RODERICK SAMMUAL CHADWICK v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT NASHVILLE

Assigned on Briefs at Knoxville December 18, 2013

RODERICK SAMMUAL CHADWICK v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

Appeal from the Criminal Court for Davidson County

No. 2007-D-3266 Monte Watkins, Judge

No. M2013-00778-CCA-R3-PC - Filed January 9, 2014

Petitioner, Roderick Sammual Chadwick, was convicted by a jury of attempted voluntary

manslaughter and aggravated assault, for which he received concurrent sentences of twelve

years and fifteen years, respectively, as a Range III, career offender. Upon his guilty plea to

another count in the indictment, being a felon in possession of a handgun, he received an

additional six-year sentence to be served consecutively, for an effective sentence of twenty-

one years. Following an unsuccessful direct appeal, petitioner filed the instant petition for

post-conviction relief. The court denied relief after conducting an evidentiary hearing. This

appeal follows, in which petitioner claims multiple instances of ineffective assistance at trial

and on direct appeal. Upon our review, we affirm the judgment of the post-conviction court.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

R OGER A. P AGE, delivered the opinion of the court, in which JOSEPH M. T IPTON, P.J., and

N ORMA M CG EE O GLE, J., joined.

Elaine Heard, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Roderick Sammual Chadwick.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Meredith DeVault, Senior Counsel;

Victor S. Johnson, III, District Attorney General; and Roger Moore, Assistant District

Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

I. Facts and Procedural History

As a result of his involvement in a Davidson County shooting on May 5, 2007, a grand

jury returned a three-count indictment against petitioner, charging him with attempted first

degree murder, aggravated assault, and being a felon in possession of a handgun. State v.

Roderick Sammual Chadwick, No. M2008-02270-CCA-R3-CD, 2010 WL 2025463, at *1

(Tenn. Crim. App. May 21, 2010); see Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-12-101, -13-102, -13-202,

-17-1307. Petitioner pleaded guilty to the handgun charge and proceeded to trial on the

remaining two counts. Roderick Sammual Chadwick, 2010 WL 2025463, at *1. A jury

found petitioner guilty of the lesser included offense of attempted voluntary manslaughter,

a Class D felony, and aggravated assault, a Class C felony. Id.; see Tenn. Code Ann. §§

39-12-101, -102, -211.

A. Facts from Trial

On direct appeal, this court summarized the facts developed at trial as follows:

This case arises from a May 5, 2007 argument [among] the Defendant,

Ceneka Shaw and Charles Marshall, which occurred next to a club called

Decades in downtown Nashville. The argument ultimately led to the

Defendant[’s] shooting Ceneka Shaw and pointing and shooting his weapon

at Charles Marshall, although Marshall was not hit by a bullet. Nearby officers

observed someone firing multiple shots in the parking lot next to Decades.

They saw a blue vehicle leave the lot, and a pursuit ensued. The car was

stopped, and the Defendant and the other two passengers were taken into

custody. Following a “show-up” identification on the scene, Marshall

identified the Defendant as the shooter. A photograph line-up was shown to

Shaw at the hospital, and he likewise identified the Defendant. Additionally,

a crane operator was climbing his crane when he heard gunshots and observed

the ensuing police chase. The operator saw the person on the front passenger

side of the vehicle throw something out the window. Officers later recovered

a Glock 9mm pistol at the area the operator described; seven 9mm casings

were recovered from the scene of the shooting.

Roderick Sammual Chadwick, 2010 WL 2025463, at *1.

B. Procedural History

Following petitioner’s unsuccessful direct appeal to this court, he did not request

discretionary review with our supreme court. He timely filed the instant petition for post-

conviction relief, and after appointment of counsel, he filed an amended petition. The court

held an evidentiary hearing on February 13, 2013, nearly two years after the first petition was

filed, and subsequently denied post-conviction relief. This appeal follows.

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C. Facts from Evidentiary Hearing

Petitioner testified on his own behalf. He stated that trial counsel had represented him

for approximately one year prior to trial and that he did not “have too much interaction” with

trial counsel until “almost . . . the time the trial started.” Petitioner stated that trial counsel

visited with him only “three or four times” prior to trial. Two of those meetings occurred at

the jail, and the remainder took place on court dates. The majority of petitioner’s meetings

with trial counsel focused on trial preparation because he was not amenable to pleading

guilty. He stated, “[T]he offers [the State] put on the table wasn’t nothing [sic] I was willing

to deal with.”

