been followed[,] it may have

prevented this very serious incident.” “[W]hen prison administrators conclude

that” locking the cell doors overnight is necessary to assure detainees’ safety, “it

would encroach upon the administrators’ greater knowledge of prison conditions

for us to hold as a matter of law” that leaving dangerous inmates in unlocked cells

5

Contrary to the partial dissent’s alarmist argument (accusing us of “impos[ing]

a ‘one-strike-you’re-out’ rule” that cell doors must be locked as soon as “an inmate

. . . has committed one prior in-jail assault and his neighbor looks concerned”), post

at 28, we express no view regarding this jail’s choice among the wide variety of ways

to protect detainees from nighttime attack. We merely reiterate the officials’ long-

established obligation to implement some reasonable method (which might or might

not include locking cell doors, installing cameras, or frequent walkthroughs) of

protecting non-violent detainees housed in close proximity to violent inmates. See,

e.g., Farmer, 511 U.S. at 833-34; Youngberg, 457 U.S. at 315-16; Hutto, 437 U.S. at

682 & n.3; Spruce, 149 F.3d at 785; Wade, 663 F.2d at 780-81, 786. The prison

officials, not this court, chose a method—locking the jail doors—but Moore and his

jailers consciously failed to implement that method despite the obvious and known

risks to detainee safety.

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overnight “does not create a substantial risk that they will attack others.” Newman,

122 F.3d at 652. Of course, violating an internal policy does not ipso facto violate

the Constitution, but when that policy equates to the constitutional minimum under

the totality of the circumstances, we appropriately focus on the objectively

unconstitutional conduct which breaches the policy. See, e.g., Falls v. Nesbitt, 966

F.2d 375, 380 (8th Cir. 1992). Prison officials are not at liberty to violate the

Constitution merely because doing so also happens to violate a prison policy. See

Gardner v. Howard, 109 F.3d 427, 430-31 (8th Cir. 1997) (explaining liability

attaches for the violation of a “constitutional right,” regardless of any violation of

“prison policy”).

Writing for our court in Martin v. White, 742 F.2d 469, 470 (8th Cir. 1984),

the late Judge Donald R. Ross called “the inability or unwillingness of some prison

administrators to take the necessary steps to protect their prisoners from sexual and

physical assaults by other inmates” “a national disgrace.”6 We must “not be

hesitant to find a constitutional violation, if one exists.” Id. at 473. One exists

here if Walton’s account is true. To be sure, a reasonable jury could reject

Walton’s view of the facts and accept Moore’s testimony, but “[w]hich story is

more plausible we cannot say because ‘it is not our function to remove the

credibility assessment from the jury.’” Atkinson v. City of Mountain View, Mo.,

709 F.3d 1201, 1211 (8th Cir. 2013) (quoting Kukla v. Hulm, 310 F.3d 1046, 1050

(8th Cir. 2002)). At this stage, our role is simply to say a reasonable jury could

find in Walton’s favor.

6

Similar to this case, Martin involved “defective cell locks [which] allowed

violent inmates to freely enter other inmates’ cells.” 742 F.2d at 475. We reversed

the trial court’s directed verdict in favor of the prison superintendent, holding his

failure to ensure minimally secure prison conditions “would clearly justify a jury in

finding that he failed to reasonably respond to the risks of inmate assaults.” Id. at

475-76.

-16-

b. Bilinski’s Underlying Failure to Protect Violation

Neither Moore’s arguments nor the partial dissent’s analysis alter our

conclusion. Moore is right that unless his subordinate, Bilinski, “violated the

Constitution,” Moore cannot be liable “for failure to train,” Carpenter v. Gage, 686

F.3d 644, 651 (8th Cir. 2012), but Moore is wrong that Bilinski must necessarily

be joined as a defendant.7 Although Walton has not sued Bilinski directly, having

reviewed the record, we are satisfied Walton has enough evidence potentially to

convince a jury that Bilinski committed the underlying failure to protect violation

which gives rise to Moore’s failure to train liability. Earlier, Bilinski noticed

