noting Arkansas follows the majority rule that a plaintiff's negligence "is relevant in a crashworthiness case for the purpose of apportioning the overall responsibility for damages”
How later courts described this case
- noting Arkansas follows the majority rule that a plaintiff's negligence "is relevant in a crashworthiness case for the purpose of apportioning the overall responsibility for damages”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 665
ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION III
No. CV-13-183
MICHAEL GARTMAN and KEMAL Opinion Delivered November 13, 2013
KUTAIT, Individually and on behalf of the
Estate of Rebecca Kutait and the Wrongful APPEAL FROM THE HOT SPRING
Death Beneficiaries COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
APPELLANTS [NO. CV-07-24-1]
V.
HONORABLE CHRIS E WILLIAMS,
JUDGE
FORD MOTOR CO.
APPELLEE AFFIRMED
JOHN MAUZY PITTMAN, Judge
In this products-liability case, appellants Michael Gartman and Kemal Kutait, as
representative of his daughter Rebecca’s estate, appeal from a jury verdict in favor of appellee
Ford Motor Company. We affirm.1
The parties agree on the essential facts. On January 25, 2004, at approximately 3:00
a.m., Michael Gartman and his girlfriend, Rebecca Kutait, were involved in a one-vehicle
accident on Interstate 30. Earlier that evening the couple had visited friends, and Michael
consumed several beers. They left the gathering with Michael at the wheel of his Ford
pickup. While driving on Interstate 30, Michael and Rebecca argued, and Rebecca grabbed
the wheel. Michael could not control the vehicle, and it left the highway, colliding with
1
We previously dismissed this appeal for lack of finality. Gartman v. Ford Motor Co.,
2012 Ark. App. 693. Appellants have now obtained a final order, giving us jurisdiction to
proceed to the merits.
Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 665
several trees before coming to rest on its side. According to Michael, he and Rebecca did not
sustain life-threatening injuries at that point, even though they were trapped in the truck.
Several minutes after the crash, however, the truck caught fire. Passersby rescued Michael,
who suffered serious burns. They could not save Rebecca, and she died in the fire. Michael’s
blood-alcohol content (BAC) after the accident measured .08.
In 2007, appellants sued appellee as the manufacturer of the truck. They claimed that
Michael’s injuries and Rebecca’s death were caused by the truck’s inability to withstand the
crash without catching fire, i.e., its lack of crashworthiness. At trial, appellants offered expert
testimony that the truck caught fire due to a defect in the fuel line. Appellee defended on the
grounds that the truck was properly designed and that Michael was partly at fault for causing
the initial crash, due to his inability to control the vehicle while intoxicated. The jury found
in favor of appellee, leading to this appeal.
I. Comparative Fault
Over appellants’ objections, the circuit court admitted evidence of Michael’s alcohol
consumption and BAC; instructed the jury that Michael’s intoxication could be considered
evidence of negligence; and instructed the jury on Michael’s comparative fault. Appellants
argue on appeal that the court’s rulings were in error because any fault Michael may have
borne in the initial crash was irrelevant, given the nature of their crashworthiness claim. We
review the court’s rulings for an abuse of discretion. Washington v. Washington, 2013 Ark.
App. 54, ___ S.W.3d ___; Gross & Janes Co. v. Brooks, 2012 Ark. App. 702, ___ S.W.3d ___.
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Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 665
The crashworthiness doctrine recognizes that a manufacturer may be held liable for an
enhanced or greater injury that occurs following an initial accident, which was brought about
by some independent cause. See Bishop v. Tariq, 2011 Ark. App. 445, 384 S.W.3d 659.
According to appellants, the injuries for which they sought compensation arose solely from
the faulty manufacture or design of appellee’s product, and not from any fault of Michael’s in
precipitating the crash. Consequently, they maintain, proof of Michael’s alcohol consumption
should not have been admitted into evidence or used as a basis for comparing fault.
We disagree with appellants’ premise. Arkansas follows the majority view that a
plaintiff’s fault is relevant in a crashworthiness case for the purpose of apportioning the overall
responsibility for damages. In Bishop v. Tariq, supra, we relied on the language of our
comparative-fault statute to hold that a plaintiff’s fault could be compared with a defendant’s
fault in a crashworthiness or enhanced-injury case. The comparative-fault statute, Arkansas
Code Annotated section 16-64-122(a) (Repl. 2005), provides that, in all actions for personal
injuries or wrongful death in which recovery is predicated on fault, liability shall be
determined by comparing the fault chargeable to a claiming party with the fault chargeable
to the party from whom he seeks to recover. The statute additionally provides that “fault”
shall include any act, omission, conduct, risk assumed, breach of warranty, or breach of any
legal duty which is a proximate cause of any damages sustained by any party. Ark. Code Ann.