Petitioner asserted that although trial counsel was aware that two other people were

in the car with petitioner when he was arrested, trial counsel failed to call them as witnesses.

Specifically, he faulted trial counsel for failing to call Sonny Barbary as a witness at trial.

Petitioner believed that if called, Mr. Barbary would have refuted the evidence set forth by

the State. The other witness, Corey Terrell, was characterized as a “body guard,” and

petitioner thought that Mr. Terrell lived out of state at the time of trial and could not be

located. Petitioner also challenged trial counsel’s failure to retain the services of a private

investigator.

Petitioner stated that trial counsel continued to represent him on direct appeal from

his convictions. He maintained that he did not receive a complete copy of the transcript from

the trial. He stated that by not having a complete copy of the transcript, his appeal was

impacted because the “appeals court couldn’t rule unless they [had] the documents in their

entirety.”

In sum, petitioner testified:

As far as [trial counsel] goes, to me[,] he was a good attorney. He

fought good [sic] for me, . . . to the best I feel that he could . . . . [He] just

made a few mistakes, as far as getting all my transcripts in to the Appeals

Court. And, I mean, that’s pretty much it. He done [sic] good on it, just the

appeals thing.

On cross-examination, the State elicited from petitioner that although he was charged

with attempted first degree murder, the jury convicted him of the lesser included offense of

attempted voluntary manslaughter. Petitioner agreed that the verdict was a “really good

result.”

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The State questioned petitioner with regard to his knowledge of the statements given

by the two passengers in the car with him on the night of the offenses. Petitioner maintained

that he did not know what effect the testimony of Mr. Barbary or Mr. Terrell would have had

on the proceedings, even though they both told law enforcement officers that they were

present but that they did not know what had happened. Petitioner explained that his position

at trial was that the shooting was self-defense. He faulted trial counsel for not retaining a

private investigator who could have gotten “all the facts together[] so that we could give a

good case.”

Petitioner presented the testimony of Sonny Barbary, his cousin by marriage, who

confirmed that he was present on the night in question. He acknowledged that he witnessed

all of the events but that he told police that he did not know what had happened.

Mr. Barbary explained that on the night of the shooting, he, Mr. Terrell, and petitioner

were going “downtown.” On the way, they stopped on the side of the road and asked

someone if the club to which they were going was still open. He stated, “And for some odd

reason[,] they just snapped and went off on us, started screaming and hollering.” He opined

that the individuals were “highly intoxicated with drugs[] because they [were] sweating,”

despite the fact that they were wearing tank tops. Mr. Barbary said that Mr. Terrell was a

security guard and that he exited the vehicle first. Mr. Barbary, who was intoxicated and was

asleep in the back seat, woke up and attempted to exit the vehicle, but he could not open the

door because it had a child-proof lock engaged. Before he could roll down the window and

manually open the door from the outside, everything had “escalated to a whole big

misunderstanding.” The two parties exchanged words, and one of the men standing outside

“smacked” Mr. Barbary and Mr. Terrell. One of the other men pulled out a weapon. Shots

were fired, and petitioner, Mr. Barbary, and Mr. Terrell ran for their vehicle.

Mr. Barbary said that as they drove away, one of the individuals pursued their vehicle

on foot while holding “some guns.” Petitioner jumped out of the car and began shooting at

the other people “to get them off of [them].” He said that the police only saw petitioner

shooting and that they did not see the other men with weapons. Mr. Barbary stated that no

one interrogated the other men, and he thought that petitioner only shot at them because they

began shooting first and petitioner was trying to defend himself. When interrogated, Mr.

Barbary told the police that the other people were firing weapons at them, but he did not tell

them that petitioner also fired a weapon because he knew that petitioner was a convicted

felon and he did not want him to go back to jail. On cross-examination, Mr. Barbary

admitted to a lengthy criminal history.