“Walton was used to pass [sic] his meal to Flennory’s cell. . . . [I]t looked like

more being a servant because somebody else told him to do that.” It was also

apparent to Bilinski that Walton was “scared.” At 3:16 a.m., Bilinski saw both

Walton and Flennory in Flennory’s cell, and Walton was looking “very

concerned.”8

7

Of course, Walton still bears the burden of convincing the jury that Bilinski

committed the underlying failure to protect violation, and we expect the district

court’s eventual verdict form to require that antecedent finding before allowing the

jury to impose any liability against Moore.

8

At some point during the assault but before 4:00 a.m. (when Flennory

penetrated Walton), Bilinski walked through the cell block. This must have been the

3:16 a.m. walkthrough because the next walkthrough was at 4:54 a.m.—by which time

the assault was over. Bilinski’s affidavit says he spoke to Walton at 3:16 a.m. but

does not specify which cell Walton or Flennory were in at the time. Bilinski’s report

to Sheriff Dawson vaguely suggests Walton was alone in his own cell and claims “all

inmates were secured.” But Walton’s testimony contradicts the former suggestion,

and the latter statement by Bilinski is indisputably false—the cell doors were not

locked. According to Walton’s time line, during the 3:16 a.m. walkthrough both he

and Flennory were in Flennory’s cell. On interlocutory appeal, we must infer that at

3:16 a.m. (1) the assault was in progress, see Mo. Rev. Stat. § 566.010(1) (establishing

the sexual assault began when Flennory first forcibly “fondled” Walton); (2) Walton

and Flennory were in Flennory’s cell; and (3) Bilinski observed enough to know

Walton needed protection. See, e.g., Edwards v. Byrd, ___ F.3d ___, ___, No. 13-

1560, 2014 WL 1622795, at *3 (8th Cir. April 24, 2014) (“[T]he guards vigorously

dispute the facts that the district court found to be supported by the record. But we

-17-

Despite everything Bilinski had observed and the requirement that inmates

be in their own cells at that hour of the night, Bilinski says he did nothing more

than ask whether Walton was “all right.” According to Bilinski, Walton “said he

was fine,” but Walton specifically denied this conversation in his response to the

officials’ statement of uncontroverted facts. Walton testified he and Bilinski did

not speak at all during the 3:16 a.m. walkthrough. Crediting Walton’s account, as

we must on summary judgment, see Atkinson, 709 F.3d at 1210, we therefore infer

Bilinski personally noticed disturbing circumstances that should have led a

reasonable prison guard to act, yet Bilinski did nothing at the time. See, e.g.,

Odom v. S.C. Dep’t of Corr., 349 F.3d 765, 773 (4th Cir. 2003) (“[A] correctional

officer who stands by as a passive observer and takes no action whatsoever to

intervene during an assault violates the rights of the victim inmate.” (emphasis

omitted)); Williams, 13 F.3d at 1216 (“A prison official acts with deliberate

indifference to an inmate’s safety when the official is present at the time of an

assault and fails to intervene or otherwise act to end the assault.”).

The partial dissent disagrees with this reasonable inference. Despite our

obligation to view the facts in the light most favorable to Walton, the partial

dissent insists Bilinksi was not required to intervene because “the facts of this case

are less troubling than Holden,” post at 26, 29 n.12. Cf. Tolan v. Cotton, 572 U.S.

___, ___, ___, No. 13-551, 2014 WL 1757856, at *1, *7 (May 5, 2014) (per

curiam) (summarily vacating and remanding because “the Fifth Circuit failed to

adhere to the axiom that in ruling on a motion for summary judgment, ‘[t]he

evidence of the non[]movant is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to

be drawn in his favor’” (alterations in original) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty

Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986))). Reading the record in the light most

favorable to Walton, we cannot agree with the partial dissent. In Holden, the

inmate plaintiff got into a fight with his cellmates and a prison official intervened

almost immediately, stopping the fight “[a]pproximately one minute after [it]

began.” 663 F.3d at 339 (emphasis added). The Holden plaintiff’s injuries were

lack jurisdiction to field such factual arguments on interlocutory review.”).

