State of Tennessee v. Danny Adams

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT KNOXVILLE

Assigned on Briefs February 25, 2014

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. DANNY ADAMS

Appeal from the Criminal Court for Monroe County

No. 09-445 Carroll L. Ross, Judge

No. E2013-01236-CCA-R3-CD - Filed April 22, 2014

The Defendant, Danny Adams, was convicted by a jury of simple assault. On appeal, he

challenges the sufficiency of the evidence for that conviction, including an argument therein

of inconsistent verdicts. We have thoroughly reviewed the record on appeal, and although

the evidence is sufficient, we must reverse the Defendant’s conviction because an incorrect

mental state was included in the jury charge. Moreover, we cannot deem the error harmless

beyond a reasonable doubt. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the trial court and

remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court

Reversed and Remanded

D. K ELLY T HOMAS, J R., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which J OSEPH M. T IPTON,

P.J., and J AMES C URWOOD W ITT, J R., J., joined.

Richard Hughes, District Public Defender, and Jeanne L. Wiggins, Assistant Public

Defender, for the appellant, Danny Adams.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Michelle L. Consiglio-Young,

Assistant Attorney General; Steven Bebb, District Attorney General; and James H. Stutts,

Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

This case arises from a June 24, 2009 evening brawl at Hidden Lake Campground in

Monroe County. The Defendant and his cohort, Vincent Cole, quarreled with Joshua

Anderson that evening, ultimately leading to Joshua Anderson’s shooting of both the

Defendant and Cole. Thereafter, the Defendant was charged with the criminally negligent

homicide of Cole and the aggravated assault of Anderson. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-13-

102, -212. The Defendant proceeded to trial on August 30, 2012.

The proof at trial revealed the following facts. Thirty-year-old Joshua Anderson

testified that he visited Hidden Lake Campground with his wife, Jamie Anderson, on the

evening of July 24, 2009.1 According to Joshua, they arrived at the campground pavilion

around 7:00 or 8:00 p.m. to meet with Joshua’s uncle, Mark Anderson, and a party with a

karaoke machine was in progress. Both Cole and the Defendant were present at the party

when Joshua arrived. Joshua stated that he had met both men before, but he did not have a

personal relationship with them. He first encountered Cole, amongst a group of other people,

as he walked up the ramp to the pavilion.

Joshua stated that, at some point in the evening, he engaged in a conversation with

Cole. During that conversation, the Defendant walked over and asked, “Is there a problem

here, [Cole]? Have we got a problem?” referring to Joshua. According to Joshua, Cole

responded, “No, there ain’t no problem.” After talking a few minutes longer with Cole,

Joshua sat down. Joshua then walked to his car to get a drink, returning through a group of

people on the ramp on his way back to the pavilion. This time, “it seemed a little more

tense[,]” so he said to Jamie, “We need to get out of here.” Joshua described the group as

“aggressive” and said that “nobody want[ed] to move to let [him] walk by[.]” He also

observed a “razor knife” on the Defendant’s side as he passed him. Joshua went to Cole,

asking if there was problem because it was not “a comfortable scene.” Joshua then told

Jamie to walk down the back steps, pretending to go the bathroom, and they would meet at

the car and leave.

As Joshua was making his way to the car, the Defendant ran up to him, yelling at him

and asking if he had flipped “a bird” at the Defendant. Joshua replied, “No. . . . I’m

leaving.” By this time, a crowd began to gather according to Joshua, “circl[ing] around

[him,]” and Jamie had brought him his .22-caliber pistol because she was “scared” for him.

Joshua continued to assert his desire to leave and turned to walk towards his car when the

Defendant hit him from behind and knocked him down on the gravel parking area. As

Joshua got up from the ground, the Defendant “kept coming towards” him, pursuing him up

an incline. In an attempt to thwart the Defendant’s efforts, Joshua fired a warning shot into

the air and once again stated his desire to leave. According to Joshua, the warning shot

stopped the Defendant “for a split second,” and Jamie got in between them at that time,

pleading with the Defendant to let them leave. The Defendant threatened Joshua with his

knife, stating, “I’m going to cut your f--king guts out.” The Defendant’s then girlfriend,

1

For the sake of clarity, we will refer to the Andersons by their first names or full names. We intend no

disrespect.