The State then presented trial counsel as a witness. He had begun his law practice at

the District Attorney General’s Office in Nashville, had practiced in the area of criminal

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defense, and at the time of the evidentiary hearing, was employed as a Federal Public

Defender in the Middle District of Tennessee. When he was appointed to represent petitioner

on a separate criminal matter, the first action he took was requesting that petitioner remain

out of custody on bond. The trial court granted the motion, but petitioner committed the

offenses in the instant case while the other matter was pending. The instant case was not the

first to arise in terms of sequence, but it was the first to proceed to trial. During the course

of trial counsel’s representation, petitioner was either out on bond or incarcerated locally, so

trial counsel was able to meet with him as needed.

Trial counsel opined that he and petitioner “got along together pretty well.” While

petitioner was out on bond, trial counsel and petitioner visited the first crime scene and took

photographs of the area. Following that time, they enjoyed a good working relationship.

Trial counsel reviewed petitioner’s criminal history and characterized it as “bad.” At

one point, he wrote petitioner a letter informing him that he would be sentenced as a career

offender because of his criminal record. In the letter, trial counsel advised petitioner that if

he were convicted of attempted first degree murder, he would face a potential sentence of

sixty years. Trial counsel also explained to petitioner the range of punishment for the other

charges he faced.

Trial counsel recalled that the case involved five people: petitioner; Mr. Barbary; Mr.

Terrell; Mr. Shaw, the victim of the attempted murder charge; and Mr. Marshall, the victim

of the aggravated assault charge. Trial counsel believed that he “had a pretty good handle”

on what had occurred and that he did not require the services of a forensic expert. He stated

that after he interviewed petitioner and his companion, he immediately knew he could not

present the companion as a witness because his version of the occurrence did not support a

theory of self-defense. Instead, trial counsel focused on the relative height difference

between Mr. Shaw and petitioner, emphasizing that as a former basketball player, Mr. Shaw

would be “menacing” to a person of petitioner’s stature. He also argued that based on the

resting place of the bullets, Mr. Marshall was not an intended victim and that the shooting

was reckless, but not intentional, in that regard. Trial counsel opined that he “raised what

[he] believed was most viable and in [petitioner’s] best interest at the jury trial.” He thought

it was a successful defense, based on the jury’s returning a verdict of attempted voluntary

manslaughter.

Trial counsel testified that he remained involved in petitioner’s case and that he filed

the motion for a new trial and the direct appeal brief. He stated that he thought that the trial

had been “very clean”; “a lot of things with the witnesses went very well, the way [he]

designed them to go[,] [a]nd [he] didn’t see any big mistakes that would be sufficient for

some type of reversal.” On appeal, he raised sufficiency of the evidence as an issue but was

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not surprised that the Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed the conviction. He also raised the

issue of consecutive sentencing.

On cross-examination, trial counsel acknowledged that he spoke with one of

petitioner’s companions, but he could not remember his name. He did not interview the other

person because he could not be located. Trial counsel said that although the person he

interviewed was cooperative and willing to testify, he chose not to present him as a witness,

based on the version of the events he presented. Trial counsel also admitted that an issue

arose with the transcripts on appeal that precluded review of the issues he raised.

Upon this evidence, the post-conviction court denied relief. Petitioner filed a timely

notice of appeal.

II. Analysis

A. Standard of Review

To obtain relief in a post-conviction proceeding, a petitioner must demonstrate that

his or her “conviction or sentence is void or voidable because of the abridgement of any right

guaranteed by the Constitution of Tennessee or the Constitution of the United States.” Tenn.

Code Ann. § 40-30-103. A post-conviction petitioner bears the burden of proving his or her

factual allegations by clear and convincing evidence. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-110(f).

“‘Evidence is clear and convincing when there is no serious or substantial doubt about the

correctness of the conclusions drawn from the evidence.’” Lane v. State, 316 S.W.3d 555,

562 (Tenn. 2010) (quoting Grindstaff v. State, 297 S.W.3d 208, 216 (Tenn. 2009)).

