The opinion
Case: 13-13532 Date Filed: 12/17/2013 Page: 1 of 6
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 13-13532
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 3:11-cv-00481-MCR-CJK
LILBURN J. NUNNELEE, II,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
DAVID MORGAN,
Sheriff,
SANDRA WEBBER,
Deputy,
JOHN DOES,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Florida
________________________
(December 17, 2013)
Before MARCUS, MARTIN and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Case: 13-13532 Date Filed: 12/17/2013 Page: 2 of 6
Lilburn Nunnelee, proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis, appeals the
district court’s sua sponte dismissal of his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 civil rights action for
failure to state a claim, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). On appeal,
Nunnelee argues that the district court erred by dismissing his retaliatory arrest
claim and by not allowing him to name Escambia County Sheriff David Morgan as
a defendant in his official capacity. After careful review, we affirm.
We review a district court’s sua sponte dismissal of a complaint for failure to
state a claim under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) de novo. Mitchell v. Farcass, 112
F.3d 1483, 1490 (11th Cir. 1997). Rule 12(b)(6) standards apply when reviewing
dismissals under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). Alba v. Montford, 517 F.3d 1249,
1252 (11th Cir. 2008). Under that rule, a plaintiff has an obligation to plead
factual allegations that “raise a right to relief above the speculative level,”
assuming all allegations in the complaint are true. Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,
550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). We read a pro se plaintiff’s allegations in a liberal
fashion. Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520-21 (1972).
First, we are unpersuaded by Nunnelee’s claim that the district court erred
by dismissing his retaliatory arrest claim. To prevail on a civil rights claim under
42 U.S.C. § 1983, “a plaintiff must show that he or she was deprived of a federal
right by a person acting under the color of state law.” Griffin v. City of Opa-
Locka, 261 F.3d 1295, 1303 (11th Cir. 2001). An arrest in retaliation for the
2
Case: 13-13532 Date Filed: 12/17/2013 Page: 3 of 6
exercise of a constitutional right is actionable under § 1983, but the existence of
probable cause bars such a claim. Dahl v. Holley, 312 F.3d 1228, 1236 (11th Cir.
2002). Probable cause exists if “the facts and circumstances within the officer’s
knowledge, of which he or she has reasonably trustworthy information, would
cause a prudent person to believe, under the circumstances shown,” that the
suspect committed an offense. Bailey v. Bd. Of Cnty. Comm’rs., 956 F.2d 1112,
1120 (11th Cir. 1992) (quotation omitted). More than “mere suspicion” is
required, but “probable cause does not require convincing proof.” Id. An arresting
officer must conduct a reasonable investigation, but does not have to take “every
conceivable step” to eliminate the possibility of convicting an innocent person.
Rankin v. Evans, 133 F.3d 1425, 1435-36 (11th Cir. 1998) (quotation omitted).
Here, Nunnelee urges us to use a new standard for retaliation claims
involving felony arrests, shifting the burden to the defendant to show that the arrest
still would have been made even without a retaliatory motive. But the prior
precedent rule precludes us from entertaining Nunnelee’s new burden-shifting
approach, see United States v. Vega-Castillo, 540 F.3d 1235, 1236 (11th Cir. 2008)
(ruling that a panel of this Court is bound to follow a prior binding precedent
unless and until it is overruled by this Court sitting en banc or by the Supreme
Court), and under our binding case law, the existence of probable cause continues
3
Case: 13-13532 Date Filed: 12/17/2013 Page: 4 of 6
to bar a retaliatory arrest claim. 1 Moreover, the district court did not err in
determining there was probable cause to arrest Nunnelee for felony animal cruelty.
Indeed, Nunnelee admits that he ran over and killed a dog with his car, that he had
a prior conflict with the dog’s owner about another of the owner’s dogs, that he
was uncooperative and dismissive during the deputy’s investigation of the incident,
that he had made incriminating comments to a television station about the incident,
and that he had trained the dog who died to become “desensitized” to cars. These
facts would lead reasonable officers to believe that Nunnelee had intentionally hit
his neighbor’s dog, which resulted in the animal’s unnecessary death, satisfying the
elements of the statute under which he was charged. Nunnelee also admits he was
uncooperative during his interview with Deputy Webber, so it would have been
difficult for her to obtain exculpatory evidence. Probable cause deals with “the
factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and
prudent men, not legal technicians, act.” Rankin, 133 F.3d at 1435 (quotation
omitted). Given the facts at hand, it was reasonable for the officers to believe
Nunnelee had committed felony animal cruelty, and the district court did not err in
dismissing Nunnelee’s retaliatory arrest claim for failure to state a claim for which
relief may be granted.
1
Nunnelee also argues that qualified immunity is an issue of fact, but that argument is
irrelevant because the district court did not dismiss Nunnelee’s retaliation claim on the basis of
qualified immunity. It was one of the bases for the dismissal for a malicious prosecution claim
that Nunnelee explicitly abandoned on appeal. Instead, the district court’s only reason for
dismissing the retaliation claim was that probable cause bars such a claim.
4
Case: 13-13532 Date Filed: 12/17/2013 Page: 5 of 6
We are also unconvinced by Nunnelee’s argument that the district court
erred by not allowing him to name Escambia County Sheriff David Morgan in his
official capacity. We have held that it “is axiomatic, in section 1983 actions, that
liability must be based on something more than a theory of respondeat superior.”
Brown v. Crawford, 906 F.2d 667, 671 (11th Cir. 1990). A supervisor must have
either participated in the constitutional deprivation, or taken actions linked to the
deprivation through a causal connection. This link can be established when a
history of abuse puts the supervisor on notice of deprivations and the supervisor
fails to correct them, when improper custom or policy breed indifference to
constitutional rights, or when the “supervisor directed the subordinates to act
unlawfully or knew that the subordinates would act unlawfully and failed to stop
them from doing so.” Douglas v. Yates, 535 F.3d 1316, 1322 (11th Cir. 2008).
Nunnelee is correct that the Eleventh Amendment does not bar 42 U.S.C. §
1983 actions against Florida sheriffs. Hufford v. Rodgers, 912 F.2d 1338, 1342
(11th Cir. 1990). But the fact that sheriffs can be held liable does not mean
Nunnelee has stated a claim against this particular sheriff. Nunnelee’s complaint
contains no allegations of direct participation by Sheriff Morgan in Nunnelee’s
arrest. Nor does it allege that Sheriff Morgan knew of any allegedly improper
conduct at all, much less that he knew it was unconstitutional and still either
explicitly or tacitly condoned it. Nunnelee also has not alleged any sort of
5
Case: 13-13532 Date Filed: 12/17/2013 Page: 6 of 6
departmental history of abuse that would have put Sheriff Morgan on alert.
Because Nunnelee did not allege a causal connection between Sheriff Morgan and
the alleged constitutional deprivation, the district court did not err refusing to allow
Sheriff Morgan to be named as a defendant in his official capacity.
AFFIRMED.
6