2

Lynette Adams, “knocked [Jamie] out from in between” the two men. According to Joshua,

that was when the Defendant “tried to cut” him, so he shot the Defendant. Joshua stated that

he “was in fear for [his] life, or . . . real bad bodily harm.”

Joshua saw that Cole’s wife, Sydne Cole, had now grabbed Jamie and placed a knife

to her throat. Joshua testified that Cole came “running [at him] with a knife “ and was going

to “stick [him] in the back,” so Joshua placed his pistol under his arm and shot Cole. Joshua

believed he had no other option but to fire at the men. At this time, Cole’s wife let Jamie go,

and the couple proceeded to leave the campground. The couple then drove to Joshua’s

grandfather’s house, which was nearby, and immediately telephoned 911. Joshua waited for

the police to arrive that evening to speak with him and turned his weapon over to the police

once they arrived. Joshua exercised his right to remain silent when questioned at the county

jail later that evening.

On cross-examination, Joshua was asked about the operation of the .22-caliber

handgun. He stated that the weapon’s magazine held ten bullets. After Jamie brought him

the weapon at the campground that evening, he did look to see if a bullet was in the chamber,

but he did “take [his] hands to make the action to put a bullet into the chamber[.]” He

confirmed that the weapon did not misfire during the altercation and stated that “the cops

dropped a round when they [were] unloading it” at his grandfather’s house.

Mark Anderson, Joshua’s uncle, testified about his observations the evening of July

24, 2009. Mark was responsible for inviting Joshua to the party at the campground pavilion

that evening. At the time of the party, Mark was “good friends” with Cole, but he did not

know the Defendant. According to Mark, when Cole’s “bunch pulled up, they [were] raising

hell[,]” “[j]ust ornery[,]” and “[t]rying to pick a fight with anybody they could.” While

singing karaoke, Mark saw the Defendant “jump[] up” when Joshua was talking to a girl

from high school and heard the Defendant say to Joshua, “You got anything to say to her, you

can say it to me.” At some point in the evening, Mark noticed that Joshua and Jamie were

gone. Mark stated that he then “heard two firecrackers behind” him and turned to see his

nephew standing in the road with a gun. Mark went to assist Joshua, walking swiftly up the

hill to where Joshua was located, and there he met Cole, who “was in [his] face” when he

turned around. Mark said to Cole, “You need to leave Josh alone,” and then, Mark was “hit

in the crotch[,]” causing him to pass out.

Cathy Lusby, who knew both Cole and the Defendant but not Joshua or Jamie

Anderson prior to the party, shared with the jury her observations of the brawl that evening.

According to Ms. Lusby, Cole and the Defendant arrived at the party about 8:00 p.m. That

evening, she heard “a firecracker” and yelling. She looked to see “a whole crowd of people”

who were “coming up the hill.” She stated that Joshua and his wife were “backing up” the

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hill being pursued by the Defendant and Cole. According to Ms. Lusby, Jamie was “pulling

[Joshua] like up the hill.” Ms. Lusby heard Cole telling the Defendant several times that

Joshua had a gun and to “[g]et away” from him; however, she did not observe the Defendant

or Cole actually back away from Joshua. Ms. Lusby described Joshua’s movements, “[H]e

would back up and then step forward. . . . Like he, he wanted to maybe go away, but then

he wasn’t done either[.]” Everyone was starting to get loud at that point, and Ms. Lusby

heard shots fired and saw “the women . . . trying to pull the guys off of each other.” Cole

was shot first, followed by the Defendant, according to Ms. Lusby. Although she saw the

gun, she did not see whether Cole had a knife in his hand. After the shooting, the crowd

scattered, and the Andersons got into their car and left. Ms. Lusby also did not observe

anyone get into a physical altercation with Jamie Anderson that evening. The entire episode

last ten to fifteen minutes according to Ms. Lusby.

Cole died from his gunshot wound to his arm pit area, and the Defendant required

surgery for his wound to the abdomen. During Cole’s autopsy, his blood alcohol level was

determined to be .12 percent at the time of his death. Other than the gunshot wound, Cole

exhibited “a few fairly minor abrasions of his legs and ankles[.]”