-18-

limited to “minor swelling,” “some bruising, and a small cut and minor [lip]

abrasion.” Id. “There was no significant bleeding.” Id. In this case, by contrast,

Walton was threatened with death, sexually assaulted for over an hour without any

intervention by prison officials, and left bleeding. “Short of homicide, [rape] is the

ultimate violation of self.” Coker v. Georgia, 433 U.S. 584, 597 (1977) (internal

quotation omitted). Comparing a one-minute cellblock fight, which a prison

official quickly stopped, with a one-hour sexual assault—involving death threats,

forcible genital contact, and anal penetration—which a prison official failed to

stop, we consider this case considerably more serious than Holden.

The partial dissent also places weight on Walton’s failure to express fear,

which is evidence a reasonable jury could, but need not, credit. See post at 26-27.

Credibility is the province of the jury, and after observing live testimony, a

reasonable jury could easily credit Walton’s explanation that he was too afraid

(given Flennory’s death threats) to express fear or call for help. Our careful

scrutiny of the record reveals this case is unlike Berry v. Sherman, 365 F.3d 631

(8th Cir. 2004), in that any evidence indicating “no one, including” Walton

himself, “believed he was at ‘substantial risk of serious harm,’” id. at 634 (quoting

Jackson v. Everett, 140 F.3d 1149, 1151 (8th Cir. 1998)), is vigorously disputed.

Apparently, the partial dissent disagrees with our view of the record in the light

most favorable to Walton. See post at 26-27. “If three reasonable judges disagree

about the facts contained in the record, surely the factual dispute is genuine enough

to require resolution by a reasonable jury.” Atkinson, 709 F.3d at 1212 n.5. This

is especially true on an interlocutory appeal from the denial of qualified immunity,

for we have no jurisdiction to supplant the district court’s reasonable (i.e., not

blatantly contradicted) interpretation of the factual record. See, e.g., Edwards, ___

F.3d at ___ & n.3, 2014 WL 1622795, at *3 & n.3.

c. Moore’s Remaining Arguments

The rest of Moore’s pleas for qualified immunity merit little attention. First,

Moore’s reliance on Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009), is misplaced because

-19-

Walton’s claims are premised not on vicarious liability, but on Moore’s personal

knowledge of, and involvement in, unconstitutional acts. Second, Moore’s

contention that Walton has not shown Bilinski’s training was constitutionally

inadequate is nothing more than a factual dispute about the district court’s view of

the evidence in the light most favorable to Walton. Such factual disputes are not

within our purview on interlocutory appeal. See Johnson, 515 U.S. at 313.

Third, Moore’s argument that he lacked “notice of a pattern of

unconstitutional acts committed by” his subordinates is similarly unavailing

because it is based on a factual dispute outside our present jurisdiction. See Aaron,

624 F.3d at 884. If a jury credits Walton’s evidence and finds Moore actually

knew about his subordinate Bilinski’s failure to lock the doors overnight and

actually knew this failure posed a substantial risk, the jury will necessarily have

concluded that Moore received sufficient notice of the constitutional risk. See

Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842 (“Whether a prison official had the requisite knowledge of

a substantial risk is a question of fact subject to demonstration in the usual ways.”).

