The opinion
FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
HAND, Chief Judge.
This action was filed by the United States, as Plaintiff, against Dallas County, Alabama; John W. Jones, Jr., as Judge of Probate and as Chairman Ex-Officio of the Dallas County Commission; the Dallas County Commission and its members; and the Dallas County Board of Education of Dallas County, Alabama, and its officers and members. The Chairmen of the Dallas County Democratic Executive Committee and the Dallas County Republican Executive Committee were joined as Defendants for relief purposes only, but did not participate in the trial of this Action.
The Plaintiff has alleged that the members of the Dallas County Commission and the Dallas County Board of Education are elected under an at-large electoral system which unlawfully dilutes the voting strength of the black electorate in Dallas County in violation of Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, 42 U.S.C. Section 1971 , 42 U.S.C. Section 1973 , and the 14th and 15th Amendments to the Constitution of the United States. This Court has jurisdiction over the claims of the Plaintiff under 28 U.S.C. Section 1345 , 42 U.S.C. Section 1971 , 42 U.S.C. Section 1973j(d), and 28 U.S.C. Section 1343 . This Court also has jurisdiction of Plaintiff’s claims for declaratory relief under 28 U.S.C. Section 2201 .
The Defendants filed various Motions to Dismiss, all of which were denied by the Court. Thereafter, the Defendants filed their answers to the Complaint, in which they generally denied jurisdiction, and denied the Plaintiff’s claims for relief.
The Plaintiff and the Defendants made and entered into a joint Pre-Trial Order which was entered by the Court and which constitutes the final statement of the issues involved, governed the conduct of the trial, and constitutes the basis for any relief afforded by the Court. In that Pre-Trial Order the parties were unable to agree as to the jurisdiction and the propriety of the parties, and those issues were certified to the Court for resolution. In the Pre-Trial Order the parties also stipulated to a number of uncontested facts, which stipulations were adopted by the Court and constitute a part of the Findings of Fact hereinafter made. The Plaintiff and the Dallas County Board of Education and its members also stipulated, agreed, and consented in the Pre-Trial Order that the Court shall and may take judicial notice of the entire record and proceedings in Civil Action No. 5945-70-H pending in this Court and styled:
Anthony T. Lee, et al., Plaintiff, United States of America, et al., Plaintiff-Intervenor, v. Dallas County Board of Education, et al., Defendants.
Said parties stipulated and agreed that the Court may take judicial notice of all documents, evidence, and testimony taken and received into evidence in that action, and that any and all orders and trial exhibits admitted into evidence in that action may be considered as evidence in this action. Pursuant to that stipulation, agreement, and consent of said parties, the Court has considered and taken judicial notice of the entire record and proceedings in said Civil Action No. 5945-70-H, including all documents, evidence, and testimony taken and received into evidence therein.
In and by the terms of that Pre-Trial Order, the parties also stipulated, .agreed, and admitted that the following were and constituted all of the Contested Issues of Fact in this action:
a. Whether as a result of the at-large electoral system used to elect the members of the Dallas County Commission and the Dallas County Board of Education, black citizens of the county have less opportunity than do white citizens to participate in the political process and to elect members of their choice to these governing bodies.
b. Whether the at-large electoral system unlawfully dilutes the voting strength of black voters, and whether black voters are
*797
largely concentrated in certain geographic areas of the county.
c. Whether voting for state, district, county, and local offices in Dallas County has followed racial lines.
d. Whether black candidates have ever been elected to the Dallas County Commission or the Dallas County Board of Education.
e. Whether a black person has ever been the nominee of the Democratic party or the Republican party for a position on the Dallas County Commission or the Dallas County Board of Education.
f. Whether there has been a lack of responsiveness by the Dallas County Commission and the Dallas County Board of Education to the needs of the black citizens and voters of Dallas County.
g. Whether the State of Alabama and Dallas County have in the past unlawfully discriminated against black residents of Dallas County by disenfranchising black voters through the use of discriminatory devices such as literacy tests, and poll taxes, and by applying more stringent registration requirements to black prospective voters.
h. Whether black voters of Dallas County have also been the subject of unlawful discrimination in education, employment, housing, public accommodations and public facilities.
i. Whether there is a past history of racial discrimination in Dallas County by state, local, and party officials, particularly with respect to public education and minority participation in the electoral process, and if so, whether the same adversely affects minority participation in the political process.
j. Whether there is a firm, long-standing state policy favoring the at-large election of the Dallas County Commission.
k. Whether there is a firm, long-standing state policy favoring the at-large election of the Dallas County Board of Education as stipulated and specified in Chapter 8 of Title 16 of the 1975 Code of Alabama.
l. Whether there is a firm, long-standing state policy favoring the at-large election of members of the County Commissioners or other county governing bodies in the State of Alabama.
m. Whether there is a firm, long-standing state policy favoring the at-large election of members of county Boards of Education in the State of Alabama.
n. Whether the at-large electoral method adversely affects minority participation in the electoral process.
o. Whether the majority vote requirement for primary elections, residency districts for members of the Dallas County Commission, and numbered places and staggered terms for the members of the Dallas County Board of Education dilute minority voting strength in the context of the at-large electoral system.
p. Whether black citizens of Dallas County have full and complete access to the process of slating and electing candidates for nomination and election to the Dallas County Commission and the Dallas County Board of Education and other elective offices of Dallas County.
q. Whether the Dallas County Commission and its defendant members have been responsive to the particularized interests and needs of black citizens of Dallas County-
r. Whether the Dallas County Board of Education and its defendant members have been responsive to the particularized needs of black students within the school system and black citizens of Dallas County.
s. Whether the policy and general laws of the State of Alabama favor and prescribe at-large elections for members of the Dallas County Board of Education and other County Boards of Education.
t. Whether the policy and general laws of the State of Alabama favor and prescribe at-large elections for members of the county governing bodies.
u. Whether there has been any past discrimination against black citizens of Dallas County which now precludes the effective participation of black citizens in the election system.
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v. Whether there has been racially motivated discrimination or action by any of the Defendants that infringes on the constitutional rights of black citizens of Dallas County.
w. Whether there is or has been any invidious racial motivation or at-large scheme to deny black citizens effective participation in the election of members of the Dallas County Commission or the Dallas County Board of Education.
x. Whether intentional and invidious racial discrimination was a motivating factor in the enactment of the laws and procedures of the State of Alabama prescribing and governing the election of members of the Dallas County Commission.
y. Whether intentional and invidious racial discrimination was a motivating factor in the enactment of the laws and procedures of the State of Alabama prescribing and governing the election of members of the Dallas County Board of Education.
z. Whether intentional and invidious racial discrimination was a motivating factor in the maintenance of the laws and procedures of the State of Alabama prescribing and governing the election of members of the Dallas County Commission.
aa. Whether intentional and invidious racial discrimination was a motivating factor in the maintenance of the laws and procedures of the State of Alabama prescribing and governing the election of members of the Dallas County Board of Education.
bb. Whether as a matter of law intentional racial discrimination as a motivating factor in the maintenance of the laws and procedures of the State of Alabama which prescribe and govern the election of members of the Dallas County Board of Education and the Dallas County Commission would afford Plaintiffs any cause of action or right to relief in this action, even should such be found to have existed.
On November 26, 1979, this action came on for trial before the Court, without a jury, pursuant to and on the basis of the issues made and stipulated by the Pre-Trial Order. Trial proceedings were held on November 26, 27, 28, 29, and 30, 1979, and were then recessed without date. Thereafter, trial proceedings were resumed on March 10, 1980, and were held on March 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, and 19, 1980.
On March 12, 1980, the Plaintiff completed the presentation of its evidence, and rested. At that time, the Defendants, Dallas County Board of Education of Dallas County, Alabama and its members, William R. Martin, as Chairman and member, John J. Grimes, Sr., as Vice-Chairman and member, and Martin Chance, Joe K. Rives, and James N. Priestley, as members (said School Board and its said members and officers are hereinafter collectively called the School Board) filed their Motion for Involuntary Dismissal under Rule 41(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, seeking a dismissal of the Complaint and the action on the ground that upon the facts and the law the Plaintiff has shown no right to relief. Similar Motions for Involuntary Dismissal were also filed at that time on behalf of the Probate Judge and the Dallas County Commission and its members.
The Court has carefully considered said Motion for Involuntary Dismissal filed by the School Board Defendants, together with the Complaint; the Answer of the School Board Defendants; the Pre-Trial Order, including the Stipulations of all parties as to jurisdiction, propriety of parties, uncontested facts, and contested issues of fact; all testimony, documents, and exhibits received as evidence by the Court; the entire record and proceedings in the aforesaid Civil Action No. 5945-70-H pending in this Court, including all documents, evidence, trial exhibits, and testimony taken and received into evidence in that action; the arguments of counsel heard orally by the Court; the briefs and law offered by the parties and considered herein; and the entire record in this action. The Court is of the opinion that said Motion for Involuntary Dismissal filed by the School Board Defendants is well taken and should be granted, and that this action and all claims asserted against the School Board Defendants should be dis
*799
missed pursuant to and as required by Rule 41(b) F.R.C.P. The Court expressly reserves its ruling on the Motion for Involuntary Dismissal filed by other Defendants herein, and this Order by its terms is intended only to dispose of the claims asserted by Plaintiff against the School Board Defendants.
The Court, as trier of the facts, has determined the facts and the law with respect to all claims asserted against the School Board Defendants, and is of the opinion that the Court should render judgment on the merits against the Plaintiffs. The Court now makes the following Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, as provided and required by Rules 41(b) and 52(a), F.R.C.P.:
FINDINGS OF FACT
1. The Defendant, Dallas County Commission, is a body established under the laws of the State of Alabama with all powers conferred upon it by the statutes and laws of the State of Alabama.
1
2. John W. Jones is the Probate Judge of Dallas County and serves as Chairman Ex-officio of the Dallas County Commission, and is responsible for exercising certain powers and duties associated with conducting elections in Dallas County, Alabama, for the Dallas County Commission and the Dallas County Board of Education as well as for other public offices.
2
3. L. Seawell Jones, William H. Kendrick, C. Stanley Baldwin, and Gene Norris reside in Dallas County, Alabama, and are the duly elected members of the Dallas County Commission.
3
4.The Defendant, Dallas County Board of Education, is the body established under the laws of the State of Alabama which is responsible for governing and administering the Dallas County public school system pursuant to the laws of the State of Alabama.
4
5. The Defendants, Martin Chance, James N. Priestley, John J. Grimes, Sr., William R. Martin, and Joe K. Rives are residents of Dallas County, Alabama, and were the duly elected members of the Dallas County Board of Education,
4a
with the Defendant, William R. Martin, serving as Chairman and the Defendant John J. Grimes, Sr., serving as Vice-Chairman.
5
6. The composition, election, and qualifications of the Dallas County Board of Education are governed by the provisions of Chapter 8 of Title 16 of the 1975 Code of Alabama, as are the County Boards of Education of the following 35 counties of the State of Alabama: Baldwin, Barbour, Bibb, Bullock, Calhoun, Cherokee, Chilton, Coffee, Colbert, Covington, Dale, Dallas, Elmore, Escambia, Fayette, Franklin, Greene, Houston, Lamar, Lee, Lowndes, Macon, Marshall, Monroe, Perry, Pike, Randolph, Russell, Shelby, Saint Clair, Sumter, Talladega, Tallapoosa, Tuscaloosa, and Wilcox.
6
7. The Superintendents of Schools for Greene County, Lowndes County, Macon County, Perry County, and Bullock County are black, and their names are as follows:
7
SUPERINTENDENT COUNTY OF SCHOOLS
Greene County Mr. Robert Brown
Lowndes County Mrs. Uralee Haynes
Macon County Mr. Alonzo Harvey
Perry County Mr. Earnest Palmer
Bullock County Mr. Conrad Newman
8.The County Boards of Education for the following counties in Alabama have one
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or more black members, and the composition, election, qualification, and terms of office of said County Boards of Education are governed by Chapter 8 of Title 16 of the 1975 Code of Alabama:
8
NUMBER OF BLACK COUNTY BOARD MEMBERS
Bullock County 5
Elmore County 1
Greene County 5
Lowndes County 4
Macon County 4
Perry County 4
Sumter County 2
9. The Defendant, Earl Goodwin, resides in Dallas County, Alabama, and is Chairman of the Dallas County Democratic Executive Committee and as such is responsible to provide to the Probate Judge the names of all Democratic candidates nominated to county office.
9
10. The Defendant, Robert Douglas, resides in Dallas County, Alabama, and is Chairman of the Dallas County Republican Executive Committee and as such is responsible to provide to the Probate Judge the names of all Republican candidates nominated to county office.
10
11. The members of the Dallas County Board of Education are presently elected pursuant to Chapter 8 of Title 16 of the 1975 Code of Alabama and other laws of the State of Alabama generally governing elections.
11
12. Under the terms of the Alabama Code, Section 16-18-1 et seq., each member of the Dallas County Board of Education is elected by the qualified voters of Dallas County on an at-large basis, by numbered places, to six-year terms which are staggered.
12
13. There are no majority vote requirements in any general elections held in the State of Alabama. The laws governing primary elections require a majority vote for nomination.
13
14. Political parties have the opportunity under the laws of the State of Alabama to nominate candidates by means of caucus and convention.
14
15. There are no anti-single shot voting provisions in the general election laws governing the election of members of the Dallas County Commission, the Dallas County Board of Education, and other elective offices in Alabama. Candidates for nomination and election to the Dallas County Commission and the Dallas County Board of Education run for a single office or position.
15
16. There are no anti-single shot voting provisions in the primary election for the nomination of candidates for the election of members of the Dallas County Commission, the Dallas County Board of Education, and other elective offices in Alabama. Candidates for nomination and election to the Dallas County Commission and the Dallas County Board of Education run for a single office or position.
16
17. Prior to the Voting Rights Act of 1965, requirements for registering to vote in the State of Alabama included a literacy test, a poll tax, and a voucher of good character from a registered voter.
17
18. The total population, the total number and percentage of white persons, and the total number and percentage of black persons in Dallas County, Alabama, according to the 1970 Census, are as follows:
18
White: 26,330 47.6%
Black: 28,892 52.3%
Other: _74 .1%
TOTAL Pop. 55,296
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19.The total voting age population, the total number and percentage of white persons of voting age, and the total number and percentage of black persons of voting age in Dallas County, Alabama, according to the 1970 Census, are as follows:
19
White: 17,611 53%
Black: 15.456 47%
TOTAL Pop. 33,116
20.The population for the following counties as of July 1, 1976, is substantially and approximately as shown below and by population estimates prepared by the University of Alabama for each of the aforesaid thirty-five counties whose County Boards of Education are elected and governed pursuant to the provisions of Chapter 8 of Title 16 of the 1975 Code of Alabama:
20
County White Pop. Non-White Pop. Total Pop.
Baldwin 58,026 83.49 11,474 16.51 69.500
Barbour 14,701 56.33 11,399 43.67 26,100
Bibb 10,450 73.59 3,750 26.41 14.200
Bullock 4,023 34.68 7,577 65.32 11,600
Calhoun 94,658 83.33 18,942 16.67 113,600
Cherokee 16,637 91.41 1,563 8.59 18.200
Chilton 24,685 87.23 3,615 12.77 28.300
Coffee 30,128 84.39 5,572 15.61 35.700
Colbert 41.430 83.87 7,970 16.13 49.400
Covington 29,733 84.71 5,367 15.29 35,100
Dale 36.430 87.36 5,270 12.64 41.700
Dallas 28,448 50.62 27,752 49.38 56,200
Elmore 29,874 74.87 10,026 25.13 39.900
Escambia 24,766 68.99 11,134 31.01 35.900
Fayette 14,395 87.24 2,105 12.76 16.500
Franklin 25,346 95.29 1,254 4.71 26,600
Greene 2.892 27.03 7,808 72.97 10.700
Houston 54,303 77.91 15,397 22.09 69.700
Lamar 13,521 86.67 2,079 13.33 15.600
Lee 54,657 78.42 15,043 21.58 69.700
Lowndes 3,340 24.93 10,060 75.07 13.400
Macon 5,043 18.96 21,557 81.04 26.600
Marshall 58,371 97.94 1,229 2.06 59.600
Monroe 12,289 56.37 9,511 43.63 21,800
Perry 5.893 43.98 7,507 56.02 13.400
Pike 15,955 68.48 7,345 31.52 23.300
Randolph 14,849 78.57 4,051 21.43 18.900
Russell 26.242 56.31 20,358 43.69 46.600
Shelby 43,723 84.73 7,877 15.27 51.600
St. Clair 29,965 87.36 4,335 12.64 34.300
Sumter 7,079 39.99 10,621 60.01 17.700
Talladega 47,161 69.46 20,739 30.54 67.900
Tallapoosa 25,810 72.30 9,890 27.70 35.700
Tuscaloosa 97.243 77.73 27,857 22.27 125,100
Wilcox 5,667 37.78 9,333 62.22 15,000
21.The election of members of the County Board of Education of the following counties are governed by local acts and are not governed by the provisions of Chapter 8, Title 16, of the 1975 Code of Alabama: Autauga, Blount, Butler, Chambers, Choctaw, Clarke, Clay, Cleburne, Conecuh, Coosa, Crenshaw, Cullman, Dekalb, Etowah, Geneva, Hale, Henry, Jackson, Jefferson, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Limestone, Madison,
*802
Marengo, Marion, Mobile, Montgomery, Morgan, Pickens, Walker, Washington, and Winston.