Appellate courts do not reassess the trial court’s determination of the credibility of

witnesses. Dellinger v. State, 279 S.W.3d 282, 292 (Tenn. 2009) (citing R.D.S. v. State, 245

S.W.3d 356, 362 (Tenn. 2008)). Assessing the credibility of witnesses is a matter entrusted

to the trial judge as the trier of fact. R.D.S., 245 S.W.3d at 362 (quoting State v. Odom, 928

S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996)). The post-conviction court’s findings of fact are conclusive on

appeal unless the preponderance of the evidence is otherwise. Berry v. State, 366 S.W.3d

160, 169 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2011) (citing Henley v. State, 960 S.W.2d 572, 578-79 (Tenn.

1997); Bates v. State, 973 S.W.2d 615, 631 (Tenn. Crim. App.1997)). However, conclusions

of law receive no presumption of correctness on appeal. Id. (citing Fields v. State, 40 S.W.3d

450, 453 (Tenn. 2001)). As mixed questions of law and fact, this court’s review of

petitioner’s ineffective assistance of counsel claims is de novo with no presumption of

correctness. Felts v. State, 354 S.W.3d 266, 276 (Tenn. 2011) (citations omitted).

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The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, made applicable to the states

through the Fourteenth Amendment, and article I, section 9 of the Tennessee Constitution

require that a criminal defendant receive effective assistance of counsel. Cauthern v. State,

145 S.W.3d 571, 598 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2004) (citing Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930

(Tenn. 1975)). When a petitioner claims that he received ineffective assistance of counsel,

he must demonstrate both that his lawyer’s performance was deficient and that the deficiency

prejudiced the defense. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); Finch v. State,

226 S.W.3d 307, 315 (Tenn. 2007) (citation omitted). It follows that if this court holds that

either prong is not met, we are not compelled to consider the other prong. Carpenter v. State,

126 S.W.3d 879, 886 (Tenn. 2004).

To prove that counsel’s performance was deficient, petitioner must establish that his

attorney’s conduct fell below an objective standard of “‘reasonableness under prevailing

professional norms.’” Finch, 226 S.W.3d at 315 (quoting Vaughn v. State, 202 S.W.3d 106,

116 (Tenn. 2006)). As our supreme court held:

“[T]he assistance of counsel required under the Sixth Amendment is counsel

reasonably likely to render and rendering reasonably effective assistance. It

is a violation of this standard for defense counsel to deprive a criminal

defendant of a substantial defense by his own ineffectiveness or incompetence.

. . . Defense counsel must perform at least as well as a lawyer with ordinary

training and skill in the criminal law and must conscientiously protect his

client’s interest, undeflected by conflicting considerations.”

Id. at 315-16 (quoting Baxter, 523 S.W.2d at 934-35). On appellate review of trial counsel’s

performance, this court “must make every effort to eliminate the distorting effects of

hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel’s conduct, and to evaluate the conduct

from the perspective of counsel at that time.” Howell v. State, 185 S.W.3d 319, 326 (Tenn.

2006) (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689).

To prove that petitioner suffered prejudice as a result of counsel’s deficient

performance, he “must establish a reasonable probability that but for counsel’s errors the

result of the proceeding would have been different.” Vaughn, 202 S.W.3d at 116 (citing

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). “A ‘reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to

undermine confidence in the outcome.’” Id. (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). As such,

petitioner must establish that his attorney’s deficient performance was of such magnitude that

he was deprived of a fair trial and that the reliability of the outcome was called into question.

Finch, 226 S.W.3d at 316 (citing State v. Burns, 6 S.W.3d 453, 463 (Tenn. 1999)).

B. Issues

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1. Failure to Present a Witness at Trial/Failure to Obtain a Private Investigator

Petitioner argues that trial counsel should have called Mr. Barbary as a witness at trial.

He further posits that had trial counsel hired a private investigator to assist in the preparation

of petitioner’s defense, the investigator would have deduced the import of Mr. Barbary’s

“significant, specific, and compelling testimony.” The State counters that Mr. Barbary’s

testimony was problematic and could have harmed petitioner’s case. We agree with the

State.