Moore’s erroneous reading of our decision in Norman, 585 F.3d at 1097, is

impossible to square with the Supreme Court’s decision in Farmer. Pointing to the

fact that the attacker in Norman had five administrative arrests before the assault at

issue in Norman, see id. at 1101, Moore would have us adopt a per se rule that a

prison supervisor cannot be liable when one inmate attacks another, despite the

supervisor’s actual knowledge of the risk, until the attacker has assaulted more

than five other inmates. Farmer’s subjective standard, however, “imposes no such

requirement.”9 Farmer, 511 U.S. at 849 n.10. Nor would such a requirement be

consistent with the Eighth Amendment’s “‘broad and idealistic concepts of dignity,

civilized standards, humanity, and decency.’” Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 102

9

While a numerical notice limit arguably might prove decisive in the context of

an objective failure to train claim under Canton, where a defendant may be liable for

what he should have known, it adds no additional barrier to Farmer’s stringent

subjective standard, because a plaintiff must already prove the defendant supervisor

knew of the substantial risk posed by the failure to train.

-20-

(1976) (quoting Jackson v. Bishop, 404 F.2d 571, 579 (8th Cir. 1968)); see also

Butler, 465 F.3d at 344 (noting we “have repeatedly applied the deliberate

indifference standard of Estelle to [Fourteenth Amendment] pretrial detainee

claims”). Our decision in Norman was based, like this decision, on an

individualized assessment of the particular prison official’s subjective knowledge.

See Norman, 585 F.3d at 1105-06. There was no evidence of personal knowledge

in Norman. See id. Here there is.

For these reasons, we agree with the district court and conclude Moore is not

entitled to qualified immunity at this stage of the case.

3. Sheriff Dawson

As to Sheriff Dawson’s qualified immunity claim, we cannot agree with the

district court’s cursory analysis. The district court’s only individualized scrutiny

of Sheriff Dawson’s entitlement to qualified immunity was a vague footnote

declaring “fact questions remain with respect to whether [Sheriff] Dawson

responded reasonably after the [other inmate’s earlier] incident.” The rest of the

district court’s order refers to the sheriff only in general terms, painting him with

the same brush as Moore by assuming Sheriff Dawson (who had many

responsibilities outside the prison) knew as much as Moore about the jail’s day to

day operations.

The doctrine of qualified immunity requires “an individualized analysis of

each officer’s alleged conduct.” Roberts v. City of Omaha, 723 F.3d 966, 974 (8th

Cir. 2013) (emphasis added). Even if the district court is right that Sheriff Dawson

may not have responded reasonably to Flennory’s earlier assault of another inmate,

that factual question alone is an insufficient basis to deny qualified immunity under

Farmer’s subjective standard. It is not enough to say a factual question exists: the

factual dispute must be both “genuine” and “material.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). All

of Walton’s evidence on subjective knowledge relates only to Moore’s knowledge,

not Sheriff Dawson’s. Contrary to the district court’s wholesale pronouncement

-21-

that both officials must have known the risk, the undisputed evidence supports

Sheriff Dawson’s claim of qualified immunity. Sheriff Dawson’s response to the

sexual assault (expressing justified outrage, reprimanding Bilinski, and disciplining

Moore) gives every indication that he, unlike Moore, did not know inmates like

Walton were in jeopardy.

Having carefully reviewed the record in an effort to deduce what facts about

Sheriff Dawson’s own knowledge “the district court, in the light most favorable to

the nonmoving party, likely assumed,” Johnson, 515 U.S. at 319, we have found

nothing but “speculation, conjecture, or fantasy” to rebut Sheriff Dawson’s

testimony that he did not know of the substantial risk posed by Moore’s failure to

train Bilinski, Schmidt v. City of Bella Villa, 557 F.3d 564, 571 (8th Cir. 2009).

Because guesswork is not enough to reach a jury, we conclude Sheriff Dawson is

entitled to qualified immunity. See id.

III. CONCLUSION

We affirm the denial of qualified immunity to Moore, reverse the denial of

qualified immunity to Sheriff Dawson, and remand for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

GRUENDER, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.

I concur in the court’s judgment reversing the denial of qualified immunity

to Sheriff Dawson. However, I respectfully dissent from the judgment affirming

the denial of qualified immunity to Moore.

