The opinion
Case: 10-20092 Document: 00511278718 Page: 1 Date Filed: 10/29/2010
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
October 29, 2010
No. 10-20092 Lyle W. Cayce
Summary Calendar Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff – Appellee
v.
NAKESHIA BROWN,
Defendant – Appellant
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Texas
U.S.D.C. No. 4:09-CR-226-1
Before HIGGINBOTHAM, SMITH, and HAYNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Nakeshia Brown appeals her sixty-month sentence for bank fraud and
aggravated identity theft. She argues that the district court’s upward departure
from the United States Sentencing Guidelines (“Guidelines” or “U.S.S.G”) for
prior offenses against vulnerable victims lacked sufficient evidentiary support.
In the alternative, she argues that, at most, a two-level, not four-level, departure
*
Pursuant to 5TH CIR . R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR .
R. 47.5.4.
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was appropriate. We hold that the district court did not reversibly err in
imposing this sentence. Therefore, we AFFIRM.
I. Background
Brown was indicted on one count of bank fraud and attempted bank fraud
(Count One) and one count of aggravated identity theft (Count Two). Brown
pleaded guilty to both counts. As a part of her plea, Brown admitted that she
used her employment as a patient care assistant at a Houston hospital to steal
printouts of patients’ medical records containing the patients’ names, addresses,
Social Security numbers, and other identifying information. Brown used the
information contained in these reports to apply for credit cards without the
patients’ consent. Many of Brown’s victims were elderly, and at least one had
died during the time that Brown was using his information.
At the sentencing hearing, the district court applied a two-level
enhancement pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3A1.1 because Brown knew or should have
known that her crime impacted vulnerable victims. After all other adjustments
for sentencing enhancements and criminal history, Brown’s Guidelines range on
Count One was eighteen to twenty-four months.1
The district court sentenced Brown to thirty-six months on Count One.
When added to the mandatory consecutive twenty-four month sentence for
Count Two, her total sentence was sixty months. The court determined that an
upward departure was appropriate because Brown’s criminal history included
a prior offense that also involved the selection of a vulnerable victim.2 The
finding that Brown had previously selected a vulnerable victim was based upon
1
Count Two carried a mandatory twenty-four-month consecutive sentence.
2
“If an enhancement [for exploiting a vulnerable victim] applies and the defendant’s
criminal history includes a prior sentence for an offense that involved the selection of a
vulnerable victim, an upward departure may be warranted.” U.S. SENTENCING GUIDELINES
MANUAL § 3A1.1 cmt. n.4 (2010).
2
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information in the Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) that Brown had
pleaded guilty in a prior proceeding to “attempted credit/debit card abuse” for
stealing the credit card of a 79-year-old patient at the hospital where she then
worked (the “2002 offense”). The addendum to the PSR indicates that the victim
of that theft was hospitalized from November 5, 2002, to November 8, 2002, and
that Brown first used the stolen credit card on November 6, 2002, while the
victim was still hospitalized. Neither the PSR nor the record contains any
further information about the victim of the credit card theft. Brown objected to
the departure, and the district court overruled her objection. Brown timely
appealed.
II. Analysis
On appeal, Brown argues that the district court did not have a sufficient
factual basis to determine that the 2002 offense involved a vulnerable victim, or,
alternatively, that the court’s departure was too high and, therefore, was
unreasonable. Our review of a district court’s sentence is bifurcated. Gall v.
United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007); United States v. Jeffries, 587 F.3d 690, 692
(5th Cir. 2009). We must first determine if the issue raised on appeal constitutes
a significant procedural error. Jeffries, 587 F.3d at 692. If not, we review the
substantive reasonableness of the sentence. Id.3
A claim that the district court upwardly departed because of a
misapplication of the Guidelines is reviewed as a procedural error. See United
States v. Gutierrez-Hernandez, 581 F.3d 251, 255 (5th Cir. 2009) (district court
3
Brown’s briefing is ambiguous as to whether she is making a substantive
unreasonableness challenge or procedural challenge to the number of levels the court
upwardly departed. She argues that she received only a two-level increase for the instant
offense for taking advantage of a vulnerable victim and, therefore, any departure for a prior
“vulnerable victim” crime should only be two levels. Because the Guidelines do not specify a
number of levels for the upward departure, we conclude that the court did not commit
procedural error by departing upwardly four levels, rather than two. We thus address this
alternative argument as a substantive unreasonableness challenge.
3
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committed procedural error when its upward departure was based upon a
misapplication of the Guidelines). A district court’s determination that a victim
is vulnerable is a factual determination that we review for clear error. United
States v. Medina-Argueta, 454 F.3d 479, 481 (5th Cir. 2006); see also United
States v. Mejia-Orosco, 868 F.2d 807, 809 (5th Cir. 1989) (“‘[V]ulnerability’ is the
sort of fact which the trial court is particularly well-positioned to gauge.”). “A
factual finding is not clearly erroneous as long as it is plausible in light of the
record as a whole.” Jeffries, 597 F.3d at 692.
We hold that the district court did not clearly err in finding that the 79-
year-old hospitalized victim of Brown’s 2002 offense was a “vulnerable victim.”
A victim’s vulnerability under § 3A1.1 is gauged against the universe of potential
victims. See United States v. Gonzales, 436 F.3d 560, 585 (5th Cir. 2006) (“[The
victim] was quadriplegic, an unusual vulnerability among section 242 victims.”);
United States v. Moree, 897 F.2d 1329, 1335 (5th Cir. 1990) (“The vulnerability
that triggers § 3A1.1 must be an ‘unusual’ vulnerability which is present in only
some victims of that type of crime.”); see also United States v. Angeles-Mendoza,
407 F.3d 742, 747 n.5 (5th Cir. 2005) (noting that a vulnerable victim is “less
able to resist than the typical victim of the offense of the conviction”) (citation
omitted).