21
22. There is a firm, long-standing state policy favoring the at-large election of the Dallas County Board of Education.
22
This preference for at-large elections originated with the establishment of the first public school system for the State of Alabama as a whole in 1854 (Acts of Alabama 1853-54, p. 8), and this preference has been perpetuated in Alabama laws since that time. Act No. 47, Acts of Alabama 1855-56, provided for the at-large election of the County Superintendent of Education and trustees in each township. Act No. 188, Acts of Alabama 1876-77, provided for the appointment of the County Superintendent of Education by the State Superintendent of Education, but continued the provision for the at-large elections of trustees in each township. That same system was perpetuated by Act No. 115, Acts of Alabama 1878-79. In 1883, an additional school district was created in Dallas County, with the County Superintendent being appointed by the State Superintendent as in other counties. Act No. 256, Acts of Alabama 1882-83. In 1889, State law was modified by providing for the at-large election of County Superintendents of Education throughout the State of Alabama, but excluding 21 counties (including Dallas). Act No. 261, Acts of Alabama 1888-89. However, in 1890 that law was changed to provide for the at-large election of the County Superintendent of Education in Dallas County. Act No. 66, Acts of Alabama 1890-91. That same year, the Legislature provided for the appointment of township trustees by the County Superintendent of Education, who was elected at-large. Act No. 250, Acts of Alabama 1890 — 91. In 1901, the Legislature again created separate school districts in Dallas County, and provided that the County Superintendent would again be appointed by the State Superintendent. Act No. 268, Acts of Alabama 1900-01. However, in 1903 the Legislature restructured the school system by redistricting the public schools, and establishing both County Boards of Education and Township Boards of Education, utilizing the at-large method of election for both. Act No. 365, Acts of Alabama 1903. That law was amended in 1907, but the at-large method of election was continued. Act No. 358, Acts of Alabama 1907. In 1915 the Alabama Legislature adopted the State law which is the forerunner of the present law codified in Chapter 8 of Title 16 of the 1975 Code of Alabama. Act No. 220, Acts of Alabama 1915. That Act contains substantially the same language as is still found in the 1975 Code, and provided for the election of five (5) members of County Boards of Education who would in turn appoint the County Superintendent. That same method was continued by subsequent enactments. See Act No. 442, Acts of Alabama 1919; Act No. 524, Acts of Alabama 1923; Articles 8 and 9, Code of Alabama 1907. In 1927, the Legislature adopted the 1927 Alabama School Code. Acts No. 416 and 283, Acts of Alabama 1927. That School Code codified the provisions of the 1915 Act. Those same provisions requiring the at-large election of County School Boards in Alabama were re-codified as Tit. 52, Section 63, Code of Alabama 1940; Tit. 52, Section 63, Code of Alabama Re-Complied 1958; and Section 16-8-1, 1975 Code of Alabama. The Court therefore finds that not only is there a firm, long-standing State policy favoring the at-large election of County Boards of Education, but that there is also a firm, longstanding State policy favoring five (5)
*803
member Boards of Education. See
Corder v. Kirksey,
639 F.2d 1191, 1195 (5th C.C.A., 1981).
23. The School Board Defendants filed Motions seeking to dismiss the Complaint on grounds,
inter alia,
that the Plaintiff challenged the constitutionality of the State law governing the composition, election, qualifications, and terms of office of the School Board, but had failed to join as necessary and indispensable parties certain State officials and the members of the other 34 County Boards of Education whose composition, election, qualification, and terms of office are governed and prescribed by that same State law. To avoid the impact of Rule 19, F.R.C.P., counsel for the Plaintiff advised and represented to the Court that the Plaintiff does not challenge the constitutionality of Section 16-8-1 of the 1975 Code of Alabama, nor the at-large method of election therein prescribed for the other 34 counties whose County Boards of Education are elected under and pursuant to that statute. Instead, counsel for the Plaintiff stated and represented to the Court that the Plaintiff in this action challenges only the election structure in Dallas County and the method and manner whereby Section 16-8-1 of the 1975 Code of Alabama has been applied in Dallas County.
23
In written briefs as well as in oral argument, counsel for the Plaintiff repeatedly advised and represented to this Court that the Plaintiff does not challenge in this action the at-large method of election of School Boards in any other county in Alabama.
24
Instead, Plaintiff contends that Section 16-8-1 of the 1975 Code of Alabama, although constitutional, has been unconstitutionally applied in Dallas County in a method or manner different from that by which it has been applied in the other 34 Alabama counties whose School Boards are governed by that same statute.
25
In fact, in its written Brief served on January 17, 1979, in opposition to the School Board’s Motion to Dismiss for Failure to Join Necessary Parties, counsel for the Plaintiff represented and stated to this Court:
26
“. . . this action does not allege the unconstitutionality of any Alabama statute. As we stated in our first response to defendants’ Motions to Dismiss filed on December 7, 1978 (pages 2-3) and as we reiterated at the January 3rd hearing, this lawsuit challenges the at-large election structure only in Dallas County, Alabama. Although the Dallas County Board of Education is elected pursuant to the same statute that sets forth the election provisions for other county boards of education throughout Alabama, this lawsuit does not challenge the provisions of that statute, except as applied in Dallas County.”
In reliance on that representation, this Court denied the Motions to Dismiss filed by the School Board Defendants, but cautioned counsel for the Plaintiff that the burden of proof which Plaintiff had assumed could pose substantial problems at trial. Following that ruling, the School Board Defendants filed their Answer, which still included as a defense the failure of Plaintiff to join as necessary and indispensable parties (under Rule 19, F.R.C.P.) certain State officials and members of the County Boards of Education in the other 34 Alabama counties whose County Boards of Education are elected pursuant to Section 16-8-1.
27
The Pre-Trial Order preserved and set forth that contention of the School
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Board,
28
and the parties certified that issue to the Court for resolution at the commencement of the trial proceedings
29
At those trial proceedings, on November 26, 1979, this Court again denied the School Board’s Motion to Dismiss the action for failure to join necessary parties.
30
At that hearing, counsel for the Plaintiff again stated and represented to the Court that the Plaintiff does not challenge the constitutionality of the State law (Section 16-8-1), but instead contends only that the statewide statute has been applied differently in Dallas County.
31
By the aforesaid representations to this Court, counsel for the Plaintiff has admitted that Section 16-8-1 of the 1975 Code of Alabama and the at-large method of election therein prescribed is not unconstitutional, and therefore that there is and has been no intentional or invidious racial discrimination as a motivating factor in the enactment of that State statute. Plaintiff has also admitted that said state-wide statute has not been maintained for discriminatory purposes in any of these other 34 Alabama counties. Thus Plaintiff offered no evidence showing any discriminatory purpose in either the-enactment of that state-wide law or its maintenance, impact, or effect in these other 34 counties. The only evidence before the Court relating to these other 34 counties is that which appeared in the Pre-Trial Order as admitted and uncontested facts. That evidence shows that 7 of those counties have black school board members, with 5 of those counties having either 4 or 5 black members,
32
and that as of July 1, 1976, 14 (40%) of these 35 counties had black populations which comprised less than 17% of the total population, while more than half (18) had black populations which comprised less than 22.5% of the total population.
33
Plaintiff has therefore failed to produce any evidence relating to these other 34 Alabama counties to establish that blacks have been denied equal access to the political process, or that past discrimination has the present effect of discouraging participation by blacks in the political process, or that the at-large system of election is rooted in racial discrimination, or that their School Boards are unresponsive to blacks. There is therefore absolutely no evidence of any facts or circumstances in these 34 counties upon which the Court might make any specific Findings of Fact to support an inference of a discriminatory intent in the enactment or maintenance of Section 16-8 — 1, Code of Alabama 1975. To the contrary, the admitted and uncontested facts shown by the Pre-Trial Order show that blacks have been elected to the County Boards of Education in 7 of those counties,
34
and that blacks serve as Superintendents in 5 of those counties.
35
The Court therefore finds that the Plaintiff has failed to establish by a preponderance of the evidence that Section 16-8-1 unlawfully dilutes the black vote in any of those other 34 Alabama counties.
Plaintiff has also failed to offer any evidence showing the intent or purpose of the Alabama legislature, or of any legislator, in enacting or maintaining Section 16-8-1 as a state-wide law, or in maintaining its application to Dallas County. Furthermore, Plaintiff offered no evidence to show that since 1915 any legislation has ever been introduced, considered, or defeated which would have amended Section 16-8-1 or removed Dallas County from its application, or that there has been any conscious, deliberate, or affirmative decision by the Alabama legislature to maintain Section 16-8-1 or the at-large election system thereby prescribed for Dallas County. The Court therefore finds that the evidence preponderates against any finding that Section 16-8-1 has been maintained by the Legisla
*805
ture for discriminatory purposes, either as a state-wide statute or as applied to Dallas County.
24. The Complaint was filed in this Action on October 19, 1978; the School Board’s Motions to Dismiss were denied on March 9, 1979; the Pre-Trial Order was submitted on November 16, 1979; the trial was commenced on November 26, 1979; and the Plaintiff completed the presentation of its evidence on March 12, 1980, at which time the School Board Defendants filed their Motions for Involuntary Dismissal. Although this Action was litigated before the decisions of the United States Supreme Court in
City of Mobile, Ala. v. Bolden,
446 U.S. 55 , 100 S.Ct. 1490 , 64 L.Ed.2d 47 (1980),
Rogers v.
Lodge, - U.S. -, 102 S.Ct. 3272 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1012 (1982), it was filed and tried after the decisions in
Washington v. Davis,
426 U.S. 229 , 96 S.Ct. 2040 , 48 L.Ed.2d 597 (1976),
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.,
429 U.S. 252 , 97 S.Ct. 555 , 50 L.Ed.2d 450 (1977), and
Nevett v. Sides,
571 F.2d 209 (5th C.C.A., 1978). At all stages of this litigation, as well as in the Pre-Trial Order, all parties (including Plaintiff) recognized that proof of intentional discrimination was an essential element of the Plaintiff’s claims.
36
It is apparent that the parties, as well as the Court, correctly anticipated how the intent requirement established in
Washington v. Davis
and
Arlington Heights
would be applied to this voting dilution case without the necessity for the Supreme Court’s later opinions in
Bolden
and
Rogers.
(See
Lodge v. Buxton,
639 F.2d 1358 , (5th C.C.A., 1981), aff’d.
Rogers v. Lodge, supra.
Thus counsel for Plaintiffs, in oral argument before the Court at the hearing held January 3, 1979,
37
and in written Brief served January 17, 1979,
38
acknowledged that a showing of intentional discrimination is required in voting dilution suits based on the 14th Amendment, but argued that the required intent could be established either by proof that the voting • plan was enacted with a discriminatory motive, or by proof supporting an inference from circumstantial evidence under the
Zimmer v. McKeithen,
485 F.2d 1297 (5th Cir. 1973)
Nevett ,
and
Kirksey ,
criteria that such plan was maintained for a discriminatory purpose in Dallas County. In the PreTrial Order, the parties recognized as a contested issue of fact whether intentional and invidious racial discrimination was a motivating factor in the enactment and maintenance of the laws and procedures of the State of Alabama prescribing and governing the election of members of the Dallas County Commission and the Dallas County Board of Education.
39
In the presentation of its case at trial, the Plaintiff attempted to prove those criteria set forth in
Zimmer, Nevett,
and
Kirksey ,
offering such evidence against all Defendants. The Plaintiff also attempted to prove that intentional and invidious racial discrimination was a motivating factor in the enactment and maintenance of the laws and procedures of the State of Alabama prescribing and governing the election of members of the Dallas County Commission. However, the Plaintiff — having admitted the constitutionality of Section 16-8-1 of the 1975 Code of Alabama and the at-large electoral system thereby prescribed — made a deliberate decision and offered no evidence to establish that intentional and invidious racial discrimination was a motivating factor in either the enactment or the maintenance of
*806
that state-wide Alabama law.
40
Thus Plaintiff attempted to prove its claims against the School Board Defendants merely by arguing and attempting to show that this state-wide law had been unconstitutionally applied in Dallas County in a manner different from that by which it had been applied in other counties.
41
Plaintiff also attempted to prove a discriminatory purpose by inference from evidence offered under the
Zimmer
criteria to show that the impact or effect of this State law in Dallas County produced an unconstitutional result.
42
25. The Plaintiff, at trial, offered evidence against all of the Defendants, including the Probate Judge and other members of the Dallas County Commission (hereinafter County) as well as the School Board Defendants. A large part of the testimony was offered against all of the Defendants— especially evidence relating to Plaintiff’s claims of past discrimination in Dallas County and the alleged denial to blacks of equal access to the political process in Dallas County. However, a substantial amount of the evidence (especially that relating to the issue of responsiveness) related only to either the County or the School Board, but not both.
43
Since these Findings of Fact relate only to the claims asserted against the School Board — and not the claims asserted against the County — it is appropriate to review the nature of the exhibits, testimony, and other evidence offered by the Plaintiff as proof of its claims against the School Board Defendants. This evidence consisted of exhibits which were identified in the Pre-Trial Order and stipulated as admissable as well as those exhibits marked and received in evidence at trial; the testimony of witnesses; the deposition of Frank Earnest, Jr., Superintendent of the Dallas County Board of Education; and (by stipulation) the record and proceedings in Civil Action No. 5945-70-H (in which the Plaintiff as well as the School Board Defendants were parties).
26. As required by the Order and Local Rules of this Court, the parties conferred prior to trial and marked and identified in the Pre-Trial Order all exhibits which they proposed to offer at trial (except exhibits to be used solely for the purpose of impeachment).
44
Exhibits marked for identification as Government Exhibits 15,17,18-A, 18-B, 18-C, 19, 21, 22, 30, 39, 40, 41, 48, and 51 were withdrawn by Plaintiff, and were neither received nor considered by the Court. Government Exhibits No. 5, 5-A, 6-B-l, 6-B-2, 6-B-3, 13-A, 13-B, 14, 16, 20, and 49 were offered and received only against the County, but not the School Board. Exhibits 1, 2, 3, 4, 6-A-l, 6-A-2, 6-A-3, 8-A, 8-B, 9, 11, 47, 52 — A, 140, 141, and 53-139 related primarily to census, highways, demographic, and election information, and these exhibits were received and considered against the School Board as well as the County. Exhibits No. 10, 23, 27, 28, and 50 consisted of cases, statutes, or other laws of which this Court may take judicial notice, but which were nonetheless marked and received in evidence. Exhibits 10, 11, 12, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, and 50 consisted of a mass of historical documents, official re
*807
ports, cases, laws, and constitutional proceedings (including those of which this Court may take judicial notice), all of which were offered by Plaintiff in an effort to prove past discrimination or its effect, or an alleged denial to blacks of equal access to the political process, or an alleged lack of responsiveness on the part of the School Board. Exhibits 7 and 52 were marked for identification, but were not received in evidence by the Court. The Court has carefully weighed, considered, and evaluated each and all of those exhibits which have been admitted in evidence against the School Board Defendants, and has considered their probative value, weight, and significance in making and rendering these Findings of Fact.