Walton alleges that Moore is liable for failure to train under the Fourteenth

Amendment. Without a showing that Moore’s subordinate, Bilinski, violated the

Constitution, however, Moore cannot be liable for failure to train. See Carpenter

v. Gage, 686 F.3d 644, 651 (8th Cir. 2012). The court finds that Walton can prove

-22-

“that Bilinski committed the underlying failure to protect violation which gives rise

to Moore’s failure to train liability.” Ante at 17. I disagree.

Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825 (1994), requires Walton to establish that

he faced “a substantial risk of serious harm” in order to prove that Bilinski violated

the Constitution (as opposed to the jail’s policy10) by failing to protect him. Id. at

834. Under Farmer, “the deprivation alleged must be, objectively, ‘sufficiently

serious.’” Id. (quoting Wilson v. Seiter, 501 U.S. 294, 298 (1991)). The court

holds that Walton’s sexual assault was “sufficiently serious to amount to a

deprivation of constitutional dimension.” Ante at 10 (quoting Spruce v. Sargent,

149 F.3d 783, 785 (8th Cir. 1998)). Undoubtedly, this attack left Walton

“physically bloodied and emotionally bruised,” ante at 2, and prison rape is a

serious problem, Just Detention International, The Basics About Sexual Abuse in

U.S. Detention, http://www.justdetention.org/en/factsheets/basics_fact_sheet_final.

pdf (last visited May 7, 2014). “It is not, however, every injury suffered by one

prisoner at the hands of another that translates into constitutional liability for

10

The court focuses at length upon Bilinski’s failure to comply with the jail’s

nighttime cell-lock policy, concluding that the noncompliance was “an obvious,

substantial risk to inmate safety.” Ante at 10 (quoting Farmer, 511 U.S. at 843).

However, a “sheriff’s or his subordinates’ alleged violation of jail policies does not

result in section 1983 liability.” Bailey v. Schmidt, 239 F. App’x 306, 308 (8th Cir.

2007) (per curiam) (citing Gardner v. Howard, 109 F.3d 427, 430-31 (8th Cir. 1997));

see also Hocker v. Pikeville City Police Dep’t, 738 F.3d 150, 154, 156 (6th Cir. 2013)

(holding that in a § 1983 action against a law enforcement officer, the relevant inquiry

is whether the officer violated the Constitution, not whether the officer violated a

department policy). The court itself concedes that “violating an internal policy does

not ipso facto violate the Constitution.” Ante at 16. Indeed, in an analogous case

brought under the Eighth Amendment, we clarified that “a prison official’s violation

of an internal regulation does not give rise to an Eighth Amendment claim of ‘cruel

and unusual punishment,’ in the absence of” a constitutional violation. Falls v.

Nesbitt, 966 F.2d 375, 380 (8th Cir. 1992). In other words, Bilinski’s failure to

comply with the jail’s nighttime cell-lock policy results in § 1983 liability only if it

can be shown that Bilinski failed to protect Walton within the meaning of Farmer.

-23-

prison officials responsible for the victim’s safety.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834.

Indeed, Farmer establishes that even serious harms—including sexual assault—do

not give rise to § 1983 liability unless the inmate demonstrates that the assault

occurred while he was “incarcerated under conditions that posed a substantial risk

that he would be sexually assaulted.” Spruce, 149 F.3d at 785-86; see also Irving

v. Dormire, 519 F.3d 441, 447 (8th Cir. 2008) (“To prove a sufficiently serious

deprivation in failure to protect claims, an inmate must prove that prison officials

caused him to be incarcerated under conditions posing a substantial risk of serious

harm.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The court concludes that

“leaving the cells unlocked overnight” created “an obvious, substantial risk to

inmate safety,” ante at 10—linking the unlocked cells to an alleged constitutional

right to “sleep without legitimate fear of a nighttime assault by another detainee,”

ante at 12. However, there was no evidence of any generalized substantial risk of

harm from assault by other inmates at night.