At the evidentiary hearing, petitioner presented Mr. Barbary as a witness. Mr. Barbary

relayed a version of the shootings that he had not previously disclosed to police officers. In

fact, he admitted that he lied to law enforcement by telling them he was present but denying

any knowledge of the shooting. Mr. Barbary’s recollection of the events was that the victims

became enraged for no reason, struck them, and then began to fire weapons toward them as

he, petitioner, and Mr. Terrell fled in their vehicle. He further stated that petitioner returned

fire as they were driving away because they were being pursued by one of the victims, who

was holding a gun at the time. Mr. Terrell also admitted to a lengthy criminal history.

Trial counsel acknowledged that he spoke with one of petitioner’s companions in

preparing for trial but that he could not recall whether it was Mr. Barbary or Mr. Terrell. He

stated that he elected not to present the companion as a witness because his version of the

events did not support the theory of self-defense. Further, he described his trial strategy

during the post-conviction hearing.

The post-conviction court omitted this issue from its written order. Tennessee Code

Annotated section 40-30-111(b) mandates that “[u]pon the final disposition of every petition,

the court shall enter a final order[ ] and . . . shall set forth in the order or a written

memorandum of the case all grounds presented[ ] and shall state the findings of fact and

conclusions of law with regard to each such ground.” See Sykes v. State, 477 S.W.2d 254,

260 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1971) (noting the post-conviction court’s failure to make findings of

fact and conclusions of law in summarily denying relief and “reiterat[ing] and

re-emphasiz[ing] . . . the importance and mandatory character of those statutory

obligations”); Brown v. State, 445 S.W.2d 669, 671 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1969) (concluding

that the general assembly’s use of the word “shall” clearly indicated that the post-conviction

court’s duty to make findings of fact is mandatory). If a trial court does not make oral

findings, it should include its findings of fact in an order. Frank Robert Bigsby v. State, No.

M2002-02260-CCA-R3-PC, 2003 WL 22927139, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 11, 2003)

(citing State v. Higgins, 729 S.W.2d 288, 290-91 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987)). It was error for

the post-conviction court to omit making the required findings of fact.

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While we emphasize that appellate review of post-conviction cases is “seriously

frustrated[,] if not completely thwarted[,]” Frank Robert Bigsby, 2003 WL 22927139, at *2

(quotation omitted), by a court’s failure to make the requisite findings, given the specific

nature of the limited claim advanced on appeal in this particular case, the record is sufficient

for us to review petitioner’s claim of error. The sole question for our determination is

whether trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance of counsel in failing to present Mr.

Barbary as a witness. Our independent examination of the testimony at the evidentiary

hearing and the record developed at trial are adequate to allow a full appellate review of

petitioner’s claim.

Our review of the record indicates that trial counsel, an experienced criminal defense

attorney, formulated a trial strategy that involved the theory of self-defense based on the size

differential between petitioner and one of the victims. Mr. Barbary’s rendition of the facts

indicated that he, petitioner, and Mr. Terrell had escaped immediate danger and were fleeing

by vehicle. Although he claimed that one of the victims followed on foot, petitioner and his

companions were in a superior position to effect their escape. Mr. Barbary offered no

testimony that the victim was firing a weapon at them as they attempted to drive away; rather,

he said that the victim was holding a weapon. Petitioner’s actions in “jumping” from their

vehicle and firing at the victim were inapposite to a theory of self-defense. Trial counsel

appropriately adhered to the planned trial strategy and did so successfully, as evidenced by

the jury verdict of a lesser included offense of attempted voluntary manslaughter. Petitioner

is not entitled to relief.

Insofar as petitioner claims error in this regard relative to trial counsel’s failure to

procure the services of a private investigator, he presented no evidence that a private

investigator would have assisted in the preparation of his defense vis-a-vis Mr. Barbary. The

record refutes this claim, and petitioner is not entitled to relief.

2. Failure to Communicate Regularly with Petitioner

Petitioner claims that trial counsel met with him only “three or four times” prior to

trial. Trial counsel testified that he was able to meet with petitioner as needed because

petitioner was either released on bond or incarcerated locally during the time of trial

preparation. In fact, trial counsel and petitioner visited a crime scene and photographed

evidence. Trial counsel advised petitioner with regard to his range of punishment and

potential sentence exposure.

The post-conviction court noted that trial counsel met with petitioner on several

occasions. Petitioner has failed to demonstrate deficient performance or ensuing prejudice.