Investigator Douglas Brannon with the Monroe County Sheriff’s Department collected

evidence at the scene. According to Inv. Brannon, there were approximately ten officers,

four Emergency Management Services personnel, and ten bystanders present when he arrived

at the campground pavilion. During his search, Inv. Brannon discovered two shell casings,

along with one unfired round, scattered around the area. Eyeglasses, a hoop earring, a ball

cap, and a large “clump of hair” were also recovered. A matching hoop earring was later

retrieved from Jamie Anderson.

Inv. Brannon stated that, when he retrieved the weapon from Joshua after the

shooting, there were six rounds in the chamber. The officers were unable to account for one

round of the ten-round chamber, and Inv. Brannon opined that another spent round should

have been present at the scene because the gun had been fired three times according to

witnesses. Inv. Brannon discussed how Joshua’s weapon operated, “It’s . . . a .22 caliber,

semi-automatic pistol, meaning that it self-loads. Once it’s loaded to begin with, each time

you pull the trigger, it loads itself, ejects the old one and puts a new one in.”

Joshua was later photographed at the jail and exhibited “some injuries” in those

photographs. Also, some sand and gravel were seen “in the backside of [Joshua’s] britches”

according to Inv. Brannon. The morning following the shooting, after the investigation had

been concluded, the police received a call that a lock-blade knife had been found at the scene.

The knife, which was covered by a chair, was retrieved. Blood was present on the knife, and

a partial DNA profile of that blood matched the Defendant.

4

The Defendant testified in his own defense and provided a different version of the

events. The Defendant claimed that, as Joshua was coming down the ramp from the pavilion,

Joshua ran into him and knocked him against the railing. The Defendant said, “Excuse you,

buddy,” but Joshua kept walking and did not respond. Shortly thereafter, Cole approached

the Defendant inquiring about Joshua, “What’s that guy’s problem?” The Defendant said,

“I don’t know. . . . I don’t know him.” According to the Defendant, Cole sat down beside

Jamie Anderson, and Joshua told Cole “to get out of his f--king seat[.]” Cole told Joshua that

the seat did not belong to him, but he would get out of it anyway. The Defendant stated that

everything settled down at that point.

During this period of reprieve, Jamie went to her vehicle and returned with something

in a brown paper bag for Joshua. Joshua pulled the item out of the bag and stuck it in his

pants according to the Defendant.

Five minutes or so later, Joshua approached Cole again and “started talking smack[.]”

A verbal altercation ensued, but the parties eventually calmed down, appearing to have

mended their grievances with one another.

The Defendant said he went to use the bathroom fifteen minutes after that where he

encountered Joshua pointing a gun at Cole. The Defendant admitted that he then hit Joshua,

who fired at him but missed. The Defendant was yelling at Cole to get the gun when Mark

Anderson got in between them and pushed Cole off Joshua. When Cole kicked Mark, Joshua

fired at them. The Defendant claimed that Cole was backing away at the time he was shot

and that neither of them produced a knife during the altercation. According to the Defendant,

Sydne Cole grabbed Jamie after the shooting and threatened to cut Jamie’s throat, but the

Defendant still never saw a knife.

On cross-examination, the Defendant acknowledged that he had three convictions for

passing fraudulent checks, seven for credit card fraud, and one for possessing cocaine for the

purpose of delivery. On redirect, the Defendant testified that both he and Cole had a knife

like the one found at the scene. However, he claimed that he still had his in his possession

at the time of trial.

The Defendant’s estranged wife, Lynette Adams, testified for the defense and

provided a similar recount of the events as the Defendant. However, she provided one

different, important detail from other witnesses; she testified that the Defendant was shot

first, before Cole.

Following the conclusion of the proof, the Defendant was acquitted of the criminally

negligent homicide of Cole and found guilty of the lesser-included offense of the simple

5

assault of Joshua Anderson, a Class A misdemeanor. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-101.

Thereafter, the trial court sentenced the Defendant to eleven months and twenty-nine days,

to be served on unsupervised probation if the Defendant paid his court costs within two

weeks. This appeal followed.