Properly framed, the question is whether Flennory—who had a single prior

in-jail assault and who was housed in an adjacent unlocked cell—posed a

substantial risk of assaulting a fellow inmate. The court eventually reaches the

correct question but concludes, with little analysis, that the risk posed by Flennory

in an unlocked cell was “obvious” because of Flennory’s single prior nighttime

assault and Bilinski’s observation of Walton’s “very concerned” expression. Ante

at 13, 17. “[F]ailing to do anything to mitigate this risk,” the court suggests,

“potentially fell below minimum constitutional standards.” Ante at 13. For the

following reasons, I disagree, concluding instead that Walton was not “incarcerated

under conditions posing a substantial risk of serious harm.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at

834.

In measuring whether an inmate faced a substantial risk of serious harm

under Farmer, “the assailant’s conduct can provide the court ‘the most probative

evidence of the degree and type of risk that [the inmate] faced.’” Nelson v.

Shuffman, 603 F.3d 439, 447 (8th Cir. 2010) (alteration in original) (quoting Young

-24-

v. Selk, 508 F.3d 868, 872 (8th Cir. 2007)). Accordingly, it is worth recounting

some details about Flennory’s history at the Macon County Jail. It is undisputed

that Flennory was housed in the jail’s general population without incident for 373

days spread over a fifteen-year period—the most recent being the 247 days from

September 25, 2009, to May 29, 2010. On May 30, 2010, Flennory assaulted

another inmate. The May 30 incident did not involve anal rape; rather, Flennory

bit the inmate’s groin through his pants and reached down the back of his pants.

Flennory spent the next two months segregated from the general population as a

result of this infraction.

However, “[p]risons are not required to segregate indefinitely all inmates

whose original crimes suggest they might be capable of further violence[, and t]he

same is true for inmates who engage in violence while in prison.” Norman v.

Schuetzle, 585 F.3d 1097, 1105 (8th Cir. 2009) (internal citations and quotation

marks omitted). We have afforded “substantial deference to prison officials to

determine the best methods for dealing with dangerous inmates in the volatile

environment that is prison life”—presumably including whether an inmate must

remain in segregation. Holden v. Hirner, 663 F.3d 336, 342 (8th Cir. 2011)

(quoting Norman, 585 F.3d at 1105). Before being returned to the general

population, Flennory was told that any future infractions would result in his being

returned to segregation. Flennory stated that he understood and agreed to behave.

When Flennory returned to the general population at the beginning of August

2010, he behaved well, even though, according to Bilinski, the cell doors remained

unlocked. The record contains no evidence of misbehavior by Flennory for the

entire month of August until the assault against Walton on August 30. For the five

days Walton and Flennory were housed beside each other, from August 25 until

August 30, Flennory was friendly toward Walton, playing cards with him—even

on the night before and morning of the assault.

Compared to other cases in which we discerned a substantial risk of serious

harm, Flennory’s pre-incident conduct while incarcerated is considerably less

-25-

disturbing. For example, in Nelson, we held that an inmate posed a substantial risk

of serious harm where he previously had sexually assaulted two males, “demanded

sex from a former roommate and solicited sex from other residents,” “subjected

staff and residents to a relentless barrage of physical and sexual threats, assaultive

and sexually explicit behavior, and related violent and aggressive misconduct.”

603 F.3d at 447; see also Spruce, 149 F.3d at 785-86 (finding a substantial risk of

serious harm where the plaintiff alleged that he was raped by more than twenty

different inmates in a prison where the warden acknowledged a culture requiring

inmates to fight against sexual aggressors). Unlike the repeatedly assaultive

inmate in Nelson and the pervasive rape culture in Spruce, Flennory was involved

in only one prior incident while incarcerated. That incident occurred on May

30—three months before the August 30 assault on Walton—and involved behavior

substantially less disturbing than his attack on Walton.

In addition, the facts of this case are less troubling than Holden, in which we

found no substantial risk of serious harm. Identified as a vulnerable detainee,

Holden was housed in protective custody with three cellmates. 663 F.3d at 339.