Though, as Brown notes, age alone is generally not conclusive of
vulnerability,4 the victim in this case was not only elderly but also, and perhaps
more importantly, a hospital patient. Courts have often noted that medical
patients are generally more vulnerable to crimes due to their mental or physical
ailments. See United States v. Bachynsky, 949 F.2d 722, 735-36 (5th Cir. 1991);
4
See United States v. Vega-Iturrino, 565 F.3d 430, 434 (8th Cir. 2009) (“[T]he district
court improperly equated age with vulnerability.”); United States v. Smith, 930 F.2d 1450,
1455 (10th Cir. 1991) (“[I]t appears the district court [erroneously] equated ‘elderly’ status
with per se vulnerability.”).
4
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see also United States v. Stella, 591 F.3d 23, 30 (1st Cir. 2009); United States v.
Echevarria, 33 F.3d 175, 180-81 (2d Cir. 1994).5 This is especially so when the
patient is hospitalized.6 See United States v. Melvin, 187 F.3d 1316, 1322 (11th
Cir. 1999) (upholding district court’s upward departure based upon its finding
that juvenile patients are “especially vulnerable because they are, by nature of
their hospitalization and their frailty, captive victims”).
Brown argues that the patient in question was not more susceptible than
any other person at the hospital to the initial theft, citing our decision in Moree,
897 F.2d at1335. However, Moree states: “[a] condition that occurs as a
necessary prerequisite to the commission of a crime cannot constitute an
enhancing factor . . . .” Id. (emphasis added). It is not a “necessary prerequisite”
to attempted credit/debit card abuse that a victim be hospitalized. Instead,
hospitalization makes this victim more vulnerable to this crime and less able to
recognize and report the crime than the general population. See United States
v. Hoogenboom, 209 F.3d 665, 670-71 (7th Cir. 2000) (“One of the reasons for
increasing a criminal penalty based on the type of victim is that vulnerable ones
are less likely to report that they have been cheated, so crimes against them are
more difficult to uncover.”). In light of the known facts of the victim’s age and
hospitalization, the district court’s determination that the victim of Brown’s
2002 offense was “vulnerable” for the purposes of applying § 3A1.1 was not
clearly erroneous. Therefore, we hold that the departure was not a procedural
error.
5
United States v. Proffit, 304 F.3d 1001, 1008 (10th Cir. 2002) is inapposite here. That
case involved a “sophisticated businessman” living on his ranch who had been diagnosed with
cancer. That case concluded, based on the victim’s specific abilities and characteristics, that
his cancer diagnosis, while impacting his life, did not make him a “vulnerable victim” within
the meaning of the Guidelines given his sophistication and access to legal counsel. Id. at 1007
(“In short, [the victim] is a sophisticated and successful businessman.”).
6
Indeed, Brown herself notes that many hospitals discourage patients from keeping
valuables with them due, at least in part, to their increased susceptibility to theft.
5
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Having determined that the district court’s sentence was not procedurally
flawed, we now review the sentence for reasonableness. We review sentences
both inside and outside the Guidelines range for abuse of discretion. United
States v. Ortiz, 613 F.3d 550, 554 (5th Cir. 2010); see also United States v. Lara,
975 F.2d 1120, 1125 & n.3 (5th Cir. 1992) (“[A]ppellate review must occur with
full awareness of, and respect for, the trier’s superior ‘feel’ for the case. We will
not lightly disturb decisions to depart, or not, or related decisions implicating
degrees of departure.”) (citation omitted).
Brown argues that the district court abused its discretion because the
extent of its departure for Count One, from twenty-four to thirty-six months,
would require a four-level departure under the Guidelines, whereas § 3A1.1 only
provides a two-level enhancement.7 A district court’s departure from the
Guidelines on the basis of the Sentencing Commission’s commentary is not
limited to the extent of the enhancement to which the comment relates. See
Melvin, 187 F.3d at 1321-23 (upholding a fifteen-level departure based on the
vulnerability and multiplicity of the victims, a combined four-level
enhancement); United States v. Hines, 26 F.3d 1469, 1476 (9th Cir. 1994)
(upholding a six-level departure pursuant to the commentary for § 3A1.2, a
three-level enhancement). Indeed, the repeated targeting of hospital patients,
even following a conviction, constitutes a greater offense (and concomitant
greater need to protect the public) than an isolated offense involving a
vulnerable victim. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2); cf. U.S.S.G. § 3A1.1(b)(2) (allowing
an additional two-level sentencing enhancement for offenses involving a large
number of vulnerable victims).
7
Brown also complains that though the district court explained its decision to depart,
it did not give an explanation for the extent of its departure. Though explaining the extent of
departure in more detail is the better practice, we do not require greater explanation than was
provided here. United States v. Moore, 997 F.2d 30, 36 & n.10 (5th Cir. 1993).
6
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Furthermore, the extent of the district court’s departure falls well within
its discretion. See, e.g., United States v. Simkanin, 420 F.3d 397, 419 (5th Cir.
2005) (“[T]he mere fact that the upward departure nearly doubled the Guidelines
range does not render it unreasonable.”). The imposed sentence was also well
under the statutory maximum of thirty years. See 18 U.S.C. § 1344. Here, the
district court noted the reason for its departure and determined that a sixty-
month sentence satisfies the statutory requirements of 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). On
this record, we do not find its sentence to be substantively unreasonable.
III. Conclusion
The record supports the district court’s finding that the victim of Brown’s
2002 offense was a “vulnerable victim.” Similarly, the extent of the departure
was not unreasonable. The district court’s sentence is therefore AFFIRMED.
7