27. The Plaintiff called a number of witnesses in the presentation of its case against the Defendants. The testimony of a number of these witnesses related primarily to the
Zimmer
issues (as more fully set forth in the Pre-Trial Order) of whether blacks have equal access to the political process in Dallas County, and whether past discrimination has any present effect in discouraging participation by blacks in the political process in Dallas County. Such testimony was, of course, directed against all Defendants, including the School Board. On those issues the Court considered the testimony of Mr. Harold J. Avinger, Rev. F. D. Reese, Mrs. Marie Foster, Rev. Fairro Brown, Mr. Samson Crum, Mr. Edwin L. Moss, Mr. Gerald 0. Harvin, Mr. J. C. Davis, Sr., Mr. Cleophus Hobbs, Mrs. Ethel Lena Dixon, Mrs. Esther Snyder, Rev. Seaborn Powell, Mr. J. L. Chestnut, Jr., Mr. Percy Harrell, Mr. Joseph Pettway, Mr. Joseph Sappey, Mrs. Joyce McBride, Dr. Charles Cottrell (including his work papers introduced as School Board Exhibits 1 and 2), and Mr. Frank Earnest, Jr. (including his deposition admitted in evidence). Many of the foregoing witnesses also testified at considerable length with respect to Plaintiff’s claims that the County was unresponsive to the needs of blacks. Much of this testimony related to the location and condition of County roads within the Dallas County road system, and none of this testimony was directed against the School Board Defendants. In reviewing the testimony, the Court finds very little testimony relevant to or directed at the issue of whether the School Board was responsive to the needs of blacks. Other than the deposition- and testimony of Mr. Frank Earnest, Jr., the only other witnesses whose testimony even remotely touched on the issue of the responsiveness of the School Board were Mr.. Samson Crum, Mr. Edwin L. Moss, Mr. Gerald 0. Harvin, Mr. J. C. Davis, Sr., Mr. Cleophus Hobbs, Mrs. Esther Snyder, Mr. J. L. Chestnut, Jr., and Mr. Percy Harrell. The Court has considered and will discuss all such testimony relating to Plaintiff’s claim that the School Board has not been responsive to the needs of black citizens and residents of Dallas County.
28. At the conclusion of Plaintiff’s case, the Court took under advisement the Motions for Involuntary Judgment filed by the Defendants, and directed the County to proceed with the presentation of its testimony.
45
The County then called as an expert witness Dr. James E. Voyles, who testified at length with respect to those issues which had been covered by Dr. Cottrell.
46
The County also called as witnesses Mr. B. A. Riddle, Mr. Ray Bass, Mr. Terry Benton, Mrs. Pauline Bryant, Mrs. Catherine Revel, Dr. Clyde R. Walker, Mr. Richard Ray, Mr. Cassidy Bender, Dr. Sam Waldrop, Mr. Julian Lilienthal, Mr. Larry Lewis, Mr. Andrew Calhoun, Mr. Ralph Harris, Mr. John Cecil Campbell, Mr. W. H. Kendrick, Mr. Gene Norris, Mr. Malloy Chandler, and Mr. C. Stanley Baldwin. None of the testimony offered by the County related to the issue of whether the School Board was responsive to the needs of black (as those issues were framed in the Pre-Trial Order), except for testimony by Mr. Andrew Calhoun (a former County Commissioner) that he had done work on schools and school facilities in
*808
Dallas County,
47
and the testimony of Mr. B. A. Riddle concerning qualifications of black applicants for secretarial jobs.
48
The Court announced its decision to grant the School Board’s Motion for Involuntary Dismissal on July 24, 1981, and the School Board has not been a party to any subsequent trial proceedings since that time.
49
The Court has considered the testimony and evidence offered by the County before that date only to the- extent that it might be relevant to establish the claims of the Plaintiff against the School Board, but has not considered any of that testimony for the purpose of refuting, impeaching, or diminishing Plaintiff’s evidence against the School Board. In ruling on the Motion for Involuntary Dismissal of the School Board Defendants, the Court has considered all of Plaintiff’s evidence, aided by any and all of the County’s evidence received prior to July 24,1981, that might be favorably considered to help establish Plaintiff’s claims against the School Board.
29. The provisions of Chapter 8 of Title 16 of the 1975 Code of Alabama (and specifically Section 16-8-1) constitute State laws of general application throughout the State of Alabama, and by their terms apply to and control the composition, terms of office, qualifications, and method of election of the County Boards of Education of 35 Alabama counties (including Dallas). Plaintiff contends that this State law has been unconstitutionally applied in Dallas County in a discriminatory fashion and differently from the manner in which it has been applied in the other 34 counties.
50
Plaintiff has failed to establish that claim by any credible evidence. To the contrary, the Plaintiff has admitted (in response to the School Board’s Request for Admissions) that the method of electing members to the Dallas County Board of Education, i.e., the at-large method of election, does not differ from the method of election used to elect school board members in those other 34 Alabama counties.
51
Furthermore, the evidence offered by Plaintiff at trial affirmatively shows that this state-wide statute has been applied in Dallas County in substantially the same way that it has been applied in every other Alabama county to which it applies.
52
While it is true that members of the School Board have staggered terms, this result has not been caused or motivated by any improper or discriminatory scheme or purpose. To the contrary, these staggered terms are required by and are the result of the language of the Alabama statutes creating the present state-wide at-large system. The present state-wide at-large system was originally established in 1915 pursuant to Act No. 220, Acts of Alabama 1915. Section 2 of that Act provided for the at-large election of 5 members, and stipulated that the 5 persons receiving the highest number of votes from the county at-large would be elected. That Act expressly stated that the 2 members receiving the highest number of votes would then hold office for 6 years; that the 2 members receiving the next highest number of votes would hold office for 4 years; and that the member receiving the lowest number of votes would hold office for 2 years. That Act took effect with the General Election of November, 1916, with the aforesaid staggered
*809
terms of those members elected commencing upon their election. That Act further provided that in the November, 1918, election, and biennially thereafter, members whose terms expired would be filled by election for a new 6 year term. This 1915 state-wide law prescribed and resulted in staggered terms for all Alabama school boards, and the staggered terms thus created have continued until this date. The 1915 Act was amended by Act No. 442, Acts of Alabama 1919, which continued the at-large method of election. That Act also provided for elections for new 6 year terms to fill vacancies as the terms of present members expired. The 1923 Act amended the 1919 Act, to provide a method whereby every revenue district would have at least 1 member of the County Board of Education, but to be elected at-large. Act No. 524, Acts of Alabama 1923. The 1927 School Code continued the method which was originally adopted in 1915, and provided that new members would be elected for 6 year terms to succeed the member or members whose terms of office expire at that time. There have been no statutory changes since the 1927 School Code, except for recodifications, so that Alabama law still prescribes staggered terms not only for Dallas County, but also for the other 34 counties subject to the provisions of Section 16-8 — 1 of the 1975 Code of Alabama. There is a firm, longstanding state policy favoring staggered terms for members of Alabama’s County Boards of Education (including the School Board Defendants). Plaintiff’s claim that Alabama law is applied differently in Dallas County, and that the staggered terms in Dallas County are the result of some discriminatory purpose, are clearly without merit and are rejected by the Court. The Court attaches no significance to the fact that election officials in Dallas County have apparently assigned numbers to the various School Board positions, since it is inconsequential whether such numbers appear on the ballot or not. The significant fact is that by State law School Board members are required to run at-large, with staggered terms, not only in Dallas County but in the other 34 counties subject to Section 16-8-1, Alabama Code 1975. In any event, Plaintiff failed to offer any evidence to show that the other 34 counties do not also have numbered places, and thus failed to prove that a different practice is followed in Dallas County from that followed elsewhere. Plaintiff offered no other evidence, and made no other claims, of any other differences in the method or manner whereby this State law has been applied in Dallas County. The Plaintiff has therefore failed to establish its claim that this state-wide law has been unconstitutionally applied in Dallas County in a manner different from that applied in the other 34 counties. To the contrary, the evidence shows that this state-wide statute has been fairly and uniformly applied in Dallas County as well as the other 34 counties, and that the method of electing the School Board Defendants does not differ from the method of election used to elect school board members in those other 34 counties.
53
30. By stipulation and agreement of the parties, the Court has taken judicial notice of the entire record and proceedings in Civil Action No. 5945-70-H pending in this Court, together with all documents, evidence, and testimony taken and received into evidence in that school desegregation case.
54
That Action was originally initiated against the Macon County Board of Education in 1963, and was amended in 1964 to include appropriate State officials.
Lee v. Macon,
231 F.Supp. 743 , (D.C.Ala.1964). The United States originally participated actively as
amicus curiae
in 1963, and has been a Plaintiff-Intervenor pursuant to Title IX of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. 2000h, since August 31, 1963. Following the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Dallas County Board of Education adopted a voluntary desegregation plan on August 16, 1965, which was
*810
approved by the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) under the provisions of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The School Board was one of only ten Alabama School Systems which adopted and submitted voluntary desegregation plans. This early voluntary plan conformed to the requirements of HEW, and was phased in over a period of three (3) years with concurrent publicity throughout Dallas County. The School Board’s voluntary plan not only conformed to the requirements of HEW, but also contained many of the principal features of the Model Desegregation Plan later adopted by the Three Judge Panel in its Order of March 22, 1967. The School Board was not a party to the original
Lee
case. TJiat Action, as amended, challenged the constitutionality of certain Alabama laws and certain practices of Alabama officials that encouraged and compelled racial segregation in local school systems. After enjoining enforcement of such laws and continuation of such practices, 231 F.Supp. at 754-55 , the Three Judge Panel directed,
inter alia,
that the State officials obtain desegregation plans from all school districts in the State not then involved in other litigation.
Lee
v.
Macon,
267 F.Supp. 458 (M.D.Ala., 1967), 478, 480-91,
aff’d Wallace v. United States,
389 U.S. 215 , 88 S.Ct. 415 , 19 L.Ed.2d 422 . Because the School Board had previously adopted a voluntary plan, it was not involved in these proceedings at that time. After the Supreme Court decision in
Green v. County School Board,
391 U.S. 430 , 88 S.Ct. 1689 , 20 L.Ed.2d 716 (1968), the School Board and its Superintendent, Frank Earnest, Jr., were added as defendants on August 25, 1969, along with other school systems in Alabama. On October 23, 1969 the Three Judge Panel entered an Order requiring the School Board and other Alabama school systems to file desegregation plans prior to January 15, 1970, to be effective with the beginning of the 1970-71 school year. In that Order, the Three Judge Panel specifically ordered “that the United States, through the use of educational experts of the Office of Education, Department of Health, Education and Welfare, study the operation of each of the . . . school systems and confer with and assist each of said systems in formulating the required plan”. The School Board was specifically ordered “to cooperate fully with the representatives of the Office of Education, Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and to make available all information and records in their possession necessary to the development of the plans .. . ”. The Office of Education, HEW, was given fifteen days from the date of submission of the Plan to submit an alternative plan, “in the event the Plan as submitted will not realistically and effectively disestablish the dual system based upon race”. In response to that Order, the School Board utilized the University of South Alabama to formulate, prepare, and submit to HEW and the Justice Department a new plan of desegregation (The University of South Alabama was one of two institutions in the State of Alabama designáted and funded by HEW to perform such services). The Board adopted its Plan, with the approval of HEW and the Justice Department, and the Three Judge Panel by its Order of February 23, 1970 approved the Plan (with certain modifications contained in that Order) and ordered that it be placed into effect at the beginning of the 1970-71 school year.
55
In that Order, the Three Judge Panel also ordered the School Board to file a projection of enrollment in each of . the schools prior to August 1, 1970,
56
and also a report on the actual enrollment prior to September 30, 1970.
57
By an Order of March 31, 1970 the Three Judge Panel transferred all aspects of the case involving Dallas County and four other school districts to this Court, at which time the proceedings involving the
*811
School Board were assigned Civil Action No. 5945-70-H and were assigned to this District Judge. This Court has actively handled that litigation and has supervised the School Board since that time, and is intimately familiar with the
Lee
case as well as the School Board and its responsiveness to this Court and its Orders.
31. The Dallas County School System operates in a predominately rural area. Approximately 75% of its enrollment is comprised of black students.
58
Prior to the adoption of the 1970 approved Plan of Desegregation, the Board operated fifteen schools, most of which had been operated as black schools under the former dual system.
59
Prior to the adoption of the 1970 approved Plan, the Board had (in 1965) adopted a voluntary Plan in compliance with HEW requirements.
60
That earlier voluntary Plan had already produced some degree of desegregation in the three former all white schools.
61
Under the terms of the approved Plan,
62
the County was divided into three high school zones (Western, Northeastern, and Southern), which in turn were subdivided into elementary zones and junior high school zones. The actual physical boundaries of these zones were then and are now generally defined and limited by considerations of geography. The Alabama River separates the Southern Zone from the other two, and the Western and Northeastern Zones are generally defined and separated by the City of Selma, hilly terrain, the Cahaba River, and limitations imposed by transportation arteries. The population of the Western Zone is comprised primarily of blacks, while the other two zones have a high proportion of whites.
63
However, both races are dispersed, and reside in all geographical areas of the County.
64
The original Plan of Desegregation took into consideration all of the factors involved, and represented the best judgment and best efforts of the School Board, the University of South Alabama, HEW, and the Justice Department. That Plan recognized that most of the schools in the western zone and some of the other more remote schools would be predominately black because of population factors.
65
The original projections prepared by the University of South Alabama in July, 1970 showed black enrollments of approximately 94% at Keith, 94% at Five Points, 93% at Salem, 83% at Martin Station, 92% at Hazen-Harrell, 95% at Shiloh, 86% at Tyler Union, 92% at E. M. Brown, and 93% at Hunter Mission.
66
Those projections were based upon the number of students actually residing in those zones. However, all parties (including HEW and the Three Judge Court) anticipated that a substantial number of white students might drop out of the school system and attend private schools. Accordingly, the Three
*812
Judge Court ordered that a report on actual enrollment and racial composition be filed and served on all parties by September 30, 1970. On July 31, 1970, the School Board filed the projected racial composition of the student body, faculty, and staff for the 1970-71 school year, as required by the Three Judge Panel.
67
After the beginning of school, on September 30,1970, the School Board filed the actual enrollment which had resulted from the approved Plan.
68
Both the projection and the report of actual enrollment were filed by the School Board and served on all parties, and reflected the following:
69
1970-71 PROJECTED RACIAL COMPOSITION
SCHOOL WHITE BLACK TOTAL
Keith 54 797 851
Five Points 14 209 223
Salem 17 213 230
Martin Station 42 211 253
Hazen Harrell 26 301 327
Southside 917 916 1833
Tipton 246 588 834
Shiloh 19 418 437
Tyler Union 40 253 293
E. M. Brown 26 299 325
Hunter Mission 12 170 182
Brantley 150 342 492
Plantersville 453 367 820
Potters Station 114 131 245
Valleygrande 142 124 266
1970-71 ACTUAL ENROLLMENTS
SCHOOL WHITE BLACK TOTAL
Keith 0 897 897
Five Points 4 220 224
Salem 0 233 233
Martin Station 0 187 187
Hazen Harrell 0 497 497
Southside 998 712 1710
Tipton 0 613 613
Shiloh 0 486 486
Tyler Union 0 304 304
E. M. Brown 0 250 250
Hunter Mission 0 175 175
Brantley 0 505 505
Plantersville 505 324 829
Potters Station 86 63 149
Valleygrande 156 55 211
These 1970 reports reflected a substantial loss in white students attending the public school system at the beginning of the 1970-71 school year. For example, the projection showed 2,272 white students, whereas the actual enrollment was 1,749. This showed a loss of approximately 523 white students from the school system during the first year of the operation of the Plan. Most of those students transferred to private schools in Selma or surrounding counties near their residence. The black enrollment that year was close to the projections, and in fact was slightly higher than the projection.
32. There was no appeal from the final Order of the Three Judge Court approving and implementing the Desegregation Plan for Dallas County, and there were no objections filed to the projected or actual enrollment figures filed with the Court in 1970.
70
However, on April 4, 1971, the United States filed a Motion for Supplemental Relief, alleging: that the School Board was operating its high school program in violation of the Desegregation Order; that the approved Desegregation Plan projected that white students would attend each school in the system; that the School Board’s report dated September 17, 1970 indicated that only four schools in the Dallas County System had white students in attendance; that the Court should reassess the effectiveness of the Desegregation Plan in light of the actual results achieved under the Plan as implemented; that reasonable alternative methods were available to the School Board to provide all students with an opportunity to receive a substantial desegregated education and to alleviate overcrowded conditions; and that technical assistance was available to the Court and to the School Board from the Office of Education to aid in the development, adoption, and implementation of a new Desegregation Plan.