ANALYSIS

On appeal, the Defendant argues that the evidence is insufficient to sustain his

conviction for simple assault. Specifically, he asserts that,

for the jury to acquit [the Defendant] of both aggravated assault and criminally

negligent homicide, the jury must necessarily have rejected the State’s theory

in this case. If the jury rejected the State’s theory that [the Defendant]

committed an aggravated assault with a deadly weapon or caused Josh

Anderson to shoot and kill Vince Cole, they could not have rationally viewed

[the Defendant’s] conduct as in furtherance of criminal activity but in defense

of himself and Mr. Cole.

The Defendant then engages in a lengthy recount of the trial testimony in an attempt to

support his allegation of insufficient evidence, discussing the credibility of the witnesses, the

evidence admitted, and the perceived deficiencies in the crime scene investigation. He

concludes that “[t]he jury’s verdict is simply inconsistent with their other findings and

further, unsupported by the proof presented at trial.” The State disagrees, stating,

because the proof permitted a reasonable jury to find that Josh Anderson was

in reasonable fear of imminent bodily injury when the [D]efendant hit him and

displayed a knife and that the [D]efendant acted either intentionally,

knowingly, or recklessly, the jury could find that the elements of assault had

been proven.

The State notes that the jury chose to accredit Joshua Anderson’s testimony and that

inconsistent verdicts will not be disturbed if the evidence is sufficient to sustain the

conviction.

An appellate court’s standard of review when a defendant questions the sufficiency

of the evidence on appeal is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable

to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the

crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). This

court does not reweigh the evidence; rather, it presumes that the jury has resolved all

6

conflicts in the testimony and drawn all reasonable inferences from the evidence in favor of

the State. See State v. Sheffield, 676 S.W.2d 542, 547 (Tenn. 1984); State v. Cabbage, 571

S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). Questions regarding witness credibility, conflicts in

testimony, and the weight and value to be given to evidence were resolved by the jury. See

State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997).

A guilty verdict “removes the presumption of innocence and replaces it with a

presumption of guilt, and [on appeal] the defendant has the burden of illustrating why the

evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s verdict.” Id.; State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913,

914 (Tenn. 1982). “This [standard] applies to findings of guilt based upon direct evidence,

circumstantial evidence, or a combination of [both] direct and circumstantial evidence.”

State v. Pendergrass, 13 S.W.3d 389, 392-93 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999). The standard of

proof is the same, whether the evidence is direct or circumstantial. State v. Dorantes, 331

S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011). Likewise, appellate review of the convicting evidence “is

the same whether the conviction is based upon direct or circumstantial evidence.” Id.

(quoting State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn. 2009)). The duty of this court “on

appeal of a conviction is not to contemplate all plausible inferences in the [d]efendant’s

favor, but to draw all reasonable inferences from the evidence in favor of the State.” State

v. Sisk, 343 S.W.3d 60, 67 (Tenn. 2011).

Because the Defendant’s sufficiency issue also includes an inconsistent verdict

argument, we will recap the charges as they were initially presented to the jurors for their

consideration. The Defendant was charged with the criminally negligent homicide of Cole

and the aggravated assault of Joshua Anderson. Criminally negligent homicide is defined

as “[c]riminally negligent conduct which results in death.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-212(a).

“Criminal negligence” refers to a person who acts with criminal negligence

with respect to the circumstances surrounding that person’s conduct or the

result of that conduct when the person ought to be aware of a substantial and

unjustifiable risk that the circumstances exist or the result will occur. The risk

must be of such a nature and degree that the failure to perceive it constitutes

a gross deviation from the standard of care that an ordinary person would

exercise under all the circumstances as viewed from the accused person’s

standpoint.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-106(a)(4). The aggravated assault charge, of which the Defendant

was acquitted, required the State to prove that the Defendant “[i]ntentionally or knowingly

commit[ed] an assault as defined in § 39-13-101” and that the Defendant used or displayed

a deadly weapon. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-102. In accordance with Tennessee Code

Annotated section 39-13-101(a)(2), a person commits the offense of simple assault, the

7

offense for which the Defendant stands convicted, when he “intentionally or knowingly

causes another to reasonably fear imminent bodily injury[.]” 2

The Defendant’s sufficiency argument is two-fold. First, he challenges the credibility

of the witnesses, the evidence, and the crime scene investigation. As previously noted, the