§ 16-64-122(c) (Repl. 2005). This broad language and our holding in Tariq stand at odds
with appellants’ claim that a plaintiff’s fault should not be compared to the defendant’s in a
crashworthiness case. See also Williams v. Mozark Fire Extinguisher Co., 318 Ark. 792, 888
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Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 665
S.W.2d 303 (1994). We further note that Arkansas recognizes that the acts or omissions of
two or more persons may work together to produce damages. See Villines v. North Arkansas
Regional Medical Center, 2011 Ark. App. 506, 385 S.W.3d 360; AMI Civ. 501 (2012).
Appellants contend that their case is distinguished by the fact that the truck fire did not
occur until fifteen or twenty minutes after the initial crash. This time gap does not foreclose
the application of comparative fault. It was for the jury to decide whether Michael’s fault, if
any, served as a proximate cause.2
Appellants also argue that the only actions relevant for comparing fault in a products-
liability case are found in AMI Civ. 1014 (2012). Such actions include the plaintiff’s misusing
the product in an unforeseeable manner, using the product beyond its anticipated life, or
unforeseeably altering the product. AMI Civ. 1014, however, does not purport to contain
an exhaustive list of the ways in which a plaintiff may be at fault in a products-liability case.
The Notes on Use accompanying AMI Civ. 1014 state that it may be used in conjunction
with AMI Civ. 2101 (2012), the general comparative-fault instruction.
Finally, appellants argue that, even if evidence of Michael’s alcohol consumption was
relevant, it was more prejudicial than probative because the trial took place in a dry county,
and because there is a “negative attitude in this country today toward drinking and driving.”
Rule 403 of the Arkansas Rules of Evidence (2013) provides that relevant evidence may be
2
It is not clear whether the jury actually reached the issue of Michael’s comparative
fault—it answered only one verdict interrogatory, absolving appellee of liability. But,
because we cannot discount the possibility that the jury, in so finding, simply assigned a
majority of the fault to Michael, we have chosen to address the merits of this issue.
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Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 665
excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.
We conclude that no unfair prejudice occurred. A dim view of drinking and driving is to be
expected no matter what the circumstances or jurisdiction.
Based on the foregoing, we see no abuse of discretion in the circuit court’s allowing
evidence of Michael’s alcohol consumption and instructing the jury on comparative fault.
II. Expert Testimony
The circuit court excluded the testimony of appellants’ expert, Dr. William Hickerson,
who opined that Michael’s BAC reading was unreliable due to his burn injuries. Appellants
argue that Dr. Hickerson’s testimony should have been admitted as reliable scientific evidence.
Again, we apply the abuse-of-discretion standard of review. Derry Berrigan & Co. v. KBS
Leasing, Inc., 2013 Ark. App. 196.
Michael’s BAC reading was taken by the Arkansas State Police approximately two
hours after the accident and registered .08. Later, Michael was treated for his injuries by Dr.
Hickerson, a certified plastic surgeon and general surgeon. During Dr. Hickerson’s pretrial
deposition, he stated that he was taught during his residency that a burn victim’s blood-
alcohol level could be falsely elevated due to metabolic acidosis. He testified that he worked
with burn victims at a trauma center in Memphis and that he had admitted many patients
with blood-alcohol content. He stated, however, that he was not “boarded” in toxicology,
pathology, or hematology; that he had not published articles on toxicology or how burns
affect BAC readings; and that he did not consider himself an expert in blood-alcohol
concentration. He further testified that the only basis for his opinion that Michael’s BAC
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Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 665
reading could be considered unreliable due to burn injuries came from courses he took during
his residency many years earlier.
The circuit court ruled that Dr. Hickerson’s opinion did not meet the test of
admissibility set forth in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993). In
Daubert, the United States Supreme Court held that a trial court must make a preliminary
assessment of whether the reasoning or methodology underlying expert testimony is valid and
whether the reasoning or methodology has been properly applied to the facts of the case.
Richardson v. Union Pacific Railroad Co., 2011 Ark. App. 562, 386 S.W.3d 77. The objective
of a Daubert inquiry is to ensure the relevance and reliability of expert testimony and to make
certain that the expert, whether basing testimony on professional studies or personal
experience, employs in the courtroom the same level of intellectual rigor that characterizes
the practice of an expert in the relevant field. Bayer CropScience LP v. Schafer, 2011 Ark. 518,
at 17, 385 S.W.3d 822, 833 (quoting Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137 (1999)).