71
In that Motion, the United States specifically moved the Court to order the Board to prepare, in collaboration with the Office of Education of HEW, a new Desegregation Plan with respect to student
*813
attendance for the Dallas County School System, to be implemented at the commencement of the 1971 school year. This 1971 proceeding, and all of the aforesaid issues, were finally adjudicated and resolved by an Agreement and Consent Order entered July 27, 1971, which reaffirmed the original Desegregation Plan, ordered the Board to comply with the approved Plan “in all respects ... including the assignment of each student in the school system to the school facility designated in the Desegregation Plan to serve his or her attendance area and grade level on a non-segregated, non-discriminatory basis”, afforded the United States the opportunity “at any time during the 1971-72 school year to evaluate the progress in desegregation of the Dallas County School System... ”, and obligated the Board to cooperate with the United States in providing the information necessary for such evaluation.
72
This subsequent evaluation was accomplished by the United States, and included a full review of school and attendance records, an examination of all reports submitted to HEW, and actual physical inspection of the Dallas County Schools during school attendance hours.
73
There were no further complaints by the United States following that evaluation and inspection, and all prior objections of the United States to the approved Plan were concluded and satisfactorily resolved by the 1971 Consent Order.
33. On September 21, 1972, the National Education Association, as Plaintiff-Intervenor in the
Lee
case, filed a motion for further relief and permanent injunction alleging that the School Board had discriminated on the basis of race in its employment practices in violation of the February 13, 1970 Order of the Court and contrary to the mandate of
Singleton v. Jackson Municipal Separate School District,
419 F.2d 1211 (5th C.C.A., 1969).
74
The NEA Motion was filed September 21, 1972, and on October 10, 1972 the Court entered an Order directing counsel for NEA to contact the other parties and arrange a conference for the purpose of discussing the issues in controversy and presenting a Consent Order resolving those issues if possible, with the proviso that any issues unresolved by such conference should be certified to the Court by the aggrieved party.
75
NEA failed to arrange such conference, and on March 14, 1975 the Court entered an Order reciting the failure of NEA to comply with the 1972 Order, and ordering that the proceedings “. .. will be dismissed for want of prosecution unless the parties show good cause why same should not be done within fifteen days of this Order”.
76
On March 31, 1975 the United States filed its response to the Court’s Order to show cause.
77
In this response, the United States alleged that the Court should allow a reasonable time for the United States “to complete an investigation to determine whether the alleged violations, and any other violations of applicable federal law, exist at this time”. The United States represented to the Court: “We have initiated an investigation to determine whether Defendants have complied with the February 13, 1970, Order and applicable federal law”. The United States requested that the Court allow forty-five days for the completion of the investigation, “in order to assure that constitutional violations do not exist, or . . . that those violations are properly remedied. .. ”. In response to the Motion of the United States, the Court entered an Order on April 1, 1975, directing the parties to “conduct all such investigations and discoveries as they feel essential within the next forty-five (45) days from date of this Order and will confer among themselves as to the issues involved within sixty (60) days from the date of this Order and shall certify to this Court what areas of controversy, if any, still exist between
*814
them, what areas of agreement or accord have been reached, and whether there is anything necessary for this Court to do by way of hearings or otherwise to resolve any conflicts”.
78
The Certification of Parties in response to Order of April 1, 1975, was filed on June 4, 1975 certifying only four specified issues as then remaining and being contested. The remaining issues certified to the Court involved objective non-racial criteria to be utilized in personnel actions, and other issues involving employment or assignment of personnel by the Board. There were no remaining issues with respect to the constitutionality or the appropriateness of the approved Plan of Desegregation, and there were no issues certified requesting or relating to modification of the approved Plan.
79
On June 5, 1975, the Court set the remaining issues for hearing, and a full evidentiary hearing was conducted by the Court on July 8, 9, and 10, 1975. During the course of that hearing, evidence was introduced and considered by the Court relating to the racial composition of the faculty and student body at the various schools, as well as evidence concerning the circumstances under which the use of three school buildings was discontinued. On the third day of the hearing, the parties suggested to the Court their belief that a Consent Order might be entered, and the Court recessed the hearing to afford the parties such an opportunity. Thereafter, on October 22, 1975, the parties submitted a Consent Decree, which was entered by the Court disposing of all issues and concluding the proceedings.
80
This Consent Decree recited the prior stipulation and certification of the parties as to the resolution of all other matters and allegations raised by or contained in the NEA Motion, and specifically ordered that all such other matters and allegations, except for the four remaining certified and contested issues, “should be and are hereby resolved and adjudicated in and by this Consent Decree”. That Consent Decree also required the School Board to make faculty assignments, utilizing race as a factor, until the black-white faculty ratio at each school was approximately the same as the black-white faculty ratio in the system as a whole; required the School Board to file annual reports with the Court giving detailed information on the faculty by race; required the School Board to adopt non-racial objective criteria to be used in the demotion and dismissal of teachers and other staff; and contained other provisions resolving the contested issues to the satisfaction of all parties. All parties agreed as to the form and entry of the Consent Decree “without admissions by the Defendants of violations of the Constitution or any Federal Statute, or Order of this Court.. . ”.
34. On November 15, 1976, the Clerk of this Court notified the parties that a status conference on fourteen of the
Lee v. Macon
school districts, including Dallas County, was scheduled for December 6, 1976. No motions were pending in the Dallas County case and no written or oral motions were made by any counsel at the status conference on Dallas County. At the hearing held on December 6, which was informal and not transcribed, the Court announced its intention to take appropriate steps to remove from the Court’s docket all actions involving school districts which were then operating in compliance with the Fourteenth Amendment. Following that status conference, this Court entered an Order on February 10, 1977, which determined and found the Dallas County School System to be desegregated and unitary.
81
That Order made similar findings with respect to 10 other school districts then subject to the Court’s jurisdiction. In that Order, this Court stated: “Because of a long and intimate relationship with each of these cases and after a further review of the proceedings in each to date, this Court is able to state with confidence that the above styled school systems are desegregated and are truly unitary in nature”. The Court stated an intention to conclude the pending cases
*815
and remove them from the Docket, but prescribed reporting requirements for all of the school systems and also established due process requirements whereby all parties were afforded an opportunity to file timely objections to that Order, and to obtain a hearing thereon. The Order specifically required, however, that “Any objection to this Order as it is formulated shall be filed within thirty days of the date of this Order”. With respect to Dallas County, the Court specifically found “that the Dallas County School System has been desegregatéd, if not from the date of the Terminal Order then certainly since the Consent Order of October 22, 1975”.
82
The United States filed neither objections nor an appeal to the Order of February 10, 1977 within the required thirty day limitation. Instead, on March 16, 1977 (thirty-four days after the February 10 Order) the United States filed its Response and Objection, objecting to the procedural and reporting requirements as well as the findings and determinations of the Court that Dallas County and other school systems had achieved a unitary status.
83
The United States did not support that pleading by Brief, as required by Local Rule of the Court. Consequently, on March 24, 1977, the Court entered the following Order: “Motion to Vacate Order of February 10, 1977 insofar as any school districts were found to be effectively desegregated and unitary contained in Response and Objections of the United States to the Order of February 10, 1977 filed on March 16, 1977 is Denied as untimely and without Brief contrary to local rule and without merit”.
84
The United States did not appeal from either the February 10 Order or the March 24 Order, and both are final Orders. On July 26, 1977 the United States filed a Motion for Enforcement and Modification of Injunction, alleging violations of the Desegregation Plan, and also seeking modification of that Plan.
85
The Motion attacked the Desegregation Plan, asserting many of the same objections which had been considered and adjudicated by the Court in the Consent Orders entered in 1971 and 1975. However, there was no claim of any substantial change in the controlling facts and circumstances on which the 1970, 1971, and 1975 Orders approving the Plan were based. The United States filed interrogatories with its motion,
86
and the School Board filed objections on the ground that the interrogatories inquired into matters which had been finally determined by the February 10, 1977, and prior Orders.
87
The United States moved to compel discovery, and the case was set for Pre-Trial Conference on September 27, 1977, at which hearing the Court considered whether the United States was attempting, by means of a subterfuge motion, to go behind the prior Orders and re-litigate the same issues. On November 10, 1977, this Court entered an Order denying that part of the Government’s motion which sought to modify the Desegregation Plan, but ordered that a hearing be held on the remaining allegations concerning alleged violations of the Desegregation Plan and prior Orders.
88
In that Order, this Court recited that it was “not willing to entertain Motions on matters such as the Desegregation Plan, an Order which has gone without appeal or objection for seven years... ”, and made the following specific findings and Order:
“On July 26, 1977 the United States as plaintiff-intervenor filed a motion for enforcement and modification of the desegregation order of February 13, 1970, the consent order of July 27, 1971, and the consent decree of October 22, 1975, requesting an alteration of the desegregation plan adopted by this Court for the Dallas County School System due to the improper racial composition of both faculty and student assignments within the system.
*816
This Court ruled in February that the Dallas County School System “has been desegregated, if not from the date of the terminal order then certainly since the consent order of October 22, 1975”. The United States did not choose to contest this final order by appeal, but rather filed untimely objections to the order and then filed this motion to reopen matters resolved against them in the order of February 10, 1977. The Court is of the opinion that having failed to contest the February 10 order either through objections or appeal the Government is now es-topped to raise the desegregation issue through a motion to modify the desegregation plan implemented by this Court. The Court is not constrained to allow the Government to ignore the finding made by this Court in the February 10 order by means of a subterfuge motion; therefore, the Court is of the opinion that so much of the Government’s July 26, 1977 motion as requests modification of the desegregation plan for the Dallas County School System is due to be and the same is hereby DENIED.”
35. On November 25, 1977, the United States filed Notice of Appeal from the February 10, 1977 Order.
89
On August 28, 1978, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed that Order.
Lee v. Dallas County Bd. of Ed.,
578 F.2d 1177 (5th C.C.A., 1978). During the pend-ency of that appeal, the Court proceeded with the hearing on the remaining aspects of the Government’s motion, on January 26-27 and February 1-2, 1978. Following that hearing, the Court entered its Order of February 23, 1978, making detailed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law.
90
In that Order, the Court made the following Findings of Fact:
. a. Since the 1970 Desegregation Order, three schools have been closed, but the closing of those schools has not impaired the effectiveness of the Desegregation Plan, and there have been no other changes in the system since the 1970 Order.
b. There were violations of the 1970 Order in the nature of zone jumping, and the School Board knew or should have known that such violations existed. However, the School Board’s involvement in those violations was in the nature of negligence, in the sense that the Board failed to take affirmative steps to preclude such violations, rather than intentional. The Board did not openly advocate, encourage, or aid the zone jumping, but merely failed to take adequate steps to prevent or stop it. Although the School Board was negligent in not strictly' enforcing the zone lines, its conduct was not obdurately obstinate (as has been the case with other school boards within this Court’s jurisdiction), nor did its conduct and that of its agents. with respect to zone jumping constitute intentional racial discrimination.
c. On January 30, 1978 (during the pendency of the Trial) the School Board adopted and filed administrative procedures, which the Court believed would be effective in stopping the practice of zone jumping.
d. The School Board had failed to bring the system into compliance with
Singleton ,
insofar as the assignment of faculty and staff were concerned.
e. The School Board had been remiss in its duties to adequately familiarize its staff and the general public with regard to the provisions of the Majority to Minority Transfer Program.
f. The Court found no disparity with respect to the funding or the facilities within the system. Although there was not a perfect equality of facilities, there was no showing by the Government that the School Board’s decisions concerning funding, new construction, school closings, and acceptance of community contributions were based on anything other than sound education criteria. The facilities were not perfectly equal in 1970, when the original Desegregation Plan was adopted, but the Three Judge Court accepted the Plan and the facilities it
*817
incorporated, and the School Board’s decisions and actions since that time have not been contrary to the purpose, intent, or spirit of the 1970 Order.
g. The School Board’s budget and allocations for janitorial supplies, fee replacement money, library, guidance, testing, and general maintenance were fairly and impartially adopted and administered, and there was no disparity nor discrimination with respect to those allocations.
h. Public schools in Alabama have traditionally had to depend upon community support for many of the necessities not provided by school boards, and the School Board’s practice of permitting local parent-teacher organizations to provide assistance and benefits to the various schools within the system was not improper.
Based upon the foregoing Findings of Fact, the Court concluded that the School Board had breached its affirmative duty to enforce the 1970 Desegregation Plan by not strictly enforcing the geographical attendance zones, and that a judicial remedy was required to perpetuate the unitary status already achieved in the system. The Court entered its Judgement of February 23,1978 enjoining the School Board: (a) from advocating, encouraging, or participating in violations of the geographical attendance zones set out by the 1970 Order, and from failing or refusing to fully investigate and certify the residential address of each and every student within the system; (b) from allowing or permitting its transportation facilities to be utilized by persons seeking to violate the geographical attendance zones set out in the 1970 Order; (c) from failing or refusing to comply with the requirements of
Singleton
and the 1970 Order with respect to faculty and staff assignment; and (d) from failing or refusing to publicize and advertise the provisions of the majority to minority transfer program set out in the desegregation plan to the end that the general public is familiar with such program and its benefits are equally accessible.
91
In that Order, the Court also imposed reporting requirements on the School Board, to determine the effect and adequacy of the School Board’s efforts to stop zone jumping and implement the
Singleton
requirements. The Court further ordered “. . . that so much of the motion for enforcement of injunction as relates to alleged disparity of facilities is due to be dismissed on the merits, the government having failed to carry its burden of proof with respect to the alleged racial motivation involved in creating such disparity.”
36. On January 30, 1978, the School Board voluntarily adopted administrative procedures designed to correct the zone jumping and other problems which had then become evident.
92
Those procedures have been implemented, and the Board has in good faith carried them out and successfully perpetuated the unitary system which was previously achieved.
93
Pursuant to those procedures, the School Board has taken the following constructive and responsive actions:
94
a. The School Board appointed a Black Director of Attendance whose primary function was to insure that the zone requirements were properly enforced.
b. The Director of Attendance audits the records of each school to verify that all students are in their proper attendance zone.
*818
c. The Director of Attendance verifies the actual residence of all new students enrolling in the System.
d. A new and better enrollment application form has been adopted, containing information as to the residence of each child and the actual geographical location of that residence, with a map on the reverse side on which the student must mark the location of his residence.
e. An improved record keeping system was set up.
f. Principals are required to report the names of students who fail to report back for enrollment the following year.
g. Rules were adopted for the transportation system, and a bi-racial committee examines the transportation system at least each semester to insure that it is in compliance with the Desegregation Plan and policies of the School Board.
h. The Superintendent or his designated staff person explains the provisions of the majority to minority transfer policy during the Annual Teacher Institute conducted before the beginning of each school year.
i. Before the end of each school year, letters advising students and parents of the provisions of the majority to minority transfer policy are sent home to all students within the System.
j. A procedure was adopted for handling requests for transfers under the majority to minority transfer policy, with final action being subject to Board approval to insure accountability.
k. An improved system was set up for supervising requests for enrollment from students residing outside the System.
37. During 1978, the School Board voluntarily adopted additional procedures dealing with inter-district transfers.
95
These procedures, as finally adopted and amended, insure that transfers into the Dallas County System will be permitted only on a non-discriminatory basis and only where the cumulative effect of such transfers will not reduce desegregation in either school system or reinforce the dual school system. After a thorough study of past and potential applications for transfer, the School Board decided that no application for inter-district transfer should be approved except in cases where the applicant would transfer from a school in which his or her race is in the majority into a school in the Dallas County School System where his or her race is in the minority, except in certain limited and defined exceptional circumstances.
96
The School Board voluntarily acted to adopt those procedures, and such action is further evidence of its good faith in enforcing and implementing the Desegregation Plan.
38. Having adopted new administrative procedures to stop the practice of zone jumping, the School Board took action in February, 1978, to require all students in the System to re-register, using the new registration form and procedures. The Board and its newly appointed Director of Attendance made a complete and thorough investigation into the actual residence of all students attending the Dallas County School System, and all students and their parents or guardians completed the new registration forms, which were reviewed and verified by principals or other designated staff persons at each school. That investigation by the School Board disclosed that there were 735 students attending schools in an improper zone, of whom 187 (25%) were white and 548 (75%) were black.