Defendant gives a detailed review of specific aspects of the testimony and evidence at trial,

noting Joshua Anderson’s testimony that his wife brought him the gun after she saw an

altercation ensuing, the location of the unfired round, the testimony about how the .22-caliber

pistol operated, the chaotic crime scene following the shooting, the insignificance of the

DNA evidence found on the knife, the lack of injury to Joshua Anderson, the State’s

inadequate investigation following the shooting, and Ms. Lusby’s “rather distant but

interesting view of events.” He further notes that “there was only one witness[, Joshua

Anderson,] who testified that [the Defendant] had a knife and that witness also testified that

Vince Cole tried to stab him from behind[,]” leaving this testimony unsubstantiated. The

Defendant testified that he and Cole were attacked by Joshua Anderson; however, the jury

was free to reject this testimony. Juries are tasked with assessing the credibility of trial

witnesses and are generally free to reject, in whole or in part, the testimony of any witnesses.

As often stated, it is the province of the jury to assess the credibility of the witnesses, weigh

the evidence, and resolve disputed issues of fact. State v. Leach, 148 S.W.3d 42, 53 (Tenn.

2004). In the case at bar, the jury listened to multiple witnesses testify that the Defendant

and Cole pursued the Andersons up an incline while the men engaged in a quarrel. There

was sufficient evidence to support a conviction that the Defendant intentionally or knowingly

caused Joshua Anderson to reasonably fear imminent bodily injury.

Although not stated as a separate issue, the Defendant contends that the jury

necessarily rejected the State’s theory of the case based upon their verdicts, i.e., the jury’s

verdicts were inconsistent. However, the Defendant was charged with separate counts

dealing with separate victims. When the jury determined that the Defendant lacked the

requisite intent that caused Cole’s death, i.e., that the Defendant did not act with criminal

negligence, the jury could still have properly concluded that the Defendant was guilty of the

assault of Joshua Anderson. Moreover, as noted by the State, even if they were inconsistent,

inconsistent verdicts have long been upheld in this State. See Wiggins v. State, 498 S.W.2d

92, 93-94 (Tenn. 1973) (holding that “[c]onsistency in verdicts for multiple count

indictments is unnecessary as each count is a separate indictment” and must be individually

supported by the evidence).

2

The Defendant was not charged with assault by “[i]ntentionally, knowingly or recklessly caus[ing] bodily

injury to another[.]” See Tenn. Code Ann. 39-13-101(a)(1).

8

However, we deem it necessary to note a separate error that requires reversal of this

case. See Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b) (stating that “[w]hen necessary to do substantial justice,

[this] court may consider an error that has affected the substantial rights of a party at any

time, even though the error was not raised in the motion for a new trial or assigned as error

on appeal”). In order for this court to find plain error, we consider the following five factors:

(a) the record must clearly establish what occurred in the trial court;

(b) a clear and unequivocal rule of law must have been breached;

(c) a substantial right of the accused must have been adversely affected;

(d) the accused did not waive the issue for tactical reasons; and

(e) consideration of the error is “necessary to do substantial justice.”

State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d 274, 282 (Tenn. 2000) (quoting State v. Adkisson, 899 S.W.2d

626, 641-42 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). Plain error cannot be found unless the record

establishes all of the elements of the Adkisson standard. Id. at 283.

A defendant has a “constitutional right to a correct and complete charge of the law.”

State v. Litton, 161 S.W.3d 447, 458 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2004) (quoting State v. Teel, 793

S.W.2d 236, 249 (Tenn. 1990), superseded by statute on other grounds as stated in State v.

Reid, 91 S.W.3d 247, 291 (Tenn. 2002)). “A charge should be considered prejudicially

erroneous if it fails to fairly submit the legal issues or if it misleads the jury as to the

applicable law.” State v. Hodges, 944 S.W.2d 346, 352 (Tenn. 1997) (citing State v. Forbes,

918 S.W.2d 431, 447 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995); Graham v. State, 547 S.W.2d 531 (Tenn.

1977)).

Here, the trial court gave the following instruction on the lesser-included offense of

simple assault3 :

For you to find the [D]efendant guilty of this offense, the State must

have proven beyond a reasonable doubt the existence of the following essential

elements: the State must have proven (1) that the [D]efendant caused another

to be in reasonable fear of imminent bodily injury; and (2) that the [D]efendant

acted either intentionally, knowingly or recklessly.