Even if trial counsel had visited more often, “[b]ecause . . . petitioner has failed to

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satisfactorily prove how this lack of communication might have affected the results of the

trial, no relief can be granted on this basis.” Brimmer v. State, 29 S.W.3d 497, 511 (Tenn.

Crim. App. 1998). Petitioner is not entitled to relief on this claim of error.

3. Failure to Provide a Complete Record on Direct Appeal and

Failure to Seek Discretionary Review by the Tennessee Supreme Court

The United States Supreme Court has recognized that due process of law requires that

a convicted defendant receive effective assistance of counsel on the direct appeal from his

conviction(s). See Evitts v. Lucey, 469 U.S. 387 (1985). We apply the same two-prong test

of Strickland to determine whether appellate counsel was constitutionally effective.

Carpenter, 126 S.W.3d at 886. As such,

[i]f a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is based on the failure to raise

a particular issue, as it is in this case, then the reviewing court must determine

the merits of the issue. Obviously, if an issue has no merit or is weak, then

appellate counsel’s performance will not be deficient if counsel fails to raise

it. Likewise, unless the omitted issue has some merit, the petitioner suffers no

prejudice from appellate counsel’s failure to raise the issue on appeal. When

an omitted issue is without merit, the petitioner cannot prevail on an

ineffective assistance of counsel claim.

Id. at 887-88. Thus, to fully review petitioner’s claim of ineffective assistance of appellate

counsel, we must first determine the merits of the underlying issues, the sufficiency of the

evidence and the propriety of consecutive sentencing.

However, our review of those issues is limited by post-conviction counsel’s failure

to include in the post-conviction record the transcripts that were missing on direct appeal. We

note that the State moved to admit the record on direct appeal into evidence at the post-

conviction hearing. However, there is no indication that post-conviction counsel ever

supplemented the direct appeal record with the transcripts that were missing on direct appeal.

Without said transcripts, we cannot review the sufficiency of the convicting evidence or the

trial court’s sentencing considerations, which we must do to reach a conclusion with regard

to whether the failure to include the transcripts on direct appeal prejudiced petitioner. It is

appellant’s duty to prepare a record that conveys “a fair, accurate, and complete account of

what transpired with respect to those issues” presented for review. Tenn. R. App. P. 24(b);

see State v. Griffis, 964 S.W.2d 577, 596 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997). We cannot surmise what

the result would have been, nor may we presume prejudice from the lack of a complete

record. Petitioner is not entitled to relief on this claim.

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Insofar as he claims that trial counsel erred in failing to pursue discretionary review,

we deny relief on this issue. Post-conviction counsel did not elicit testimony from trial

counsel with regard to his reasons for not pursuing this avenue. Again, without the benefit

of the aforementioned transcripts, we cannot discern what, if any, merit his claims may have

had on direct appeal; thus, we are unable to presume prejudice by trial counsel’s failure to

appeal to our supreme court.

4. Failure to Properly Withdraw from Petitioner’s Case

In a passing comment, petitioner states that trial counsel failed to properly withdraw

from his case subsequent to the release of this court’s opinion on direct appeal. He failed to

elicit testimony from trial counsel on this issue, neglected to advance an argument, and

omitted any citation to legal authority to persuade this court to find deficient performance or

prejudice.

Each claim of error presented on appeal must include the following:

(A) the contentions of the appellant with respect to the issues presented, and

the reasons therefor, including the reasons why the contentions require

appellate relief, with citations to the authorities and appropriate

references to the record (which may be quoted verbatim) relied on; and

(B) for each issue, a concise statement of the applicable standard of review

(which may appear in the discussion of the issue or under a separate

heading placed before the discussion of the issues)[.]

Tenn. R. App. P. 27(a)(7)(A)-(B). Moreover, Rule 10(b) of the Rules of the Court of

Criminal Appeals states, “Issues which are not supported by argument, citation to authorities,

or appropriate references to the record will be treated as waived in this Court.” Based on

these premises, we deny petitioner relief.

CONCLUSION

Based upon our review of the record as a whole, the applicable legal authorities, and

the briefs of the parties, we affirm the judgment of the post-conviction court.

_________________________________

ROGER A. PAGE, JUDGE

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