97
These figures were almost identical to the percentages of black — white enrollment within the System,
98
and this zone jumping did not involve any preferential or discriminatory treatment of either whites or blacks. Many parents — both white and black — preferred (and continue to prefer) that their children attend different schools from those
*819
prescribed by the Desegregation Plan. While this Court understands their feelings, nevertheless the approved Desegregation Plan will not work unless it is enforced. For that reason the School Board, with the support of the Court, transferred all students into their proper zones and resisted all efforts by those students and their parents to obtain exceptional or preferential treatment. The Court commends the School Board for its courage and its cooperative attitude in handling these massive transfers, which occurred in the middle of the school year and which, except for the School Board’s cooperation and diligence, could have severely disrupted the School System.
39. The School Board also acted promptly to insure that the
Singleton
requirements were fully implemented, beginning with the academic year of 1978-79. In May, 1978, the School Board reported to this Court the following schedule reflecting proposed and projected teacher assignments, by race and school, for the 1978-79 school year.
99
School No. of White Teachers No. of Black Teachers
%
of White Teachers % of Black Teachers
Brantley Jr. High 8% 13 39.53 60.47
Dallas County High 13 18 41.94 58.06
Five Points Elem. 3 5% 36.01 63.99
Hazen Harrell 9% 14 40.43 59.57
Hunter Mission Elem. 3 4% 40.00 60.00
J. E. Terry Elem. 4% 6% 40.91 59.09
Keith High 13 21 38.24 61.76
Martin Station Elem. 4 6% 38.72 ' 61.28
Salem Elem. 3 4% 40.93 59.07
Shiloh Jr. High 10 16 38.46 61.54
Southside Elem. 11 16% 40.00 60.00
Southside High 18 27 40.00 60.00
Tipton Jr. High 11 17 39.29 60.71
Valleygrande Elem. 6% 9 41.94 58.06
TOTALS 118 178% 39.80 60.20
40. The School Board has filed extensive reports, reflecting the actual composition of the faculty and student enrollments, by race and school, during the periods from October 1, 1978 to April 1, 1979 (including the commencement of the 1978-79 school year) and from April 1, 1979 to October 1, 1979 (including the commencement of the 1979-80 school year). The number of students, by race, enrolled in the various schools within the Dallas County School System for those periods is set out as follows:
100
SCHOOLS 10/1/78 to 4/1/79 4/1/79 to 10/1/79
BLACK WHITE BLACK WHITE
Brantley Jr. High 393 154 437 142
Dallas County High 267 348 289 342
Five Points Elementary 146 0 130 0
Hazen Harrell Jr. High 420 0 394 0
Hunter Mission Elementary 115 1 95 0
J. E. Terry Elementary 81 112 79 118
Keith High 596 2 568 2
Martin Station Elementary 201 0 205 0
Salem Elementary 113 0 91 0
Shiloh Jr. High 429 5 425 3
*820
SCHOOLS 10/1/78 to 4/1/79 4/1/79 to 10/1/79
BLACK WHITE BLACK WHITE
Southside Elementary 314 285 324 283
Southside High 567 287 613 242
Tipton Jr. High 580 10 554 9
Valley grande Elementary 86 258 85 234
TOTALS 4,308 1,462 4,289 1,375
41.The number of teachers, by race, in each school within the Dallas County School System for the aforesaid periods of October 1, 1978 to April 1, 1979 and April 1, 1979 to October 1, 1979 was as follows:
101
SCHOOL 10/1/78 to 4/1/79 4/1/79 to 10/1/79
Black % White Black White
Brantley 17 59.6 11.5 40.4 17 57.6 12.5 42.4
Dallas Co. High 18 58.1 13 41.9 17 56.7 13 43.3
Five Points Elem. 5.33 64.0 3 36.0 4.83 61.7 3 38.3
Hazen Harrell Jr. 14 59.6 9.5 40.4 14.5 63.0 8.50 37.0
Hunter Mission Elem. 4.5 60.00 3 40.00 3.5 58.3 2.50 41.7
J. E. Terry Elem. 7.5 62.5 4.5 37.5 7 60.9 4.5 39.1
Keith High 21 61.8 13 38.2 21 61.8 13 38.2
Martin Station Elem. 6.33 61.3 4 38.7 6.83 63.1 4 36.9
Salem Elem. 4.33 59.1 3 40.9 3.33 52.6 3 47.4
Shiloh Jr. High 16 61.5 10 38.5 16.5 61.1 10.5 38.9
Southside Elem. 18.5 60.7 12 39.3 18.5 60.7 12 39.3
Southside High 26 57.8 19 42.2 24 60.0 16 40.0
Tipton Jr. High 18.5 62.7 11 37.3 20 61.5 12.5 38.5
Valleygrande Elem. 10 60.6 6.5 39.4 10 55.6 8 44.4
Area Voc. School 4 26.7 11 73.3 6 42.9 8 57.1
TOTALS 191 58.8 134 41.2 189.5 59.1 131 40.9
42.These reports confirm, and the Court finds, that the School Board is in full compliance with the approved Desegregation Plan, as well as all prior Orders of this Court. On February 2, 1979, the Court entered a Memorandum Order, reviewing the status of the unitariness of the Dallas County School System.
102
At that time the Court reviewed the procedural history of the Dallas County School System, and found that “on the basis of the record and the evidence adduced during trial, the Court is satisfied that this System remains deseg-
regated and unitary as noted in 1977.”. In that Memorandum Order, the Court further found that the School Board, in response to the Court’s opinion of February 23, 1978, had eliminated zone jumping, obtained proper assignments, and made the benefits of the majority to minority transfer program available to all students.
103
43.The transportation system of the Dallas County School System is fully desegregated, and black and white students are transported daily on the same buses.
104
The
*821
School Board has appointed a bi-racial committee on transportation, which has met during 1978 and 1979 and examined the transportation policies and practices of the School Board. This bi-racial committee has found those policies and practices to be operating on a non-discriminatory basis and within the provisions of the Orders of this Court,
105
and this Court concurs with and adopts their findings. The School Board has afforded priority to a good transportation system, and has routed its buses so as to accommodate all students, including those residing in remote areas of the County.
106
There has been no testimony offered by the Plaintiff to show that the School Board has not been fair, diligent, and responsive to all students in the routing and operation of its transportation system. To the contrary, the evidence in the
Lee
case affirmatively shows, and the Court therefore finds, that the School Board’s operation of the transportation system has been fair, without discrimination, and responsive to the needs of all students, both black and white.
44. Not only are the schools and transportation system being operated on a desegregated and non-discriminatory basis, but all other facilities such as gymnasiums, auditoriums, and cafeterias are also being operated by the School Board on a unitary and desegregated basis, and without discrimination.
107
The School Board has made these gymnasiums, auditoriums, and cáteterías available to the local communities in which they are situated.
108
Many of these communities are predominately black, and the local schools and their gymnasiums, auditoriums, and cafeterias fill a need for community meetings, community recreation, and community service organizations. By this practice, the School Board has further evidenced its responsiveness to the black citizens of Dallas County.
45. A system-wide bi-racial Title I E.S.A. Advisory Committee has also functioned with respect to the entire Title I program for the Dallas County School System for a number of years.
109
This Title I Bi-Racial Committee functioned with respect to the entire Title I program, which affected all of the economically and culturally deprived students (80%) within the Dallas County School System.
110
In early 1977, the School Board established a bi-racial advisory committee to advise the School Board regarding any problem or interest affecting local community schools.
111
This bi-racial committee has met on a regular basis since its formation. This bi-racial committee was created by the School Board in response to the request and suggestion of Mr. J. L. Chestnut, Jr., a black attorney then representing a number of black citizens interested in Brantley School.
112
The School Board also appoints three (3) Trustees from each school, from a list of six persons nominated by the parents and guardians of children attending each
*822
school.
113
These School Trustees provide another valuable source of lay imput to the School Board, through the principals of the individual schools. The School Board has also obtained citizen imput, from the black community as well as the white community, through the local parent-teacher organizations in the various schools.
114
The principals maintain close liaison with their respective parent-teacher organizations, as well as the local communities in which the schools are located, and through them the School Board receives valuable imput from the black community as well as the white community. These various sources for citizen imput, including the bi-racial committees and parent-teacher organizations, provide further evidence of the School Board’s desire to ascertain the needs of the black ' community and their responsiveness to those needs.
46. Approximately eighty percent (80%) of the total enrollment within the Dallas County School System is comprised of economically and culturally deprived students who are eligible for the Title I program.
115
The Court finds that the School Board has effectively utilized the Title I program to benefit these economically and culturally deprived students within the System, approximately 80% of whom are black.
116
This further evidences the responsiveness of the School Board to the particularized needs and interests of blacks. The Court has been favorably impressed with the School Board’s record of achievement in the Title I program. The scope and extent of this participation is reflected by the following figures:
117
70-71 71-72 72-73 73-74 74-75 75-76 76-77 77-78 78-79
INSTRUCTIONAL ACTIVITIES:
Business Ed. 350
Reading 4300 3275 2701 2047 2043 1530 1552 1620 1713
Industrial Arts 225
Math 2240 1653 1718 1247 1850 1280 1299 1270 1179
Natural Science 2400 1500 1382 940
Social Science 2500 1500 1467 924
Home Ec. 540
Handicapped 600
Pre-School 350
Cultural Enrichment 4865 1460
SUPPORTIVE SERVICES:
Guidance & Testing 5060 3850 4285 3427 2495 1945 2012 2009 2031
Health Services 3975 3850 3050 2140 1550 1322 1270 1130 1050
Attendance 5060 3850 2350 2400 1950 1518 1460 1280 1300
Services for Handicapped 600
*823
SUPPORTIVE SERVICES: 70-71 71-72 72-73 73-74 74-75 75-76 76-77 77-78 78-79
Speech Therapy 209 212 170 205 210 211 240 239
EXTRA-CURRICULAR PROGRAMS:
Field Trip Experiences 3964 2200 2700
TOTAL NO. OF PARTICIPANTS: 5475 4602 4285 3427 2495 1945 2012 2009 2031
% OF WHITE PARTICIPANTS: 19.0 19.0 24.0 27.5 27.3 18.9 19.15
% OF BLACK PARTICIPANTS: 81.0 81.0 76.0 72.5 72.7 81.1 80.85
47. The School Board obtains the major portion of its funding from state and local sources, with Title I funding providing a significant amount of assistance.
118
The Court finds that the School Board has been diligent in obtaining federal assistance under all federal programs designed to strengthen the educational opportunities afforded Dallas County students, both black and white, especially those who are economically and culturally deprived.
119
The School Board has received very little financial assistance from local county government, but it has been successful in obtaining passage of constitutional amendments providing for ad valorem taxes for the operation of the County schools. The sources and amounts of funding for the School Board since 1975 are as follows:
120
SOURCE OF FUNDING 1975-76 1976-77 1977-78 1978-79
State of Ala. 3,807,487.54 3,795,177.48 4,297,032.82 4,882,078.94
FEDERAL:
General 189,175.61 156,904.70 69,785.65 156,432.98
P.L. 89-10 Title I 762,311.00 781,016.00 888,478.00 1,080,664.00
P.L. 89-10 Tit. II & IV 10,504.54
P.L. 89-10 Tit. Ill 48,000.00 48.000.00
P.L. 89-10 Tit. IV 40,862.18
P.L. 89-10 Tit. IV-B 24,236.00 28,280.00
P.L. 89-10 Tit. IV-C 39,000.00 38.955.00
P.L. 89-10 Tit. VI 16,430.00 35.000.00 28,560.00 49.173.00
P.L. 89-313 552.00
County Ad Valorem 379,820.04 389,876.69 384,886.00 427,392.16
Other Revenues 16,014.60 10,466.42 6,494.40 10,258.95
Non-Revenue 23,664.36 27,975.50 47,651.12
*824
48. Because of the large number (approximately 80%) of its students who are economically and culturally deprived, the School Board has made a special effort to provide additional pre-school training for those students.
121
The School Board has adopted a system of pre-school centers, in cooperation with the Dallas County Economic Opportunity Board and the State Department of Education.
122
The School Board has attempted to locate as many units as possible in each of the school zones. During 1977-78 there were six such units in the system, four of which were Head Start units funded by EOB, and two of which were kindergarten units allocated by the State Department of Education.
123
Participants in the Head Start program funded by EOB are selected based upon the poverty level of the family, while participants in the kindergarten units are selected through an impartial lottery system.
124
All units have enrollments of 20 pupils per unit. During 1977-78 there were two Head Start units at Keith High School, serving children in the western zone; a kindergarten unit at Valleygrande Elementary School and a Head Start unit at Brantley, serving units in the northern zone; and a Head Start unit at Tipton and a kindergarten unit at Southside Elementary, serving students in the southern zone.
125
The pre-school students in the western zone were transported by EOB facilities, while those in the southern and northern zones were transported by regular school buses.
126
The School Board has further evidenced its responsiveness to the particularized need by black students for preschool centers by developing and supporting the Head Start and kindergarten programs for children in predominately black rural areas.
49. The School Board has received very little financial support from local county government.
127
For that reason, it has been faced with a shortage of funds for janitorial supplies, fee replacement money, library, guidance, and testing funds, and general maintenance.
128
The available funds have been fairly and impartially administered by the School Board to the various schools within the System, without favoritism or discrimination. There has been no disparity with respect to the allocations of those funds by the School Board, and the allocations have generally been handled according to student population, teacher units, or other objective standards.
129
Because the public funds have generally been insufficient, the School Board, as well as other public schools throughout Alabama, has traditionally had to depend upon community support for many of the necessities not provided by the School Board. Local parent-teacher organizations have provided assistance and benefits to the various schools within the System, and the Court finds that such practice is neither improper nor discriminatory, but in furtherance of the educational interests of the children within the School System.
130
*825
50. During the 1976 — 77 school term, the School Board funded and adopted a pilot testing program for grades 1-6.
131
In early September, 1976, students in grades 1-6 were pre-tested in reading and math, using the California Achievement Test. In mid-May, 1977, those students were given a post-test, to determine their progress during that school year. There was significant progress made in both reading and mathematics during that school year.
132
The program was continued during the 1977-78 school term, and included standardized achievement tests in reading and math for all students in grades 1-6, 8, and 10; algebra prognosis for grades 7-8; and interest inventory for grade 9; and teacher made test items for grades 1-12.
133
The test results have been utilized by the teachers in the System as a teaching aid for the identification of weaknesses and strengths of individual students. The 1976-77 test results, with the progress made during that year, are set out in summary form below.
134
The School Board’s interest in raising the educational level of its students, and its willingness to utilize the latest available educational tools, is further evidence of the School Board’s interest in and responsiveness to the educational needs and requirements of all of its students, especially its black and economically and culturally deprived students.
READING TEST RESULT'S MATHEMATIC TEST RESULTS GRADE
Pre- Post-Result Result Number Tested Gain Number Tested Pre- Post- Gain Result Result
1 522 1.6 436 1.6
2 442 0.7 2.3 1.6 458 0.7 2.5 1.8
3 504 1.8 3.1 1.3 439 2.2 3.5 1.3
4 528 2.6 4.2 1.6 527 2.8 4.3 1.5
5 553 3.1 4.2 1.1 447 3.6 4.7 1.1
6 446 3.8 4.8 1.0 484 4.4 5.7 1.3
51. Counsel for Plaintiff has suggested that the School Board’s disciplinary procedures have worked more harshly against blacks than whites. However, the evidence does not substantiate that contention. During the 1972-73 school year 153 students received corporal punishment as a formal disciplinary measure, of whom 111 (72.5%) were black and 42 (27.5%) were white.
135
During the 1975-76 school year 1,096 students were administered corporal punishment, of whom 467 (42.6%) were white and 629 (57.4%) were black.
136
During the 1977-78 school year 481 students were ad-
ministered corporal punishment, of whom 365 (75.9%) were black and 116 (24.1%) were white.
137
During the 1975-76 school year, a total of 264 students were expelled or suspended, of whom 155 (58.7%) were white and 109 (41.3%) were black.
138
During the 1977-78 school year 187 students were expelled or suspended, of whom 144 (77%) were black and 43 (23%) were white.