The State notes in its appellate brief that the jury was instructed that they could convict the

Defendant based upon a mens rea of recklessness but does not address the issue any further.

However, one can only commit reckless assault where there is bodily injury, which was not

alleged here. See Tenn. Code Ann. 39-13-101(a)(1) (“A person commits assault who

3

The record clearly establishes what occurred in the trial court.

9

[i]ntentionally, knowingly or recklessly causes bodily injury to another[.]”); see also State

v. Goodwin, 143 S.W.3d 771, 776 (Tenn. 2004) (holding that reckless aggravated assault

cannot be a lesser-included offense of aggravated assault based upon fearing imminent bodily

injury because reckless aggravated assault requires actual bodily injury). Additionally, the

comments to section 39-13-101 provide, “Both fear of bodily injury and physical contact

must be done intentionally or knowingly to constitute assault; recklessness is not sufficient.”

Thus, the instruction given was clearly in error. We conclude that a clear and unequivocal

rule of law has been breached.

Jury instruction errors of this type are subjected to constitutional harmless error

analysis because “[o]nly when the jury is properly instructed can appellate review of the

sufficiency of the convicting evidence satisfy the due process safeguard.” State v. Cecil, 409

S.W.3d 599, 609 (Tenn. 2013). This requires the appellate court to determine whether a

failure to instruct the jury was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, that is, “whether it

appears beyond a reasonable doubt that the error complained of did not contribute to the

verdict obtained.” State v. Rodriguez, 254 S.W.3d 361, 371 (Tenn. 2008) (citation omitted);

see also Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24 (1967) (“[B]efore a federal constitutional

error can be held harmless, the court must be able to declare a belief that it was harmless

beyond a reasonable doubt.”). When considering this category of error, a reviewing court

“should ask whether the flaw in the instructions ‘had substantial and injurious effect or

influence in determining the jury’s verdict.’” Hedgpeth v. Pulido, 555 U.S. 57, 58 (2008)

(citing Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 623 (1993) (internal quotation marks omitted

in original)). As the United States Supreme Court explained,

Consistent with the jury-trial guarantee, the question it instructs the reviewing

court to consider is not what effect the constitutional error might generally be

expected to have upon a reasonable jury, but rather what effect it had upon the

guilty verdict in the case at hand. Harmless-error review looks, we have said,

to the basis on which “the jury actually rested its verdict.” The inquiry, in

other words, is not whether, in a trial that occurred without the error, a guilty

verdict would surely have been rendered, but whether the guilty verdict

actually rendered in this trial was surely unattributable to the error.

Sullivan v. Louisiana, 508 U.S. 275, 279 (1993) (citations omitted).

At the Defendant’s trial, the prosecution argued that the Defendant and his cohort,

Cole, perpetrated an assault on Joshua Anderson, requiring Joshua to first fire a warning shot,

and then to shoot both men in self-defense when they produced knives. By contrast, the

Defendant testified that he went to Cole’s aid when Joshua pulled a gun on Cole and that

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Joshua shot them both.4 Given the competing theories presented to the jury, we cannot, in

our view, say that the error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, i.e., that the guilty verdict

actually rendered in this trial was surely unattributable to the error. Although the offense of

aggravated assault contains the additional element of use or display of deadly weapon, the

jury was instructed, properly so, with only the mental states of intent or knowing for that

offense and declined to find the Defendant guilty. The instruction for simple assault added

the additional mental state of reckless. As such, we are unable to conclude that “the guilty

verdict actually rendered in this trial was surely unattributable to the error”; thus, we cannot

conclude that the instructional error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.5 Accordingly,

plain error requires us to reverse the Defendant’s conviction and remand the case for a new

trial on the charge of assault, to be accompanied by proper instructions.

CONCLUSION

In accordance with the foregoing, we reverse the Defendant’s conviction for simple

assault and remand for a new trial consistent with this opinion.

________________________________

D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., JUDGE

4

We can think of no incentive for the Defendant to waive the issue for tactical reasons.

5

A substantial right of the accused has been adversely affected, and consideration of the error is “necessary

to do substantial justice.”

11