His cellmates injured him in a fight in the cell. Id. Only four days before the fight,

one of his cellmates had been involved in a fight with another detainee. Id. at 341.

Yet we discerned no substantial risk of serious harm, because Holden was housed

in protective custody “designed to provide greater supervision and security for

inmates more likely to be assaulted.” Id. We arrived at this conclusion despite

Holden, marked as a vulnerable detainee, being housed in the same cell as an

inmate who had fought another detainee just four days earlier. By comparison,

Flennory’s single prior incident took place a full three months before his attack on

Walton. Therefore, I conclude that Flennory’s comparatively limited assaultive

history at the jail is probative evidence that Walton did not face a substantial risk

of serious harm.

Additionally, Walton’s “failure to express fear . . . [is] some evidence that a

substantial risk of serious harm did not exist.” Young, 508 F.3d at 872. Walton

-26-

admits that he never told Bilinski, Moore, or any jail staff that Flennory had

threatened him in any manner or that he had any other reason to fear Flennory. In

fact, Walton consciously chose not to express fear regarding Flennory’s presence

or conduct. On the day before the attack, Flennory indicated in a note to Walton

that he intended to fellate him. However, Walton decided not to tell anyone about

the note, instead flushing it down his cell toilet because he “didn’t take it

serious[ly] at the time.” We have found no substantial risk of serious harm in an

analogous case where the plaintiff, like Walton, failed to express fear. In Berry v.

Sherman, 365 F.3d 631 (8th Cir. 2004), the plaintiff shared a cell with an inmate

who reportedly possessed a knife. Id. at 633. Although Berry eventually was

attacked by his cellmate and two other inmates with a knife, we held that Berry

failed to demonstrate a substantial risk of serious harm because Berry did not

express fear for his safety prior to being attacked, despite knowing that his cellmate

was reported to possess a knife. Id. The court attempts to distinguish Berry by

observing that, unlike Berry, Walton testified he did not say anything, because

Flennory had threatened to kill him if he spoke to jail staff. Ante at 20. This

distinction, however, is not responsive to Walton’s failure to express fear when he

received Flennory’s fellatio note. To be clear, Walton’s failure to report the note to

jail staff had nothing to do with being afraid of Flennory. Rather, Walton

repeatedly testified that he simply “didn’t take it serious[ly].” Walton also admits

that he failed to express fear verbally during Bilinski’s walkthrough the morning of

the attack when Walton knew “or should strongly [have] suspect[ed] that Mr.

Flennory [wa]s going to want to have anal sex with” him. Although Bilinski

noticed that Walton looked concerned during the walkthrough, I cannot agree that

this look of concern, even combined with Flennory’s single prior assault,

constituted a condition of incarceration posing a substantial risk of serious

harm—particularly in light of Flennory’s positive history with Walton during

which they played cards together and never engaged in violence. Accordingly, I

consider Walton’s failure to express fear to be probative evidence that a substantial

risk of serious harm did not exist.

-27-

The court claims that this decision does not create a “sweeping constitutional

rule that every cell in every prison must be locked as soon as the sun sets.” Ante at

12. This caveat rings hollow. The court’s ruling will apply if a cell contains an

inmate who has committed a single assault while incarcerated and his neighbor

looks concerned, even if the inmate has spent substantial time in segregation as

punishment, has agreed to behave, and has behaved for a month. The court

essentially imposes a “one-strike-you’re-out” rule—i.e., an inmate necessarily

poses a substantial risk of serious harm if he has committed one prior in-jail assault

and his neighbor looks concerned, and a jail is deliberately indifferent if it does not

implement one or more of the court’s recommended security measures in response.