139
Since blacks comprise approximately 75% of the student enrollment, these figures show that the relative numbers and percentages of white and black students who were disci
*826
plined has substantially conformed to the relative numbers and percentages of white and black students enrolled in the School System. If anything, these figures suggest that the School’s Boards disciplinary procedures have perhaps worked more harshly against whites than blacks. The Court therefore finds that the School Board’s disciplinary procedures have been applied fairly and without discrimination, and that Plaintiff’s evidence concerning those procedures has failed to show any lack of responsiveness by the School Board.
52.The School Board has also evidenced its awareness of the specialized needs of its black students, and its responsiveness to those needs, by offering an extensive vocational education program to high school students.
140
Because many of the Dallas County students are economically and culturally deprived, and do not plan to attend college, the School Board has recognized the importance of providing a solid vocational education program. In 1971, the School Board planned and constructed an area vocational school, primarily with state funding then available.
141
With resources provided at that school, supplemented by the staff and resources of the three high schools, the School Board has provided vocational education programs in agri-business, auto-mechanics, auto-body, business education, handicapped, home economics, masonry, industrial arts, and distributive education.
142
During the 1977-78 school year, there were a total of 1,072 high school students enrolled in vocational education programs, of whom 768 (71.6%) were black and 304 (28.4%) were white.
143
These figures reflect that of the total high school enrollment that year of 2,047 students,
144
approximately 52.4% elected to take vocational education courses. The School Board’s awareness of the special needs of its black students for vocational education programs, and its response to those needs by constructing a vocational education school and by providing vocational courses, further evidence the responsiveness of the School Board to the black community of Dallas County.
53. The School Board has also provided special education classes to meet the special needs of students requiring those courses. During the 1977-78 school year there were 393 students enrolled in special education courses, of whom 331 (84.2%) were black and 62 (15.8%) were white.
145
During the 1979-80 school year there were a total of 524 students enrolled in special education classes, 'of whom 442 (84.4%) were black and 82 (15.6%) were white.
146
These special education classes meet a special need of Dallas County students, most of whom are black, and further evidence the School Board’s responsiveness to the particularized needs of its black students.
54. There has been a historical low tax base for support of the Dallas County School System. Under a long-standing policy, all playground equipment at the various schools has been provided by either PTO organizations, local projects, or other interested lay organizations.
147
In 1977 the Dallas County Commission, with aid provided through federal funding, set up a County wide educational program under which recreational sites were built and equipped at
*827
various locations throughout the County.
148
Because of the location of these sites, they have been used primarily by members of the black community.
149
The School Board assisted and cooperated with the County Commission in this project by making several of its school sites available for the county recreation program.
150
This action by the School Board constitutes further evidence of its awareness of the particularized recreational needs of the black community and its responsiveness to those needs.
55. The School Board has participated in a number of child nutrition programs, including the National School Lunch Program, the Special Milk Program, and the Non-Food Assistance Program.
151
These programs have provided substantial benefits to children who are economically and culturally deprived, most of whom are black. On or about October 1, 1978, 4,360 students received free lunches and 269 students received reduced price lunches.
152
Thus, 4,629 students received free or reduced price lunches, representing 80.6% of the total enrollment of 5,743 students on October 1, 1978. These figures confirm that the School Board has actively participated in the child nutrition program, and has insured that the benefits of that program are made available to all eligible students, most of whom are black. This action by the School Board further evidences its awareness of the special nutritional needs of its black students, and its responsiveness to those needs.
56. The United States Department of Agriculture also has a free breakfast program.
153
The School Board does not now participate in that program, although it has participated in prior years through two pilot programs.
154
Eligibility for the school breakfast program is determined by schools, based on the number of students in depressed economic circumstances. Approximately 9 schools within the Dallas County System are eligible to participate in that program.
155
Before deciding whether to participate in this breakfast program, the School Board not only ran two pilot programs but also instructed the local principals to determine the extent of community interest and support for the program.
156
Because of bus and class schedules, a school’s participation in the program would require that all children transported to that school arrive earlier and leave later, including those who might not participate in the breakfast program as well as those who did.
157
The principals of the eligible schools (most of whom were black) reported to the School Board that there did not appear to be sufficient community interest and support to justify the program, and the program was not adopted by the School Board.
158
The Court finds no fault with that decision, nor the procedures followed to arrive at that decision. The School Board had to weigh the need for the program against the lack of community support, the hardships that would have been imposed on non-participating students, and the resulting disruptions in class and transportation scheduling. The School Board’s decision was not arbitrary, but was reached only after careful investigation of the program through two pilot programs and studies and recommendations made by principals of the eligible schools.
159
This decision appears to be fair and reasonable and based on solid educational criteria and procedures,
*828
and it therefore does not show any lack of responsiveness by the School Board to the nutritional needs of its black students. In view of the School Board’s active participation in the free lunch program and the Special Milk Program, the Court attaches no significance and affords no weight to the fact that the School Board, after investigation and trial, decided not to participate in the free breakfast program.
57. Plaintiff’s evidence reflecting the employment practices of the School Board has failed to establish any discrimination against blacks or lack of responsiveness to the employment needs of blacks. During 1977-78 school year, blacks comprised approximately 60% of the teaching and administrative staff, approximately 58% of the non-certified staff, and approximately 65% of the school bus drivers.
160
The salary schedules of the School Board have been reviewed in the
Lee
case and are fair and non-discriminatory.
161
These figures reflect, and the Court therefore finds, that the employment practices of the School Board have been fair, non-discriminatory, and responsive to the particularized employment needs and concerns of blacks.
58. Through testimony in the
Lee
case, this Court knows that the School Board has for many years operated an adult education program, with night classes offered in the local communities.
162
This adult education program meets an important educational need of the adult black citizens of Dallas County, and further evidences the School Board’s awareness of and responsiveness to those particularized black needs and interests.
59. The School Board requested and obtained the assistance of the Needs Assessment Team of the State Department of Education during the 1976-77 school year.
163
That professional team made certain specific recommendations, which were implemented by the School Board. Pursuant to those recommendations, the School Board has adopted a plan for professional development and has taken steps to implement that plan.
164
By its efforts to further the professional development of its professional staff, the School Board has evidenced an awareness of the professional needs of its professional staff (approximately 60% of whom are black) and the educational needs of its students (approximately 75% of whom are black), and a responsiveness to those needs.
60. For many years, the State Department of Education has maintained a survey staff that has provided assistance to city and county superintendents and their boards of education in the analysis and solution of various types of educational problems. The School Board has utilized the services of this state survey staff, going back to 1947.
165
The original survey of the Dallas County School System was made in 1947,
166
and later surveys were made in
*829
1951,
167
1958,
168
1964,
169
1968,
170
and 1979.
171
Plaintiff has offered in evidence the official reports of those surveys, and the Court has carefully considered them on the issue of responsiveness. These reports, together with other evidence previously received and considered by the Court in the
Lee
case, demonstrate that the School Board has improved and upgraded its System, thereby achieving a quality educational program for all of its students — and especially the 75% who are black. Prior to 1954, the Dallas County School System was operated on a completely racially segregated basis pursuant to the laws of the State of Alabama. Under this system of
de jure
segregation, the School Board operated separate school systems for its black and white students. The 1947 survey report
172
painted a dreary and almost hopeless picture of the Dallas County School System. There were then a total of 195 separate school centers, 26 of which were white and 169 of which were black.
173
Most of these schools had inadequate buildings, inadequate staff, and inadequate programs.
174
Neither state nor federal governments then provided the type financial assistance that is now available, and in 1947 the School Board received a total of only $433,954.00, of which $322,-087.00 (74.2%) was state funds, $108,858.00 (25.1%) was local funds, and only $3,534.00 (0.8%) was federal funds.
175
By all recognized criteria and indicators, the Dallas County School System was then doing a deplorable job — especially for its black students. For example, the 1947 school census of children ages 6 to 20 reflected 9,095 blacks and 1,504 whites residing in the School District. However, only 858 whites and 6,959 blacks were enrolled, and their average daily attendance was only 767 whites and 5,835 blacks.
176
Even more significantly, the holding power of the System was deplorable, especially as to the black students. Holding power is one of the primary methods to test the effectiveness of a school system.
177
The holding power is determined by comparing the number of students enrolled in the 12th grade with the number of students enrolling in the 1st grade twelve years previously.
178
This 1947 survey showed that out of 128 white students enrolling in the 1st grade in 1934, only 37 were still enrolled twelve years later in the 12th grade, with a white holding power of 28.9%.
179
However, of the 3,353 black students enrolled in the 1st grade in 1934, only 17 were still enrolled in the 12th grade twelve years later, with an unbelievably low holding power of 0.5%.
180
Most of the school centers were inadequate, both as to facilities and staff. The report found an immediate need for $1,707,000.00 in new construction, but recognized that there were available building funds of only $140,613.00.
181
The report opined that the System could possibly issue warrants up to $300,000.00, but even by borrowing up to its maximum indebtedness the System would still be without necessary funds to meet its immediate building needs.
182
In short, the picture presented by the 1947 report was bleak, if not hopeless. The progress and achievements which have been recorded by the School Board since 1947 have been remarkable, and are best illustrated by reference to those same criteria which painted such a hopeless picture in 1947.
*830
61.An analysis of the school census, the actual enrollment, and the average daily attendance figures since 1936 show remarkable improvement. These figures are as follows:
183
YEAR BLACKS WHITES
Census Ages 6-20 Actual Enrollment Avg. Daily Attendance Census Actual Ages 6-20 Enrollment Avg. Daily Attendance
1936 12,789 7,752 6,760 1,898 1,130 950
1938 12,547 7,028 6,052 1,863 996 848
1940 12,669 7,732 6,831 1,580 962 836
1942 10,749 7,228 6,450 1,759 984 867
1946 9,095 6,959 5,835 1,504 858 767
1950 8,213 6,684 5,740 2,150 1,076 976
1954 7,642 6,559 5,381 2,619 1,620 ' 1,370
1958 7,506 6,449 5,646 2,055 1,429 1,272
1962 7,300 6,472 5,670 2,374 1,628 1,463
1966 6,352 6,323 N/A 2,942 1,766 N/A
1970 6,210 5,792 N/A 2,970 2,486 N/A
1974 6,123 5,242 N/A 2,797 2,054 N/A
62.The above figures clearly and dramatically show steady increases in both the percentage of school age children actually enrolled in school as well as the percentage of enrolled students attending classes. For example, the figures for 1936 reflect that 60.6% of eligible blacks were enrolled, and 59.5% of eligible whites. However, the percentages based on average daily attendance are 50.1% white and 52.9% black. In 1946 (the year of the original survey) 57% of the eligible whites were enrolled and 76.5% of the eligible blacks. Using average daily attendance figures, the 1946 percentages were 51% white and 64.2% black. The steady increase in pupil enrollment and attendance continued, as reflected above. By 1974, 85% of eligible blacks were enrolled in school, and 73.4% of eligible whites. These figures show that the School Board has done a good job in attracting and keeping eligible students, especially blacks. Average daily attendance figures were available only through 1962, but for that year the black attendance average was 87.6%, while the white attendance average was 89.9%. These figures clearly show that the School Board has made progress, over the years, in attracting eligible school age children.
63.The figures showing the steady increases in holding power are equally impressive and dramatic, and are even more significant from an educational viewpoint. The figures reflecting holding power are as follows:
184
YEAR BLACK STUDENTS WHITE STUDENTS
No. in No. in Grade 1 12th 12 Yrs. Grade Ago No. in Grade 1 12Yrs. Ago No. in % of Loss of 12th Holding Students Grade Power In 12 Yr. Period % of Loss of Holding Students Power In 12 Yr. Period
46-47 128 37 28.9% -26.5% 3,353 17 0.5% -3.7%
50-51 108 45 41.7% +13.0% 3,045 53 1.7% -13.2%
57-58 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1,948 158 8.1% -4.9%
63-64 146 67 45.9% +42.3% 1,494 269 18.0% -1.2%
67-68 152 101 66.4% +53.2% 1,140 292 25.6% -7.2%
78-79 231 117 50.6% -28.2% 735 332 45.2% -26.5%
*831
64. The above figures show a dramatic increase in holding power in all students, but especially among black students. Thus the percentage of holding power for black students increased steadily from 0.5% in 1946, 1.7% in 1950, 8.1% in 1957, 18.0% in 1963, 25.6% in 1967, and 45.2% in 1978. During those same periods, there were substantial losses in black student enrollments, which makes the holding power figures even more impressive. For example, in 1978 there was a 45.2% holding power, even though there was a 26.5% decline in black enrollment. The figures for white students are also impressive, although population increases during many of these periods account for some white increases in holding power. Nevertheless, during 1978, there was a 50.6% white holding power even with a 28.2% decline in white enrollment. These holding power figures are especially significant in view of the fact that approximately 80% of all students enrolled come from culturally and economically deprived families, and therefore are more prone to drop out of school and go to work before graduation. Although the holding power figures are slightly better for white students, the Court is impressed that the School Board’s efforts have achieved dramatic results among black students. Furthermore, the Court’s analysis of available figures indicates that, in future years, the holding power of the Dallas County schools will continue to improve. For example, the holding power of black pupils enrolled in the 11th grade in 1977-78, when compared to the number enrolled in the 1st grade eleven years previously, reflects a holding power of 57.1%, during a period when the black student enrollment decreased by 26.2%.
65. The Dallas County School System started a program of school consolidation and new construction following the 1946 survey, designed to implement the state recommendations and improve the school facilities.
185
This Court is well aware of the multitude of problems associated with closings and consolidations of schools, especially in rural areas. Nevertheless, the School Board achieved remarkable results, and implemented the recommendations of the state survey teams. In 1946 there were 195 school centers, of which 26 were white and 169 were black.
186
By 1950, there were 109 schools, of which 8 were white and 101 were black.
187
By 1957, following an intensive period of consolidation, there were 33 schools, of which 8 were white and 25 were black.
188
By 1963, the number had been reduced to 25, of which 7 were white and 18 were black.
189
In 1965 the School Board adopted its voluntary plan of desegregation, and in 1970 the Court approved plan of desegregation was implemented. However, the consolidation program started in 1946 was substantially completed by 1967, at which time there were only 16 schools.
190
There are now 15 schools, including the Area Vocational School.
191
The School Board has progressed from the
de jure
system of segregation required before 1954, to the voluntary desegregation plan adopted by the School Board in 1965, to its present unitary and desegregated status achieved under the 1970 approved Desegregation Plan.
192
The program of closings and consolidations implemented by the School Board before 1970 has substantially improved the educational opportunities of black students, and further evidences the School Board’s interest and awareness in the particularized needs of blacks for quali
*832
ty education, as well as its responsiveness to those needs.
66. During the period from 1946 to 1970 the School Board reduced the total number of its schools from 195 to 16.
193
In order to achieve these closings and consolidations, it was necessary for the School Board to undertake a substantial new construction program. All of its present schools, except the original buildings at Dallas County High, were built in 1946 or later, at a total cost of more than $3,300,000.00.
194
The school buildings which were constructed contained a total of 489,790 feet.
195
Of that total square footage, 10,004 square feet (2.0%) was constructed prior to 1920; 50,912 square feet (10.4%) from 1941 to 1950; 147,-752 square feet (30.2%) from 1951 to 1960; 221,921 square feet (45.3%) from 1961 to 1970; and 59,201 square feet (12.1%) since 1971.
196
These figures do not include either the Area Vocational School or the Learning Resource Center, since those facilities were not reflected in the Plans and Surveys School Index for Dallas County introduced by Plaintiff (presumably because these are special purpose facilities rather than approved school sites).
197
However, the Court is aware (through the
Lee
case) that the Area Vocational School was built with state funds in 1971 at a cost of $321,692.00, and that the Learning Resource Center was built primarily with federal funds in 1966 at a cost of approximately $225,000.00.