Many factors may bear on the inquiry into the reliability of the expert testimony. A
key question is whether the scientific theory has been or can be tested. Richardson, 2011 Ark.
App. 562, 386 S.W.3d 77. It is also significant whether the scientific community has accepted
the theory. Id., 386 S.W.3d 77. In any event, the trial judge must have considerable leeway
in deciding in a particular case how to go about determining whether particular expert
testimony is reliable. Schafer, 2011 Ark. 518, at 17, 385 S.W.3d at 833–34 (quoting Kumho
Tire Co., 526 U.S. 137).
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Cite as 2013 Ark. App. 665
Assuming that Daubert applied to the testimony offered by Dr. Hickerson, the circuit
court did not abuse its discretion in excluding it. The doctor possessed a general knowledge
of blood-alcohol levels, but his testimony regarding the effect of burns on blood alcohol was
little more than anecdotal, based on teachings he remembered from his residency. He offered
no science or expertise to support his opinion. We therefore affirm the court’s ruling.
III. AMI Civ. 1013
The court refused appellants’ request to instruct the jury with a particular portion of
AMI Civ. 1013 (2012), an instruction used in products-liability litigation involving two or
more theories of liability. The jury in this case was instructed on strict liability and
negligence, so AMI Civ. 1013 was generally applicable. Appellants, however, asked the
court to include the following language in AMI Civ. 1013:
With respect to proof of a defective condition, if you find that in the normal course
of events no (injury) (death) (or) (property damage) would have occurred in the
absence of some defect, then you are permitted, but not required, to infer that a defect
existed.
Allowing the jury to infer the existence of a defect is necessary only when, in the
absence of direct proof of a specific defect, the plaintiff must rely on circumstantial evidence
that a defect existed. See generally Petrus Chrysler-Plymouth v. Davis, 283 Ark. 172, 671 S.W.2d
749 (1984); Harrell Motors, Inc. v. Flanery, 272 Ark. 105, 612 S.W.2d 727 (1981). Here, there
were no mysterious malfunctions that necessitated reliance on circumstantial evidence.
Instead, appellants pinpointed the fuel line as the defect and offered direct proof and expert
testimony on the cause of the fire that led to their damages. Accordingly, they were not
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prejudiced by the court’s refusal to instruct the jury with the circumstantial-evidence portion
of AMI Civ. 1013.3
IV. Verdict Interrogatory
Appellants’ final argument is that the verdict interrogatory answered by the jury in
favor of appellee was confusing. The interrogatory read as follows:
Do you find by a preponderance of the evidence that there was fault on the part of
Ford Motor Company which was a proximate cause of any damages plaintiff[s]
Michael Gartman and Kemal Kutait, as administrator of the Estate of Rebecca Kutait,
may have sustained?
The jury answered “no” to this interrogatory and returned their verdict in favor of appellee.
Appellants contend that the word “fault” in the interrogatory confused the jury because
it did not “ask the jury whether they found the vehicle uncrashworthy or that the fuel system
was defective.” Appellants’ argument is procedurally barred.
No party shall assign as error the giving or the failure to give an instruction unless he
objects thereto before or at the time the instruction is given, stating distinctly the matter to
which he objects and the grounds for his objection. Ark. R. Civ. P. 51 (2013). Failure to
make a specific objection means that the issue has not been preserved for review. Agracat, Inc.
v. AFS-NWA, LLC, 2012 Ark. App. 372. At trial, appellants argued generally about the
concept of fault in a products-liability case, but they did not object to the court’s use of the
3
The exact basis for the court’s ruling on this issue is unclear from the record.
Nevertheless, we may affirm if the trial court was correct for any reason. Winrock Grass Farm,
Inc. v. Affiliated Real Estate Appraisers of Ark., Inc., 2010 Ark. App. 279, 373 S.W.3d 907.
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above interrogatory on the ground asserted on appeal. Given the lack of a specific objection,
we must affirm.
Affirmed.
GLADWIN, C.J., and WOOD, J., agree.
Johnson, LLP, by: Gerald M. “Tracy” Johnson, III; SL Chapman LLC, by: Bradley M.
Lakin and Robert J. Evola; and John Cole, for appellants.
Wright, Lindsey & Jennings LLP, by: Edwin L. Lowther, Jr., and Gary D. Marts, Jr., for
appellees.
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