Indeed, the court suggests that the Macon County Jail had to continue to “remove

[Flennory] from the general population,” “lock every cell door,”11 “conduct cell

11

The court suggests that we have imposed a cell-lock requirement in the past

under similar circumstances, citing Wade v. Haynes, 663 F.2d 778 (8th Cir. 1981), and

Newman v. Holmes, 122 F.3d 650 (8th Cir. 1997). Ante at 14. Those cases are

distinguishable given that the assailants in both Wade and Newman were housed in

isolated confinement at the time of the attacks due to their known present

dangerousness. Wade, 663 F.2d at 781; Newman, 122 F.3d at 651. Here, at the time

of the attack, Flennory was housed in the general population, had not demonstrated

any behavioral problems in the month following his return from segregation, and even

played cards with Walton. Leaving Flennory’s door unlocked in the general

population is not tantamount to leaving unlocked the doors of inmates in isolated

confinement. The court also cites Irving v. Dormire, 519 F.3d 441 (8th Cir. 2008),

Pavlick v. Mifflin, 90 F.3d 205 (7th Cir. 1996), and Riley v. Jeffes, 777 F.2d 143 (3d

Cir. 1985). Ante at 14-15. Those cases also are distinguishable given that the guards

in those cases, unlike Bilinski, intentionally opened the victims’ cell doors or gave

inmates keys to allow access to other inmates’ cells knowing their actions would cause

harm. Irving, 519 F.3d at 447; Pavlick, 90 F.3d at 208-09; Riley, 777 F.2d at 146-47.

Finally, the court cites Marsh v. Butler County, Ala., 268 F.3d 1014 (11th Cir. 2001)

(en banc). Ante at 14. In Marsh, the institution was “so dilapidated that inmates could

fashion weapons from pieces of the building.” Id. at 1027. Unlike this case,

“conditions in a jail facility that allow prisoners ready access to weapons” contributed

to a finding that a substantial risk of serious harm existed. Id. at 1028. No such

condition of confinement was alleged in this case.

-28-

checks frequent[ly] enough to prevent nighttime assaults,”12 “rely on a combination

of these methods,” “or . . . develop a different approach not apparent from the

record.” Ante at 13. This simply cannot be. Incarcerating institutions must be able

to determine, without fearing liability, that an offending inmate can be housed in

community with other inmates without permanent locks or infallible monitoring

after the inmate has been sufficiently punished and apparently reformed (e.g., as

here, through substantial segregation, conversation with jail staff, and a month of

demonstrated good behavior). The court forgets that “[a]n unfortunate by-product

of our prison system is the incidence of violence between inmates,” and that

“[w]hile unfortunate, all such incidents of violence do not violate” the

Constitution. Falls v. Nesbitt, 966 F.2d 375, 380 (8th Cir. 1992); see also Andrews

v. Siegel, 929 F.2d 1326, 1330-31 (8th Cir. 1991) (“[S]ome violence in prisons

may be unavoidable due to the character of the prisoners.”) (ellipsis omitted)

(quoting Martin v. White, 742 F.2d 469, 475 (8th Cir. 1984)).

Accordingly, I conclude that Walton was not incarcerated under conditions

that, measured objectively and without the benefit of hindsight, posed a substantial

risk of serious harm. This necessarily means that Bilinski did not fail to protect

Walton. Berry, 365 F.3d at 635 (holding that where evidence does not establish

that plaintiff “objectively faced a substantial risk of harm,” the plaintiff’s failure-

to-protect claim fails). It follows that Moore is entitled to qualified immunity. See

Carpenter, 686 F.3d at 651. For these reasons, I respectfully dissent from the

judgment affirming the denial of qualified immunity to Moore.

______________________________

12

Nor have we required cell monitoring with sufficient frequency such that the

monitoring is necessarily efficacious. Jails and prisons are not subject to strict

liability under the Constitution. Again, I turn to Holden as an example. In that case,

the plaintiff was housed in the same cell as an inmate who had violently fought

another inmate only four days before his attack on the plaintiff. However, we found

no substantial risk of serious harm, because the inmate was housed in protective

custody with greater supervision and security—even though that increased monitoring

evidently was not frequent enough to prevent the harm.

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