198
The following is a summary of Plaintiff’s evidence describing the school facilities of the Dallas County School System, showing when originally built, the total number of buildings (original plus additions), the size of the school sites, the total costs, and the amounts provided by federal and local sources:
199
SCHEDULE OF SCHOOL BUILDINGS
SCHOOL Original Total Year No. of Built Bldgs. Size of Site (Acres) Federal Funds In Cost Total Costs Local Funds In Cost
Brantley 1956 5+3 = 8 12 49.600.00 244.460.00 48.000.00
Dallas Co. Hi. 1908 8 + 6 = 14 21 -0-260.360.00 63.000.00
Five Points El. 1962 1+0 = 1 7 -0-69,000.00 -0-
Hazen Harrell Jr. 1962 5+0 = 5 15 49.600.00 215.100.00 11.500.00
Hunter Mission El. 1955 1 + 0 = 1 12 N/A N/A N/A
J. E. Terry El. 1957 1+3 = 4 6 -0-216.877.00 15.000.00
Keith High 1949 6 + 2 = 8 52 -0-315.800.00 73.000.00
Martin Station El. 1958 1 + 2 = 3 8 -0-51.700.00 51.700.00
Salem El. 1952 1 + 1 = 2 7 -0-46.800.00 46.800.00
Shiloh Jr. High 1949 7 + 2 = 9 13 49.600.00 231.006.00 32.000.00
Southside El. 1968 3 + 0 = 3 13 110,000.00 318.500.00 208.500.00
Southside High 1946 5 + 9 = 14 58 -0-587.726.00 241.400.00
Tipton Jr. High 1953 7 + 5 = 12 15 80,000.00 295.540.00 74.750.00
Tyler Union 1953 6 + 0 = 6 15 49.600.00 84.100.00 34.500.00
*833
SCHEDULE OF SCHOOL BUILDINGS
SCHOOL Original Total Size Year No. of of Site Built Bldgs. (Acres) Federal Funds In Cost Total Costs Local Funds In Cost
Valleygrande El. 1969 4 + 0 = 4 26 37,200.00 311,200.00 274,000.00
Westlawn El. 1962 1 + 0 = 1 10 -0-69,000.00 -0-
TOTALS 62 + 33 = 95 426,400.00 3,317,169.00 1,174,150.00
(12.9%) (35.4%)
As can be seen, the School Board provided approximately 35.4% of the total cost of the above facilities from local funds, while the federal government contributed only 12.9% and assisted in construction of only 7 of the 16 schools. These figures show a substantial amount of “self-help” by the School Board, from local funds, in implementing the consolidation program and new construction necessary to achieve a quality education system. The achievements of the School Board in implementing its planned program of closing and consolidating the multitude of small and inadequate schools, and replacing them with modern adequate consolidated schools, further evidences the School Board’s awareness of the needs of its students for a quality educational program, and its responsiveness to those needs by providing adequate school facilities. It is especially significant that most of this progress was achieved by the Board before 1970, with very little (only 12.9%) federal assistance and a substantial amount (35.4%) of local funds to supplement the available state funds (approximately 51.7%).
67.The School Board has substantially implemented and complied with the recommendations of the State Department of Education relative to school centers, sites, and buildings.
200
As noted in the 1968 survey report, “the Dallas County School System was probably the first county system in the state to completely comply with recommendations of the State Department of Education relative to school centers, sites, and buildings”.
201
This action reflects favorably upon the School Board and its responsiveness to the educational needs of its students, both black and white.
68.The school facilities of the School Board have substantially increased in value since they were originally constructed. The School Board’s judgment as to current value is reflected in the insured value of its educational facilities. In January, 1978, the insured values for the Dallas County educational facilities were as follows:
202
INSURED NAME OF EDUCATION FACILITY VALUES
Brantley Jr. High School 490,800.00
Dallas County High School 1,224,333.00
Five Points Elementary 145,000.00
Hazen-Harrell Jr. High 445,700.00
Hunter Mission Elementary 110,000.00
J. E. Terry Elementary 305,000.00
Keith High School 1,241,134.00
Martin Station Elementary 130,000.00
Salem Elementary 130,000.00
Shiloh Jr. High 450,300.00
Southside High 1,119,433.00
Southside Elementary 935,400.00
Tipton Jr. High 877,500.00
Tyler Union 358,500.00
Valleygrande Elementary 464,000.00
Westlawn Elementary 120,000.00
Area Vocational School 515,000.00
Resource Center 750,000.00
69.Since 1970 the School Board has disposed of three parcels of surplus real estate. One of these parcels was exchanged with Joseph I. McHugh in January, 1974, in exchange for other real estate then needed by the Board.
203
In January, 1974, the School
*834
Board conveyed the old Orrville school site to the town of Orrville, for use as a rest home or nursing home.
204
On May 19,1977, the Board conveyed to E. M. Brown Community Center, a non-profit corporation, the land previously used as the E. M. Brown school.
205
Both of these latter conveyances were made as public benefit conveyances, without consideration, for public usage by the residents of those communities, most of whom were black.
206
The deeds contained express conditions that the property could not be used as private or public schools, or for other than public usage.
207
These public benefit conveyances reflected an awareness of the needs of the black residents of those local communities, and a responsiveness by the Board to those needs. Furthermore, by inserting the restrictive covenants, the School Board was following the spirit and intent of the approved Desegregation Plan and further evidenced its good faith compliance with that Plan.
70. Before 1970 none of the present Dallas County Schools were accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, and only three schools (Keith High, Shiloh Jr. High, and Dallas County High) were accredited by the State of Alabama.
208
Accreditation by the State of Alabama indicates that a school so accredited meets certain basic criteria indicative of quality education, including such areas as facilities, teacher qualifications, teacher — student ratios, available libraries, counseling services, and other program services.
209
The Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools is a regional accrediting agency which evaluates schools and determines whether those schools meet those basic criteria indicative of a quality educational program. The Southern Association criteria are similar to those of the State of Alabama.
210
By 1975, the School Board had achieved state accreditation for every school within the System, and had achieved Southern Association accreditation for its three high schools.
211
The following table indicates the status of each Dallas County School, indicating whether and when it was accredited by the State of Alabama and by the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools;
212
SCHOOL SOUTHERN ASSOCIATION ACCREDITMENT STATE ACCREDITMENT
Brantley High School 1974
Dallas County High 1958 1974-75 school year
Five Points Elementary 1975
Hazen-Harrell Jr. High 1973
Hunter Mission Elementary 1975
J. E. Terry Elementary 1974
Keith High School 1953 1974-75 school year
Martin Station Elementary 1975
Salem Elementary 1975
Shiloh Jr. High 1953
*835
SCHOOL SOUTHERN STATE ASSOCIATION ACCREDITMENT ACCREDITMENT
Southside High 1970 1974 — 75 school year
Southside Elementary 1975
Tipton Jr. High 1973
Valleygrande Elementary 1974
Accreditation procedures review whether the school facilities are adequate, both as to the real estate (including size of site) and buildings and equipment.
213
Consideration is given to teacher — student ratios, adequacy of libraries, total number of students taught by each teacher, whether teachers hold appropriate certificates for their teaching positions, whether guidance services are available, whether principals are bonded and handle local finances, whether Alabama courses of study are followed, whether credit is granted for transfers from other state accredited schools, the existence and adequacy of cumulative student records, the existence and adequacy of approved accounting systems, whether essential equipment is adequate for laboratory courses in science, music, art, home economics, and shop, whether job descriptions are written for each employee, whether an effective personnel evaluation system is in effect, and other inquiries to determine whether the school offers a quality educational program.
214
Southern Association accreditation is especially significant for those students who plan to attend college.
215
Furthermore, the accreditation review process is another method whereby the School Board reviews and upgrades its educational programs. Accreditation is a stamp of approval, confirming that the accredited schools have established quality educational programs.
216
The success of the School Board in achieving state accreditation for all of its schools and Southern Association accreditation for its high schools is especially significant when consideration is given to the deplorable conditions which existed within the System prior to 1951.
217
71. As part of the School Board’s program to gain accreditation for all schools, the School Board established libraries in each school and provided at least the minimum required library books.
218
During the 1977-78 school year, the Dallas County schools had the following number of books in their libraries: Brantley 7,075; Dallas County High 8,218; Five Points 1,768; Hazen-Harrell 5,296; Hunter Mission 6,659; J. E. Terry 4,180; Keith High 9,552; Martin Station 3,070; Salem 2,430; Shiloh 6,294; Southside High 13,275; Southside Elementary 5,022; Tipton 6,709; and Valleygrande 4,399.
219
72. As part of its program to achieve accreditation, the School Board substantially reduced and finally eliminated its prior practices of using non-professionally certified teachers. Thus, for example, there were 45 such teachers employed during 1969-70; 58 during 1970-71; 31 during 1972-73; 13 during 1973-74; and 3 during 1974 — 75.
220
Accreditation was achieved in 1975, and since that time the School Board
*836
has used only professionally certified teachers, further evidencing its commitment to a quality educational program.
221
73. The School Board has established a well-rounded and non-discriminatory program of extra-curricular activities in all schools. For example, during the 1977-78 school year there were numerous extra-curricular activities at the three senior high schools.
222
At Keith there were Band, Cheerleader Club, Future Nurses, Future Teachers, Science Club, FHA, FFA, 4r-H, English and Journalism, Football, Basketball, Baseball, Track, Esquire Club, Mademoiselles Club, Jr. Honor Society, Sr. Honor Society, and Annual Staff. At Southside there were Football, Basketball, Baseball, Track, Volleyball, 4-H, Student Council, Jr. Honor Society, Sr. Honor Society, Annual Staff, Foreign Language Club, Band, FCA, FBLA, FFA, FHA, VIC, Science Club, and School Newspaper. At Dallas County High there were Band, Football, Baseball, Basketball, Track 4-H, Student Council, Sr. Honor Society, Jr. Honor Society, Annual Staff, Foreign Language Club, FHA, FFA, and Science Club. Plaintiff has offered no evidence to show that the School Board has been other than responsive to the particularized needs of blacks with respect to social and extra-curricular activities, including athletics. However, in the
Lee
case this Court has found that those programs are operated by the School Board in a fair and non-discriminatory fashion, and therefore finds that they are responsive to the needs and concerns of blacks.
223
74. Superintendent Frank Earnest, Jr. was originally employed by the Dallas County School System in 1952, as Assistant Superintendent, and was assigned the primary responsibility for implementing the 1951 state recommendations for consolidations, closings, and construction of schools.
224
Mr. Earnest was named Superintendent in 1963, and has served since that time.
225
The School Board, under the guidance of Superintendent Earnest, has achieved remarkable and dramatic results in its efforts to improve the educational opportunities afforded by the Dallas County School System. This Court is aware of the conditions which existed in the System before 1951,
226
as well as the substantial improvements which have been made since that time. The program results are best reflected and confirmed by the criteria and factors which the Court has considered and discussed, including accreditation, adequacy of facilities, and holding power. The Court is familiar with the Dallas County Board of Education,
227
having supervised it since 1970.
228
The Court knows that the School Board has made a good faith effort not only to implement the approved Desegregation Plan, but also to preserve and strengthen the public school system while doing so. The test of the School Board’s responsiveness to the needs of black (and white) citizens of Dallas County is whether the School Board has achieved a quality educational program as well as a unitary and desegregated system.
229
These School Board Defendants have done both, and in the process of doing so have maintained public support and public confidence in both the white and
*837
black communities.
230
Even as early as 1965, the School Board attempted to approach the transitional problems involved in converting to a unitary school system with a spirit of conciliation, compromise, and goodwill.
231
The School Board’s success in establishing both a unitary system and a quality educational program has been accomplished during a time when student enrollments, both black and white, have been steadily decreasing because of sociological and economic factors unrelated to the operation of the School System, resulting in a decrease in available funds and a curtailment of teaching positions.
232
These achievements by the School Board not only deserve commendation by this Court, but also further evidence the School Board’s responsiveness to the educational needs of black and white students and citizens in Dallas County.
75. The testimony of many of Plaintiff’s witnesses showed acts by the School Board responsive to the requests or needs of blacks. For example, Mr. Samson Crum testified that he requested and was granted permission by the School Board to transport senior high school students to be registered as voters.
233
Mr. Edwin Moss testified as to the progress made by the School Board in achieving accreditation and in operating Title I programs.
234
Mr. J. C. Davis, Sr., has six children, four of whom graduated from Southside High School and two of whom are still in the Dallas County System.
235
He testified that four of his children went to college, and were benefited by the fact that Southside High School was accredited by the State of Alabama and the Southern Association of Secondary Schools.
236
This witness also testified concerning a disciplinary incident involving his son, J. C. Davis, Jr., who was expelled from Southside High but later reinstated at his father’s request.
237
Mr. Cleophus Hobbs gave similar testimony concerning a disciplinary problem involving his son which was handled in a satisfactory manner by the black assistant principal at Southside High School.
238
76. Most of the state survey reports contained general language to the effect that where the number of students who graduate are less than the number entering the 1st grade twelve years earlier, a major cause arises in not offering school programs which appeal to the interest or meet the needs of the pupils.
239
The Court has previously commented with respect to the dramatic increases in holding power accomplished by the School Board,
240
and the fact that the school programs have been accredited by the State of Alabama and also (with respect to the high school programs) by the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools.
241
Plaintiff has failed to offer any credible evidence showing that the School Board’s programs have been other than adequate.
242
In that regard, the Court has considered the testimony of Mr. J. L. Chestnut, Jr., who was permitted to express his opinion that the School Board has not been as responsive as it could or should have been, because of the content of what is taught in the System.
243
Mr. Chestnut is an attorney and journalist known to the Court, but has no particular knowledge
*838
or qualifications as to educational standards and criteria. In any event, on cross-examination this witness made it clear that his criticism was not directed at the Dallas County System, but rather related generally to the perceived inadequacies of the curriculum prescribed by the State of Alabama.
244
Since the State Board of Education prescribed that curriculum, rather than the School Board Defendants, the Court has afforded no weight to those opinions expressed by this witness. Mr. Chestnut also opined, in general terms, that the quality of the black teachers within the Dallas County System was not equal to the quality of the white teachers within the System.
245
However, by way of contradiction, Mr. Chestnut acknowledged that he had previously attempted to get the School Board to assign an all black teaching staff at Brantley School, contrary to the
Singleton
mandate.
246
The Court finds no lack of responsiveness by the School Board in complying with the
Singleton
mandate in the assignment of teachers. During the course of his testimony, Mr. Chestnut also testified that the School Board acted in response to his request and suggestion in creating the BiRacial Advisory Committee, and that this was a responsive action by the School Board.
247
On balance, the testimony of Mr. Chestnut did not aid Plaintiff’s case, but to the contrary tended to confirm the responsiveness of the School Board in creating a Bi-Racial Lay Advisory Committee.
77.The School Board has for a number of years offered courses in black culture as electives at Keith High School and South-side High School.
248
This evidences an awareness of the particularized interests and concerns of its black students in black history, and a responsiveness by the School Board to those particularized interests and concerns.
78. The School Board maintains attendance officers, whose duty it is to insure that the compulsory child attendance laws are obeyed.
249
The success of the School Board’s efforts is best measured by the figures previously recited, showing the progressive increase in the percentages of eligible students who are enrolled in class, and the corresponding increases in average daily attendance figures.
250
The School Board’s enforcement of the compulsory attendance laws is especially beneficial to those black students who might otherwise drop out of school at an early age. The School Board’s compulsory attendance program is further evidence of its awareness of the particularized needs of blacks and its responsiveness to those needs.
79. The Court has reviewed the curriculum in the Dallas County Schools.
251
The State Board of Education prescribes the basic courses, but the School Board offers many electives (including courses in black culture).
252
The School Board’s educational programs include basic skills programs (reading, writing, and arithmetic), college preparatory programs, vocational programs, Title I programs, special education programs, and adult education programs.
253
The Court finds that the School Board’s education programs and courses are bal
*839
anced, and that they reflect an awareness of the particularized needs and interests of black students and black citizens in Dallas County and a responsiveness to those needs.
80.Plaintiff offered no evidence to show that the School Board was not responsive in areas of community service such as youth programs, parent-teacher organization functions, community recreational programs, community meeting facilities, book mobile services, voter registration, health and sanitation services, and programs sponsored by the local community action agency and charitable organizations. The only evidence offered by Plaintiff relating to those community service areas has shown the School Board to be fully responsive to the needs and interest of blacks. Those community services in which the School Board has previously been found to be responsive include its participation in the county recreation program,
254
its effective utilization of parent-teacher organizations as a means of lay input,
255
its policy of utilizing local schools for community meetings,
256
its cooperation with the Community Action Agency in the operation of Head Start programs and bus transportation for Head Start Centers,
257
and its affirmative response to Mr. Crum in his voter registration efforts.
258
The Court therefore finds that there has been no lack of responsiveness by the School Board to the community service needs and interests of black students and black citizens in Dallas County.
81. In recent years the School Board has adopted policies designed to strengthen its basic skills programs, emphasize personal learning achievements, and eliminate the practice of “social promotions” previously followed in this (and most other) school systems.
259
These policies evidence an awareness of and responsiveness to the particularized needs of black students for basic learning skills.
82. The established policies of the School Board provide for lay input.
260
This lay input is not only provided by the School Trustees,
261
Title I Lay Advisory Committee,
262
parent-teacher organizations,
263
and the special Bi-Racial Advisory Committee,
264
but also by the “open-door” policy followed by the Superintendent, principals, and teaching staff.
265
Parents, students, and other interested citizens are encouraged, as a matter of School Board policy, to meet with the appropriate school officials and discuss any and all problems relating to the operation of the School System.
266
As previously noted, the creation of the special Bi-Racial Advisory Committee was one result of this open-door policy.
267
The Court therefore finds that the policies and procedures followed by the School Board in obtaining lay input from black parents, students, and other interested citizens further evidences their awareness of the special needs of the black community for lay input, and their responsiveness to those needs.
83. The Court has previously noted- the program results of the educational policies
*840
implemented by the School Board, including such things as accreditation,
268
holding power,
269
kindergarten and Head Start programs,
270
vocational education,
271
Title I programs,
272
testing procedures,
273
basic skills programs,
274
college preparatory programs,
275
and the community acceptance
276
All of these factors result from a sound educational program,
277
and further evidence the School Board’s recognition of and responsiveness to the special néeds of black students and black citizens of Dallas County for a sound educational program.
84. The Court has previously discussed and made findings with respect to the sources of funding and revenues for the School Board, with particular emphasis on local efforts.
278
Although not reflected by the evidence, this Court is fully aware of the impact of recent state reappraisal programs on the Dallas County School System as well as other school systems throughout Alabama.
279
The School Board has supported and obtained ad valorem tax increases by county-wide vote, and has also sought and obtained ad valorem tax increases from the Dallas County Commission.
280
The School Board has effectively utilized a number of available federal programs,
281
and has effectively sought and obtained available state funds, especially for capital improvements.
282
There was evidence that the School Board had not applied for funds to promote desegregation which possibly were available under the Emergency School Aid Act.
283
However, the evidence clearly establishes that the School Board has achieved a unitary and fully desegregated system without the necessity for those funds, even if they were otherwise available.
284
In view of that fact, and in view of the School Board’s effective utilization of many other federal sources of funding to improve its facilities and its educational program,
285
the Court affords neither significance nor weight on the issue of responsiveness to the mere fact that the School Board did not apply for that particular federal program which Plaintiff’s counsel asserted to have been available.
85. The Plaintiff offered the entire record in the
Lee
case, together with a number of HEW reports, state surveys and statistical reports, and other documentary evidence, in an effort to show a lack of responsiveness by the School Board to the particularized needs of blacks. There was some testimony on this issue, although the primary thrust of Plaintiff’s testimony was directed against the County Commission rather than the School Board. After careful consideration and review, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s evidence not only fails to establish unresponsiveness to blacks by the School Board Defendants, but instead affirmatively shows by a preponderance of the evidence that the School Board Defendants have been responsive to the particular
*841
ized needs and interest of black students and black citizens of Dallas County. In reaching this factual finding, the Court has weighed and considered all of the evidence and testimony which shows the School Board’s responsiveness to black needs in all vital areas, including the following: transportation;
286
curriculum;
287
facilities;
288
vocational education;
289
special education;
290
Title I programs;
291
child nutrition programs;
292
adult education programs;
293
Head Start programs and pre-school centers;
294
citizens input, including bi-racial advisory committees;
295
state accreditation for all schools;
296
accreditation by the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools for all high schools;
297
achievement of a fully desegregated and unitary school system;
298
student assignments;
299
faculty assignments;
300
funding and revenue sources;
301
budgetary allocations for janitorial supplies, fee replacement money, library, guidance, testing, and general maintenance;
302
community support, including parent-teacher organizations, school trustees, and bi-racial advisory committees;
303
implementation and enforcement of approved Desegregation Plan;
304
adoption of policies and procedures governing inter-district transfers;
305
adoption of policies and procedures to stop zone jumping by students;
306
adoption of testing programs to assist teachers in raising the educational level of students;
307
adoption and maintenance of promotional standards which eliminated prior policy of social promotions;
308
voluntary adoption of HEW approved Desegregation Plan in 1965;
309
employment practices;
310
voter registration;
311
consolidations and closings of schools;
312
new construction;
313
professional development and in-service education programs;
314
and program results,
315
including accreditation,
316
holding power,
317
*842
and the community acceptance.
318
After careful consideration of the Plaintiff’s evidence, the Court finds that Plaintiff has failed to establish by any credible evidence that the School Board has been unresponsive to the needs of either black students within the Dallas County School System or black citizens of Dallas County. To the contrary, the evidence clearly shows, and this Court finds, that the School Board Defendants have been responsive to the particularized needs of black students within the School System and other black citizens of Dallas County.
86. The Court has considered and weighed the substantial evidence offered by Plaintiff relating to the
Zimmer
issues of whether blacks lack access to the process of slating candidate, and whether the existence of past discrimination against blacks in general precludes their effective participation in the election system. Because much of the evidence is overlapping, the Court will discuss all such evidence and findings together, but will make separate factual findings as to each of the separate
Zimmer
criteria. In the process of doing so, the Court will of necessity also discuss and make findings as to a number of the criteria previously identified as “the eleven crucial Kirksey elements”. See
McIntosh Cty. NAACP v. City of Darien,
605 F.2d 753, 761 (5th C.C.A., 1979).
87. Dallas County, Alabama, is located in central Alabama. It is bordered by Wilcox County to the south, Marengo County to the west, Perry County to the north and west, Autauga County to the north and east, and Lowndes County to the east. Much of its population resides in Selma, which is the County seat and major municipality. Its population has remained fairly stable. For example, in 1970 there were 55,296 residents, of whom 26,330 (47.6%) were white and 28,892 (52.3%) were black.
319
On July 1, 1976, there were 56,200 residents, of whom 28,448 (50.62%) were white and 27,752 (49.38%) were black.
320
Although the population remains substantially the same, there was a proportional increase in the white population by approximately 3%, with a corresponding proportionate decline in the black population.
321
Furthermore, the white voting age population is proportionately higher than the total white population.
322
For example, in 1970 whites comprised 53% of the voting age population and only 47.6% of the total population, while blacks comprised 47% of the voting age population and 52.3% of the total population.
323
Although there have been no exact figures offered for voting age populations in 1976, the 1970 census figures
324
and other evidence all indicate that in July, 1976 whites comprised approximately 56% of the voting age population and 50.6% of the total population, while blacks comprised approximately 44% of the voting age population and approximately 49.4% of the total population. These figures are significant, when considered along with the figures showing voter registration by races. The following is a summary, by years, of the number and percentages of black and white registered voters in Dallas County:
325
SUMMARY OP REGISTERED VOTERS
YEAR WHITE VOTERS BLACK VOTERS TOTALS
No, % No. %
1961 9,195 98.3% 156 1.7% 9,351
1962 8,597 97.3% 242 2.7% 8,839
1963 9,162 96.8% 298 3.2% 9,460
1964 9,542 96.6% 335 3.4% 9,877
1966 12,319 53.9% 10,557 46.1% 22,876
1968 13,301 55.4% 10,717 44.6% 24,018
1969 13,582 56.2% 10,576 43.8% 24,158
1970 15,017 56.7% 11,480 43.3% 26,497
1972 16,134 57.3% 12,020 42.7% 28,154
1974 16,158 55.9% 12,761 44.1% 28,919
1976 16,683 56.2% 13,009 43.8% 29,692
1977 16,774 56.2% 13,059 43.8% 29,833
1978 17,525 55.7% 13,937 44.3% 31,462
*843
As can be seen from the above figures, both in 1970 and in 1976 the percentages of white and black registered voters were substantially the same as the percentages of white and black citizens of voting age. Thus in 1976 whites comprised approximately 56% of persons of voting age and 56.2% of registered voters, while blacks comprised approximately 44% of persons of voting age and 43.8% of registered voters. In 1970 whites comprised approximately 53% of the voting age population and 56.7% of the registered voters, while blacks comprised 47% of the voting age population and 43.3% of the registered voters. These figures are significant in determining whether there is now any lingering effect of past discrimination against blacks. Certainly, at least with respect to voter registration, there is no such present effect. The Court finds that the percentages of blacks and whites of voting age who have registered to vote is now substantially equal, and that past discrimination has no present effect on black voter registration.
88. The early history of Alabama, and Dallas County in particular, has demonstrated racial discrimination against blacks in all fields. This discrimination has been intentional, subtle, and pervasive, and has been achieved through legal as well as economic means.
326
The practical effect of the 1901 Constitution was to put a legal gloss on the disenfranchisement of black voters. The 1901 Constitutional Convention was called for that purpose, among others.
327
Having been effectively disenfranchised prior to 1901, blacks were unable to participate in political affairs in Alabama until passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act.
328
Before then, many legal devices were employed to prevent or hinder blacks from voting, including such requirements for registration as a literacy test, a poll tax, and a voucher of good character from a registered voter.
329
At least until 1954, there was what is now called a
de jure
segregation in Alabama, with dual school systems required by law. Before 1965 there were few gains made by blacks — and those few were achieved primarily through litigation in the Federal courts. Literacy tests, which had served as a tool to discriminate against black voting applicants, were invalidated in 1949.
Davis v. Schnell,
81 F.Supp. 872 (S.D. Ala., 1949). Racial gerrymandering of districts for elections was then outlawed on two separate occasions.
Gomillion v. Lightfoot,
364 U.S. 339 , 81 S.Ct. 125 , 5 L.Ed.2d 110 (1960);
Sims v. Baggett,
247 F.Supp. 96 (M.D.Ala., 1965). There have been many other cases, unrelated to voting rights, in which Alabama blacks have sought recourse in the Federal courts to protect their constitutional rights in areas such as employment, housing discrimination, and criminal proceedings. See
Smith v. Allwright,
321 U.S. 649 , 64 S.Ct. 757 , 88 L.Ed. 987 (1944);
Wilkins v. United States,
376 F.2d 552 (5th C.C.A., 1967);
Thomas v. United States,
376 F.2d 564 (5th C.C.A., 1967);
Sims v. Amos,
336 F.Supp. 924 (M.D.Ala., 1972);
Harper v. Vance,
342 F.Supp. 136 (N.D.Ala., 1972);
Strain v. Philpott,
331 F.Supp. 836 (M.D.Ala., 1971);
United States v. Alabama, 252
F.Supp. 95 (M.D.Ala,, 1966);
Williams v. Wallace,
240 F.Supp. 100 (M.D.Ala., 1965); and
United States v. Alabama,
192 F.Supp. 677 (M.D.Ala., 1961). There were also a number of cases involving Dallas County, in which blacks were required to seek recourse in federal courts to protect their voting rights and other constitutional rights. See
U. S. v. Atkins,
323 F.2d 733 (5th C.C.A., 1963);
U. S. v. Clark,
249 F.Supp. 720 (S.D.Ala., 1965);
Clark v. Boynton,
362 F.2d 992 (5th C.C.A., 1966);
U. S. v. Executive Comm. of Dem. Party of Dallas Co., Ala.,
254 F.Supp. 537 (S.D.Ala., 1966);
U. S. v. McLeod,
385 F.2d 734 (5th C.C.A., 1967). The impact of these state laws and discriminatory state practices is best evidenced by
*844
the above voter registration statistics, which reflect that in 1964 there were only 335 black registered voters in Dallas County, representing only 3.4% of the total registered voters at that time.
330
However, it is significant to note that the Dallas County School System had, as early as 1951, embarked on a systematic program of improving the educational opportunities offered to its black students.
331
As previously noted, the holding power of black students in the Dallas County School System was 0.5% in 1947, 1.7% in 1951, 8.1% in 1958, 18.0% in 1964, 25.6% in 1968, and 45.2% in 1979 — all during periods of substantial losses in black enrollment.
332
The planned programs of school closings, consolidations, and new construction were also begun long before 1965.
333
As previously noted, there were 195 school centers in 1946; 109 in 1950; 33 in 1957; 25 in 1963; and 16 in 1967.
334
Following passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Dallas County School System was among the first in the state to adopt a voluntary HEW approved plan of desegregation.
335
This Court has previously noted the achievements and responsiveness of the School Board both before and after 1965.
336
However, it is significant to emphasize that during a period while many other state and local officials were literally being dragged into compliance with constitutional mandates, the Dallas County Board of Education was quietly but effectively achieving progress in its planned program to improve the educational opportunities of its black students and eliminate the lingering effect of historical discrimination and
de jure
segregation practices.
337
89. Since 1965, there have been substantial changes in Dallas County as well as throughout the state of Alabama. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 brought sweeping changes, and removed many of the legal impediments which had previously prevented or hindered blacks from exercising their voting rights.
338
In 1966 the prior state requirements of a literacy test, a poll tax, and a voucher of good character from a registered voter were all eliminated as a condition to registration.
339
Federal voting registrars were appointed and used in many Alabama counties, including Dallas County, and these federal registrars registered substantial numbers of black voters.
340
For example, a 1969 report by the Justice Department reflected that in Alabama federal registrars had registered a total of 66,539 voters, of whom 61,239 (92%) were black and 5,300 (8%) were white.
341
Of this statewide total, 9,068 (13.6%) were registered in Dallas County alone, of whom 8,993 (99.2%) were black and only 75 (0.8%) were white.
342
In Dallas County most of these newly enfranchised black citizens were registered before 1966, with the result that by 1966 the number of registered black voters in Dallas County had increased to 10,557 (from only 335 in 1964), comprising at that time approximately 46.1% of the total number of registered voters in Dallas County.
343
90. Plaintiff offered a substantial amount of evidence relating to the activities of the Dallas County Board of Registrars. The thrust of Plaintiff’s evidence was that the Board of Registrars meets
*845
only at times inconvenient to black and white citizens who wish to register, and that some blacks have been discouraged from registration because the Board meets at the Dallas County Court House.
344
Plaintiff also challenged the recent decision of the Board of Registrars not to appoint deputy registrars to assist in registering voters.
345
Since 1978 the Board of Registrars has been empowered to appoint deputy registrars, but has not done so. See Section 17-4-158, 1975 Code of Alabama. Since the School Board Defendants are neither involved in nor connected with the voter registration process, this evidence was offered by Plaintiff in support of its contention that blacks lack equal access to the election system in Dallas County. Plaintiff’s evidence relating to the Board of Registrars clearly fails to establish any lack of access by blacks to the registration and election process, and the evidence preponderates against Plaintiff on that issue. The Court House is the seat of county government, and is therefore a proper and appropriate place for the Board of Registrars to conduct its activities. The evidence clearly shows that the Board has met frequently, and has been accessible to all citizens (both black and white) who desired to register.
346
On the basis of the evidence offered, this Court is unable to find any fault with the Board’s decision as to appropriate office hours. The Board will never be able to please all citizens with its office hours, but the Court finds that there has been no evidence of discrimination or discriminatory purpose in setting office hours. The office hours certainly have not been unreasonable, and any resulting inconvenience has affected black and white citizens in equal measure. Furthermore, prior to April 27, 1978, the Board was required by State law to visit each precinct at least once (and more often if necessary) between October 1 and December 31 every other year; to remain in each such precinct at least a half day; and to give at least twenty days notice of the time and place, in each precinct, where voter registration could be accomplished. Section 17-4 — 1, 1975 Code of Alabama. That law was repealed effective April 27, 1978, and was superseded by another law permitting the Board to meet a maximum of 120 session days each year, with the actual number to be determined by a quorum of the Board according to the needs of the County. Section 17-4-156, 1975 Code of Alabama. That 1978 law specifically required at least one member of the Board to be in attendance at the Dallas County Court House on any day on which the full Board does not meet and the Court House is open for business, excepting Saturday, to receive applications, administer oaths, and perform clerical duties of the Board. Section 17-4-156(a). The Board was further authorized to use as many as 25 session days for special registration sessions away from the Court House and out in the several precincts of the County, with provisions for proper notice. Section 17-4r-156(f). There has been no evidence that the Board has failed to follow any of these statutory requirements and procedures, either before or after 1978.
347
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